Eighth edition lekma: Difference between revisions

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    As for introduction of lekma/ˈleχmɐ/, it is a conlang, my reason to constructure a miniature language is, to make is an effective way to learn about languages, to know languages has much affect on it, so it is under construction. Thanks for visitting this site.
    A lekma sentence is as follows, an interjection/connection + an agent × an object × a verb ÷ adverbial clauses + a subject/topic × a particle.




=Phonology=
↳[[Eighth_edition_lekma/Smallset|Small set]]
Graphemes are listed below the each phonemes.
__noeditsection__
===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 884px; text-align:center;"
!  style="width: 68px; "|
!  style="width: 68px; "|Bilabial
!  style="width: 68px; "|Labio-dental
!  style="width: 68px; "|Dental
!  style="width: 68px; "|Alveolar
!  style="width: 68px; "|Retroflex
!  style="width: 68px; "|Palatal
!  style="width: 68px; "|Velar
!  style="width: 68px; "|Uvular
!  style="width: 68px; "|Glottal
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Nasal
| m<br>m
|
|
| n<br>n
| ɳ<br>nr
| ɲ<br>nh
| ŋ<br>un,-nn
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Plosive
| p b<br>b,ff b,rb
|
|
| t d<br>t,d,tt d,rd
|
|
| k g<br>c,k c,rc
|
| ʔ<br>kk,`
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Affricate
|
|
|
| t͡s<br>tz
| ʈ͡ʂ<br>tr
| t͡ɕ<br>th
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Fricative
|
| f<br>f
| θ<br>cz*
| s // ʃ<br>s // sh
| ʂ<br>sr
| ɕ<br>sh*
|
| χ<br>-k,ch
| ɦ<br>hh
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Approximant
|
| ʋ<br>v,u-
|
|
|
| j<br>i-
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Trill
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ʀ<br>hr
|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Flap or tap
|
|
|
| ɾ<br>l,-r,-rr-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Lateral app.
|
|
|
| l<br>l
|
| ʎ<br>lh
|
|
|
|}
These letters with * are rare.
 
 
===Vowels===
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 540px; text-align:center"
!  style="width: 90px; "|
!  style="width: 90px; "|Front
!  style="width: 90px; "|Near-front
!  style="width: 90px; "|Central
!  style="width: 90px; "|Near-back
!  style="width: 90px; "|Back
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Close
| i y<br>i ü
|
| ɨ<br>ui,î
|
| ɯ u<br>û u
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Mid-open
| e ø<br>e,ä ö
|
| ɐ<br>a,â,e,ë
|
| ʌ o<br>ô o
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Open
|
|
| ä<br>a
|
|
|}
There are vowel length for each phonemes.
 
 
==== Phonotactics ====
{{trans-top|phonotactics *development}}
* C
* k
* t
* lh
* sr
* nr
{{trans-mid|1}}
* V
* a
* á:allophones;ae;ai;oa
* e
* ee:allophones;ei;é;ea
* ö:allophones;eu
* oi
* oo:allophones;ou;ó
{{trans-mid|2}}
* C
* nn
* h
* tz
* cz
* t
* ns
* −vowel length lk
* −vowel length ks
* sk
{{trans-bottom}}
 
 
==Morphemes==
 
{{trans-top|It is applied for inter parts of speech}}
* s-
* n-
* a-
* -a
* -e
* -s
* -as
* -es
* -n
* -en
* -ns
* -ens
{{trans-mid|}}
* -r
* -l
* -t
* -d
* -er
* -el
* -et
* -ad
* -nd
* -nt
* -nds
* -nts
{{trans-bottom}}
 
===Declension===
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 540px; text-align:center"
! colspan="1" |{{blue|noun root}}
! colspan="1" |
! colspan="1" |
! colspan="1" |
! colspan="1" |
! colspan="1" |
! colspan="1" |
! colspan="1" |{{blue|word}}
|-
!  style="width: 90px; "|
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the agent of a transitive verb}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the subject/locative of an intransitive verb}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the direct/indirect object of a verb}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|possessive form}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|plural form}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|plural possessive form}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|*ac/ʔɐk/
| sac/sɐk/
| nac/nɐk/
| uac/ʋɐk/[ʔɐk]
| ács/ʔäks/
| sácen,nácen,ácen/ʔäːgen/
| ácens/ʔäːgens/
| I
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|*üe/ʔyː/
| sü/syː/
| nü/nyː/
| uü/ʋyː/[ʔyː]
| uües/ʋyːs/
| süen,nüen,ʋüen/ʔyːen/
| uüens/ʔyːens/
| You
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|*hhia/ɦiä/
| íasaé/ɦiänsäe/
| íanaé/ɦiänäe/
| hhia/ɦiä/
| ías/ɦiäs/
| sian,nian,ían/ɦiän/
| íans/ɦiäns/
| They (singular)
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|*kkae/ʔae/
| aesaé/ʔaesäe/
| aenaé/ʔaenäe/
| àe/ʔae/
| àes/ʔais/
| saen,naen,àen/ʔain/
| àens/ʔaens/
| Thing
|}
 
===Conjugation===
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 540px; text-align:center"
! colspan="1" |{{blue|verb root}}
! colspan="1" |{{blue|indicative form}}
! colspan="1" |{{blue|subjunctive form}}
! colspan="1" |{{blue|connective form}}
! colspan="2" |{{blue|noun-like form}}
! colspan="1" |{{blue|word}}
|-
!  style="width: 90px; "|
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|present/habitual}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the motion is futural}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|-ing, /if}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the motion is incomplete}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the motion is completed}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|*sel/sel/
| ser/sel/,[seɾ]
| seat/seɦät/
| sád/säːt/
| selínda/selindɐ/
| selínt/selint/
| be
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|*bal/bäl/
| bar/bäl/,[bäɾ]
| baat/bäɦät/
| bád/bäːt/
| balínda/bälindɐ/[bäˈindɐ]
| balínt/bälint/[bäˈint]
| have
|-
! style="text-align: center; "| *tel/tel/
| ter/tel/,[teɾ]
| teat/teɦät/
| tád/täːt/
| telínda/telindɐ/[teˈindɐ]
| telínt/telint/[teˈint]
| hang,raise
|}
 
==== Swadesh List ====
{{trans-top|Lexicon /old lexic entries *development}}
* I: kkac /nac
* you (singular): kküe /nie
* he: hhonn /han
* we: kkácen /nacen
* you (plural): kküeen /nien
* they: hhian /hia
* this : torce /toc,iá,due
* that: kkáe /hae
* here: tocma /tcm
* there: àema /aem
* who: hhia,lhia /lia
* what: kva /kvd
* where: kvime /kvm
* when: kvatzuí /kvn
* how: kvamuí /kvi
* not: né /nei
* all: àen /aen
* many: àens /aens
* some: de àen /desaen
* few: làes /leas
* other: né daes /neidae
* one: éna,ená,ésa,esá /esh
* two: tzue /dva
* three: mal /mal
* four: cut /cut
* five: unal /hal
* big: lhens /ae
* long: naelhens /ae
* wide: daesbala /ae
* thick: bala /ae
* heavy: né fie /neifias
* small: ae /tis
* short: kul /ae
* narrow: tis /tisma
* thin: kadtis /ae
* woman: lhúa /lua
* man (adult male): lhúa /lua
* man (human being): hhan/lhúo /luo
* child: ae /tisluo
* wife: ae /mama dae kús
* husband: ae /tata dae kús
* mother: máma /mam
* father: táta /tat
* animal: this /ae
* fish: ae /fsk
* bird: tofie  /tfl
* dog: cúon /chn
* louse: ae /lus
* snake: ae /lam
* worm: hhom /orm
* tree: ae /bim
* forest: ae /bsk
* stick: baunel /ae
* fruit: fam /flm
* seed: fam /ae
* leaf: hhüo /lif
* root: lád /lad
* bark (of a tree): bolo /bim dui en. bark
* flower: ae /lili
* grass: ladlili /ae
* rope: sinn /ae
* skin: bäl /ae
* meat: salk /slk
* blood: salk /ae
* bone: lám /ae
* fat (noun): bét /fat
* egg: ais /ae
* horn: kol /krn
* tail: lámen /lam
* feather: fie /fli
* hair: tetr /khr
* head: ae /cab
* ear: olhen /orh
* eye: ain /oin
* nose: nes /nez
* mouth: ae /lif
* tooth: tzann /fnc
* tongue (organ): tzann /zau
* fingernail: tzann /fau
* foot: ae /bam
* leg: ae /bam
* knee: baim /ae
* hand: tec /tek
* wing: fiem /fli
* belly: mac /ae
* guts: mac /ae
* neck: nec /ae
* back: tzüc /ruc
* breast: bec /fec
* heart: kel /kor
* liver: kel /ae
* to drink: sifel /drk
* to eat: nem /nhm
* to bite: tzaunel /tnf
* to suck: sifel /ae
* to spit: nemel /ae
* to vomit: tue dae nems /ae
* to blow: bolel /ae
* to breathe: nesel /ae
* to laugh: hrak /rch
* to see: vis /ver
* to hear: sanhel /oir
* to know: can /cna
* to think: canel /dik
{{trans-mid}}
* to smell: nesel /ae
* to fear: bai /ae
* to sleep: bei /slf
* to live: súmel /ae
* to die: né súmel /ae
* to kill: sral /ae
* to fight: sral /ae
* to hunt: sral /ae
* to hit: láb /lfn
* to cut: kul /ae
* to split: tuinde kut,tua tzues /dval
* to stab: binn /ae
* to scratch: skilel /ae
* to dig: binn /nem
* to swim: ae /svi
* to fly: ae /fei
* to walk: salkel /ae
* to come: hhim /clm
* to lie (as in a bed): lob /ae
* to sit: sidel /set
* to stand: hrec /tnd
* to turn (intransitive): silkel /ae
* to fall: feiel /fei
* to give: túe /tue
* to hold: hrantel /ae
* to squeeze: tzecal /ae
* to rub: vask /ae
* to wash: vask /ae
* to wipe: vaskel /vsk
* to pull: tec /ae
* to push: tec,ffon /ae
* to throw: tue toc náe /ae
* to tie: ticel /bnd
* to sew: ffinticel /ae
* to count: teltzif /ae
* to say: srua /seu
* to sing: séunel /seu
* to play: bil /sfl
* to float: lom /flt
* to flow: ae /flt
* to freeze: íelel /iel
* to swell: rcol /ae
* sun: hrá /na
* moon: daehrá /mun
* star: lucz /trl
* water: súm /sumi
* rain: lein /rcn
* river: léne /len
* lake: léne /len
* sea: léneen /len
* salt: sala /slt
* stone: shè /stn
* sand: sahr /snd
* dust: hroma /ae
* earth: thi /nulmaf
* cloud: küt /sku
* fog: küt /foc
* sky: séo /sulmaf
* wind: fendas /vnd
* snow: nívas /snu
* ice: íelen /ais
* smoke: féu /feo
* fire: féu /feo
* ash: daeféu /ae
* to burn: tocféu tue /feol
* road: vei /vec
* mountain: ae /mon
* red: hrot /rod
* green: léu /crn
* yellow: col /clb
* white: hrát /vit
* black: dal /blc
* night: dal /nkt
* day: dis /dac
* year: iálen /zuames
* warm: nôk /vrm
* cold: íels /chl
* full: buk /ful
* new: bil /na
* old: né bil /ae
* good: hhim /bim
* bad: né hhim /ae
* rotten: tocel nae /na
* dirty: mud /ae
* straight: bim /na
* round: kadbal /na
* sharp (as a knife): dis /na
* dull (as a knife): dos /na
* smooth: dilel /na
* wet: súmmuí /vods
* dry: sekal /sek
* correct: bim /ae
* near: tocmas /na
* far: naemas /na
* right: hris /rec
* left: chol /lic
* at: tzúi /zui,tui
* in: lhea /ins
* with: múi,mue /mui
* and: e,elk /elk
* if: o,sôm /som
* because: fúi /kar
* name: námel /nam
{{trans-bottom}}
 
 
 
 
[[Category:Languages]]

Latest revision as of 14:21, 2 June 2024


↳Small set

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