Eighth edition lekma: Difference between revisions

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===A short introduction===
↳[[Eighth_edition_lekma/Smallset|Small set]]
 
__noeditsection__
To know more of languages through a miniture language is the reason why lekma,/ˈleχmɐ/ has been/is being made.
 
A sentence in lekma is consist of, an interjection/connective + adverbial phrase + agent x object x verb + adverbial phrase + a complement(subject/topic) x a particle(, is it? thing).
 
 
===Phonology===
*Graphemes of each phonemes are listed below.
==Consonants==
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 884px; text-align:center;"
!  style="width: 68px; "|
!  style="width: 68px; "|Bilabial
!  style="width: 68px; "|Labio-dental
!  style="width: 68px; "|Dental
!  style="width: 68px; "|Alveolar
!  style="width: 68px; "|Post-alveolar
!  style="width: 68px; "|Retroflex
!  style="width: 68px; "|Alveolo-palatal
!  style="width: 68px; "|Palatal
!  style="width: 68px; "|Velar
!  style="width: 68px; "|Uvular
!  style="width: 68px; "|Pharyngeal
!  style="width: 68px; "|Epiglottal
!  style="width: 68px; "|Glottal
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Nasal
| m<br>m
|
|
| n<br>n
|
| ɳ<br>nr
|
| ɲ<br>nh
| ŋ<br>un,-nn
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Plosive
| p b<br>ff,b b,rb
|
|
| t d<br>tt,t,d d,rd
|
|
|
|
| k g<br>k,c c,rc
|
|
|
| ʔ<br>kk
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Affricate
|
|
|
| t͡s<br>tz
|
| ʈ͡ʂ<br>tr
| t͡ɕ<br>th
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Fricative
|
| f<br>f
| θ<br>cz
| s<br>s
|
| ʂ<br>sr
| ɕ<br>sh
|
|
| χ<br>-k,ch
|
|
| ɦ<br>hh
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Approximant
|
| ʋ<br>v
|
|
|
|
|
| j<br>i-
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|
|
|
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|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Trill
|
|
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|
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|
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|
|
| ʀ<br>hr
|
|
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|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Flap or tap
|
|
|
| ɾ<br>-r,-rr-
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|
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|
|
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|
|
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|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Lateral app.
|
|
|
| l<br>l
|
|
|
| ʎ<br>lh
|
|
|
|
|
|}
 
 
==Vowels==
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 540px; text-align:center"
!  style="width: 90px; "|
!  style="width: 90px; "|Front
!  style="width: 90px; "|Near-front
!  style="width: 90px; "|Central
!  style="width: 90px; "|Near-back
!  style="width: 90px; "|Back
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Close
| i y<br>i ü
|
|
|
| ɯ u<br>û u
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Close-mid
| e ø<br>e ö
|
|
|
| o<br>o
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Open-mid
|
|
|
|
| ʌ<br>ô
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Near-open
|
|
| ɐ<br>â
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Open
|
|
| ä<br>a
|
|
|}
 
==== (cvc's list) ====
{{trans-top|phonotactics *development}}
* C
* k
* t
* sr
* nr
{{trans-mid}}
* V
* a
* e
* oi
{{trans-mid}}
* C
* nn
* h
* t
{{trans-bottom}}
 
 
===Morpheme/Particle of nouns===
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 540px; text-align:center"
! colspan="1" |{{blue|noun root}}
! colspan="1" |
! colspan="1" |
! colspan="1" |
! colspan="1" |
! colspan="1" |
! colspan="1" |
! colspan="1" |{{blue|word}}
|-
!  style="width: 90px; "|
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the agent of a transitive verb}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the subject/locative of an intransitive verb}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the direct/indirect object of a verb}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|possessive form}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|plural form}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|plural possessive form}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|*ac/ʔɐk/
| sac/sɐk/
| nac/nɐk/
| ac/ʔɐk/
| ács/ʔäks/
| sácen,nácen,ácen/ʔäːgen/
| ácens/ʔäːgens/
| I
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|*üe/ʔyː/
| sü/syː/
| nü/nyː/
| üe/ʔyː/
| ües/ʔyːs/
| süen,nüen,üen/ʔyːen/
| üens/ʔyːens/
| You
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|*hhia/ɦiä/
| íasaé/ɦiänsäe/
| íanaé/ɦiänäe/
| hhia/ɦiä/
| ías/ɦiäs/
| sian,nian,ían/ɦiän/
| íans/ɦiäns/
| They (singular)
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|*kkae/ʔae/
| aesaé/ʔaesäe/
| aenaé/ʔaenäe/
| àe/ʔae/
| àes/ʔais/
| saen,naen,àen/ʔain/
| àens/ʔaens/
| Thing
|}
 
===Morpheme/Particle of verbs===
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 540px; text-align:center"
! colspan="1" |{{blue|verb root}}
! colspan="1" |{{blue|verbal form}}
! colspan="1" |{{blue|verbal subjunctive form}}
! colspan="1" |{{blue|verbal connective form}}
! colspan="2" |{{blue|noun-like form}}
! colspan="1" |{{blue|word}}
|-
!  style="width: 90px; "|
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|present/habitual}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the motion is in the future}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|-ing, /if thing}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the motion is incomplete}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the motion is completed}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|*sel/sel/
| ser/sel/,[seɾ]
| seat/seɦät/
| sád/säːt/
| selínde/selindɐ/
| selínt/selint/
| be
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|*bal/bäl/
| bar/bäl/,[bäɾ]
| baat/bäɦät/
| bád/bäːt/
| balínde/bälindɐ/
| balínt/bälint/
| have
|-
! style="text-align: center; "| *tel/tel/
| ter/tel/,[teɾ]
| teat/teɦät/
| tád/täːt/
| telínde/telindɐ/
| telínt/telint/
| hang,raise
|}
 
==== (Swadesh list) ====
{{trans-top|Lexicon *development}}
* I: kkac
* you (singular): kküe
* he: hhonn
* we: kkácen
* you (plural): kküen
* they: hhian
* this : torce,toc/iá
* that: kkae
* here: tocma
* there: àema
* who: hhia/lhia
* what: kvo
* where: kvima
* when: kvatzui
* how: kvamui
* not: né
* all: àen
* many: àens
* some: dae àen
* few: àes
* other: né daes
* one: ená,esá
* two: rdua
* three: mal
* four: rcut
* five: unal
* big:
* long:
* wide:
* thick:
* heavy:
* small:
* short: kul
* narrow:
* thin:
* woman: lhuó
* man (adult male): lhuó
* man (human being): hhan/lhuó
* child:
* wife:
* husband:
* mother: máma
* father: táta
* animal:
* fish: fisk
* bird: toflie
* dog: kvon
* louse: lus
* snake: iá
* worm: hhom
* tree: rbaim
* forest: rbosk
* stick:
* fruit: fam
* seed:
* leaf: hhüo
* root: lád
* bark (of a tree):
* flower: chúa
* grass:
* rope: sinn
* skin: ffal
* meat: salk
* blood: salk
* bone:
* fat (noun):
* egg: ai
* horn:
* tail:
* feather: fie
* hair: tetr
* head: kab
* ear: olhen
* eye: ain
* nose: nes
* mouth:
* tooth: tzann
* tongue (organ): tzann
* fingernail: tzann
* foot:
* leg: rbaim
* knee:
* hand: tec
* wing: fiem
* belly:
* guts:
* neck: nec
* back: tzüc
* breast: ffec
* heart: kel
* liver: kel
* to drink: sifel
* to eat: nham
* to bite: tzaunel
* to suck: sifel
* to spit:
* to vomit:
* to blow: bolel
* to breathe: nesel
* to laugh: hrak
* to see: vis
* to hear: sanhel
* to know: can,kacnu
* to think:
{{trans-mid}}
* to smell: nesel
* to fear:
* to sleep:
* to live:
* to die:
* to kill: sral
* to fight: sral
* to hunt:
* to hit:
* to cut:
* to split:
* to stab:
* to scratch: skilel
* to dig:
* to swim: svim
* to fly: fel
* to walk: salka,salkel
* to come: salka
* to lie (as in a bed): líc
* to sit: sidel
* to stand: hrec
* to turn (intransitive):
* to fall: feiel
* to give:
* to hold:
* to squeeze:
* to rub: vask
* to wash: vask
* to wipe:
* to pull: tec
* to push: tec/ffon
* to throw:
* to tie:
* to sew:
* to count: teltztif
* to say: soe
* to sing: séunel
* to play: rbil
* to float:
* to flow: lom
* to freeze: trilel
* to swell:
* sun: hrá
* moon:
* star:
* water: vad
* rain: lein
* river: léne
* lake: léne
* sea:
* salt:
* stone: shè
* sand: sa
* dust:
* earth: thi
* cloud: küt
* fog: küt
* sky: séo
* wind:
* snow:
* ice: tril
* smoke:
* fire: féu
* ash:
* to burn:
* road: vei
* mountain: mon
* red: hrot
* green: léu
* yellow: col
* white: hrát
* black:
* night:
* day: rdi
* year:
* warm: nôk
* cold: tril
* full:
* new:
* old:
* good: bim
* bad:
* rotten:
* dirty: mud
* straight: baim
* round: kadbal
* sharp (as a knife):
* dull (as a knife):
* smooth:
* wet: vadmui
* dry: sekel
* correct: baim
* near: tocmáf
* far: naemáf
* right:
* left:
* at: tzúi
* in: hhins
* with: múi
* and: e,elk
* if: o,som
* because:
* name: námel
{{trans-bottom}}
 
 
 
 
[[Category:Languages]]

Latest revision as of 14:21, 2 June 2024


↳Small set

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