Eighth edition lekma: Difference between revisions

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===A short introduction===
↳[[Eighth_edition_lekma/Smallset|Small set]]
 
__noeditsection__
Through making this miniture language, I learned a lot of the capabilities of languages, to know more of is the reason, so namely lekma/ˈleχmɐ/, it is being made.
 
A sentence in lekma consists of, an interjection/connection + agent × object × verb ÷ adverbial phrase + a subject/topic × a particle(, is it? thing).
 
 
===Phonology===
*Graphemes are listed below the each phonemes.
==Consonants==
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 884px; text-align:center;"
!  style="width: 68px; "|
!  style="width: 68px; "|Bilabial
!  style="width: 68px; "|Labio-dental
!  style="width: 68px; "|Dental
!  style="width: 68px; "|Alveolar
!  style="width: 68px; "|Retroflex
!  style="width: 68px; "|Alveolo-palatal
!  style="width: 68px; "|Palatal
!  style="width: 68px; "|Velar
!  style="width: 68px; "|Uvular
!  style="width: 68px; "|Glottal
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Nasal
| m<br>m
|
|
| n<br>n
| ɳ<br>nr
|
| ɲ<br>nh
| ŋ<br>un,-nn
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Plosive
| p b<br>b,ff b,rb
|
|
| t d<br>t,d,tt d,rd
|
|
|
| k g<br>c,k c,rc
|
| ʔ<br>kk,`
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Affricate
|
|
|
| t͡s<br>tz
| ʈ͡ʂ<br>tr
| t͡ɕ<br>th
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Fricative
|
| f<br>f
| θ<br>cz*
| s ʃ<br>s sh
| ʂ<br>sr
| ɕ<br>sh*
|
|
| χ<br>-k,ch
| ɦ<br>hh
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Approximant
|
| ʋ<br>v,u-
|
|
|
|
| j<br>i-
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Trill
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ʀ<br>hr
|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Flap or tap
|
|
|
| ɾ<br>l,-r,-rr-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Lateral app.
|
|
|
| l<br>l
|
|
| ʎ<br>lh
|
|
|
|}
These letters with * are rare.
 
 
==Vowels==
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 540px; text-align:center"
!  style="width: 90px; "|
!  style="width: 90px; "|Front
!  style="width: 90px; "|Near-front
!  style="width: 90px; "|Central
!  style="width: 90px; "|Near-back
!  style="width: 90px; "|Back
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Close
| i y<br>i ü
|
|
|
| ɯ u<br>û u
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Mid-open
| e ø<br>e,ä ö
|
| ɐ<br>a,â,e,ë
|
| ʌ o<br>ô o
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Open
|
|
| ä<br>a
|
|
|}
Vowel length is a phoneme. This long vowel includes diphthong as well as their allophones.
 
 
==== CVC's List ====
{{trans-top|phonotactics *development}}
* C
* k
* t
* lh
* sr
* nr
{{trans-mid}}
* V
* a
* á;ae;ai
* e
* ee:ei;é
* ö;eu
* oi
* oo;ou;ó
{{trans-mid}}
* C
* nn
* h
* tz
* cz
* t
* ns
* sk
{{trans-bottom}}
 
 
===Declension===
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 540px; text-align:center"
! colspan="1" |{{blue|noun root}}
! colspan="1" |
! colspan="1" |
! colspan="1" |
! colspan="1" |
! colspan="1" |
! colspan="1" |
! colspan="1" |{{blue|word}}
|-
!  style="width: 90px; "|
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the agent of a transitive verb}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the subject/locative of an intransitive verb}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the direct/indirect object of a verb}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|possessive form}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|plural form}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|plural possessive form}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|*ac/ʔɐk/
| sac/sɐk/
| nac/nɐk/
| uac/ʋɐk/[ʔɐk]
| ács/ʔäks/
| sácen,nácen,ácen/ʔäːgen/
| ácens/ʔäːgens/
| I
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|*üe/ʔyː/
| sü/syː/
| nü/nyː/
| uü/ʋyː/[ʔyː]
| uües/ʋyːs/
| süen,nüen,ʋüen/ʔyːen/
| uüens/ʔyːens/
| You
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|*hhia/ɦiä/
| íasaé/ɦiänsäe/
| íanaé/ɦiänäe/
| hhia/ɦiä/
| ías/ɦiäs/
| sian,nian,ían/ɦiän/
| íans/ɦiäns/
| They (singular)
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|*kkae/ʔae/
| aesaé/ʔaesäe/
| aenaé/ʔaenäe/
| àe/ʔae/
| àes/ʔais/
| saen,naen,àen/ʔain/
| àens/ʔaens/
| Thing
|}
 
===Conjugation===
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 540px; text-align:center"
! colspan="1" |{{blue|verb root}}
! colspan="1" |{{blue|indicative form}}
! colspan="1" |{{blue|subjunctive form}}
! colspan="1" |{{blue|connective form}}
! colspan="2" |{{blue|noun-like form}}
! colspan="1" |{{blue|word}}
|-
!  style="width: 90px; "|
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|present/habitual}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the motion is futural}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|-ing, /if}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the motion is incomplete}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the motion is completed}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|*sel/sel/
| ser/sel/,[seɾ]
| seat/seɦät/
| sád/säːt/
| selínde/selindɐ/
| selínt/selint/
| be
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|*bal/bäl/
| bar/bäl/,[bäɾ]
| baat/bäɦät/
| bád/bäːt/
| balínde/bälindɐ/[bäˈindɐ]
| balínt/bälint/[bäˈint]
| have
|-
! style="text-align: center; "| *tel/tel/
| ter/tel/,[teɾ]
| teat/teɦät/
| tád/täːt/
| telínde/telindɐ/[teˈindɐ]
| telínt/telint/[teˈint]
| hang,raise
|}
 
==== Swadesh List ====
{{trans-top|Lexicon *development}}
* I: kkac
* you (singular): kküe
* he: hhonn
* we: kkácen
* you (plural): kküeen
* they: hhian
* this : torce,toc/iá/due
* that: kkáe
* here: tocma
* there: àema
* who: hhia/lhia
* what: kva
* where: kvime
* when: kvatzuí
* how: kvamuí
* not: né
* all: àen
* many: àens
* some: de àen
* few: làes
* other: né daes
* one: ená,ésa
* two: tzue
* three: mal
* four: cut
* five: unal
* big: lhens
* long: naelhens
* wide:
* thick:
* heavy: né fie
* small: tis
* short: kul
* narrow: tis
* thin: kadtis
* woman: lhuó
* man (adult male): lhuó
* man (human being): hhan/lhuó
* child: tislhuo
* wife: mama dae kus
* husband: tata dae kus
* mother: máma
* father: táta
* animal: this
* fish: fisk
* bird: tofie
* dog: cúon
* louse: lús
* snake: lám
* worm: hhom
* tree: rbaim
* forest: rbosk
* stick: baunel
* fruit: fam
* seed: fam
* leaf: hhüo
* root: lád
* bark (of a tree):
* flower: lilisen
* grass: ladlili
* rope: sinn
* skin: bäl
* meat: salk
* blood: salk
* bone: lám
* fat (noun):
* egg: ai
* horn: kol
* tail: lámen
* feather: fie
* hair: tetr
* head: kabi
* ear: olhen
* eye: ain
* nose: nes
* mouth:
* tooth: tzann
* tongue (organ): tzann
* fingernail: tzann
* foot: baim
* leg: baim
* knee: baim
* hand: tec
* wing: fiem
* belly: mac
* guts: mac
* neck: nec
* back: tzüc
* breast: bec
* heart: kel
* liver: kel
* to drink: sifel
* to eat: nem
* to bite: tzaunel
* to suck: sifel
* to spit: nemel
* to vomit: tue dae nems
* to blow: bolel
* to breathe: nesel
* to laugh: hrak
* to see: vis
* to hear: sanhel
* to know: can,kacnu
* to think: canel
{{trans-mid}}
* to smell: nesel
* to fear: bai
* to sleep: bei
* to live: súmel
* to die: né súmel
* to kill: sral
* to fight: sral
* to hunt: sral
* to hit: láb
* to cut: kul
* to split: tuinde kut/tua tzues
* to stab: binn
* to scratch: skilel
* to dig: binn
* to swim: svím
* to fly: fei
* to walk: salka,salkel
* to come: salka
* to lie (as in a bed): lob
* to sit: sidel
* to stand: hrec
* to turn (intransitive): silkel
* to fall: feiel
* to give: tue
* to hold: hrantel
* to squeeze:
* to rub: vask
* to wash: vask
* to wipe:
* to pull: tec
* to push: tec/ffon
* to throw: tue toc náe
* to tie:
* to sew:
* to count: teltzif
* to say: srua
* to sing: séunel
* to play: rbil
* to float: lom
* to flow: lom
* to freeze: íelel
* to swell: rcol
* sun: hrá
* moon: daehrá
* star: lucz
* water: súm
* rain: lein
* river: léne
* lake: léne
* sea: léneen
* salt:
* stone: shè
* sand: sa
* dust:
* earth: thi
* cloud: küt
* fog: küt
* sky: séo
* wind:
* snow: srnee
* ice: íelen
* smoke: féu
* fire: féu
* ash: dae féu
* to burn: tocféu tue
* road: vei
* mountain: mon
* red: hrot
* green: léu
* yellow: col
* white: hrát
* black: dal
* night: dal
* day: rdi
* year: iálen
* warm: nôk
* cold: íels
* full:
* new: bil
* old: né bil
* good: hhim
* bad: né hhim
* rotten: tocel nae
* dirty: mud
* straight: baim
* round: kadbal
* sharp (as a knife):
* dull (as a knife):
* smooth:
* wet: súmmuí
* dry: sekel
* correct: baim
* near: tocmas
* far: naemas
* right:
* left:
* at: tzúi
* in: lhens
* with: múi
* and: e,elk
* if: o,sôm
* because: fúi
* name: námel
{{trans-bottom}}
 
 
 
 
[[Category:Languages]]

Latest revision as of 14:21, 2 June 2024


↳Small set

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