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:[[Swuntsim/Lexicon]]
:[[Swuntsim/Lexicon]]
:[[Sacred Swuntsim/Swadesh list|Swuntsim Swadesh list]]
'''Swuntsim''' (''SWUN-tsim''; natively ''Swəntsiv'' /ˈswəntsiv/, originally an exonym) is a language inspired by Lushootseed and Welsh.


{{Infobox language
Some typological characteristics:
|image =
*It is an agglutinative SVO language with a moderately complex verb system.
|imagesize =
*It is pro-drop.
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
*Head-directionality is mixed, but unusual in that it is SVO and RelN.
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
*It has a simple grammatical gender system of animate-inanimate, but the much more complex Proto-Tsimulh noun class system has vestiges in noun pluralization.
|nativename = təSfətsiv
|pronunciation=  /təˈsfətsiv/
|setting=[[Verse:Tricin]]
|region =
|fam1=[[Tsimulh languages|Tsimulh]]
|familycolor=tsn
|script=Windermere script
|notice=IPA
}}


'''Swuntsim''' (''SWUN-tsim''; natively ''təSfətsiv'' /təˈsfətsiv/) is a modern Tsimulh language, inspired by Lushootseed and Welsh. It is the traditional vernacular language of the Swuntsim diaspora in Talma and Fyxoom, descending from [[Sacred Swuntsim]].
"Simplified/partly creolized non-Standard Average Talman grammar"
 
SVO and RelN/AdjN~NAdj/GenN~NGen, kinda like Chinese


==Todo==
==Todo==
*''utcütsi'' (5, solid, compact things) or ''cütsi'' (8, various; pl) = 'shell'
*''-cütsi'' (8, various; pl) = 'hard, firm'
**''Scütsi'' (4, collectives and augmentatives) = personal name, meaning 'patient, enduring'
**''Scütsi'' (4, collectives and augmentatives) = personal name, meaning 'patient, enduring'
*''tjway'' (7, places, slots, assignments) = 'name' (a name is an assignment)
*''tjway'' (7, places, slots, assignments) = 'name' (a name is an assignment)
*''Yəy, yo fətjway?'' = Hello, what's your name?
*''Yəy, yo fətjway?'' = Hello, what's your name?
*''Cətjway...'' = My name is...
*''Cətjway go...'' = My name is...
*''Tidhabo!'' = See you!
*''Tidhavo!'' = See you!
*''ξəp'' (7) = world
*''ξəp'' (7) = world
*''ti-bayəξoe-σ'' = progressive
*''ti-vayəξoe-σ'' = progressive
*Initial ʔ conflated with null initial (because Talman langs don't make the distinction)
*Initial ʔ conflated with null initial (because Talman langs don't make the distinction)
*assimilation of cw, gw to c, g in syllables before c, g e.g. Ücwəgüsvaσ > Ücəgüsvaσ
*assimilation of cw, gw to c, g in syllables before c, g e.g. Ücwəgüsvaσ > Ücəgüsvaσ
*''iʔist'' = a name?
*''i'ist'' = a name?


Some clusters such as t+s are broken up to təs.
Some clusters such as t+s are broken up to təs.


Prefix sandhi rules
Prefix sandhi rules
ladhfadh tidha'üs dhacwitj atsavochwe abchidf


==Swuntsim gib==
==Swuntsim gib==
Tiʔə dhiʔə atsiσtovif o tiʔiσ tühacw zichvidh tjəσ. Go tüasσaσe o tüdhi sfavats. Dhiσəf tüʔüchw. Tüσaσe. Go tσüfiʔfiʔ. Go dhiσ tədhəfüchs ogwəʔ. Go tüσaσe ogwəʔ.
Ti'ə dhi'ə atsiσtovif o ti'iσ tühacw zichvidh tjəσ. Go tüasσaσe o tüdhi sfavats. Dhiσəf tü'üchw. Tüσaσe. Go tσüfi'fi'. Go dhiσ tədhəfüchs ogwə'. Go tüσaσe ogwə'.
 
Go avsvədhvədhaʔ ogwəʔ. Avsvədhvədhaʔ ogwəʔ. Go tiʔe iσütσ vədhaʔs ogwəʔ go əscupcup. Əscupcup. Fi gwədjəsədhəs gwədhəfüʔibəsjəs. Go dhay tiʔə tjotjosəs.


Tüasσaσe tiʔə yoyoavs ʔo tüdhiʔ cif sfavats o tiʔə pədhhədhəv. Go ətəse. Go oe tiʔiσ tσüsce ə tiʔə dhiʔə suaf, tiʔə diʔə tσfayʔ. tuʔa go əsjavoicw ogwəʔ ə tiʔiσ voəsuadhf i tə viatsəs süfifis ogwəʔ.
Go avsvədhvədha' ogwə'. Avsvədhvədha' ogwə'. Go ti'e iσütσ vədha's ogwə' go əscupcup. Əscupcup. Fi gwədjəsədhəs gwədhəfü'ibəsjəs. Go dhay ti'ə tjotjosəs.


Go oeəf ti sətjites fəʔo cwi sətəses. Go σüʔətσaf ogwəʔ. Σüvəvocwaf ogwəʔ fəʔo tiʔə dhiʔə tjit σcütsidh ə tiʔə dhiʔə səʔeütsidh ə Fcov. A cwədhiʔ təsəsσaσes əgwə. Tuʔa go, go ətσtfaf ogwəʔ tiʔə stavs ogwəʔ o tiʔə dhadhatü.
Tüasσaσe ti'ə yoyoavs 'o tüdhi' cif sfavats o ti'ə pədhhədhəv. Go ətəse. Go oe ti'iσ tσüsce ə ti'ə dhi'ə suaf, ti'ə di'ə tσfay'. tu'a go əsjavoicw ogwə' ə ti'iσ voəsuadhf i tə viatsəs süfifis ogwə'.


Tuʔa go tsüttəvəf ʔə təsiʔəʔ dhiʔə sσadhəy tiʔə vədhaʔəs əscupcup. Ütsüütsəf. "Dhəfuüs sif tiʔə dhvədhaʔ. Go chu tsədhiσ cwi səschwacw. Go fiʔ gwəsəshayfs gwəchəσəσəs chətj tiʔə vədhaʔs. Chuəf ogwəʔ üʔətσ. Ucwitsf ogwəʔ tə stavs ogwəʔ savgwasəs ogwəʔ.
Go oeəf ti sətjites fə'o cwi sətəses. Go σü'ətσaf ogwə'. Σüvəvocwaf ogwə' fə'o ti'ə dhi'ə tjit σcütsidh ə ti'ə dhi'ə sə'eütsidh ə Fcov. A cwədhi' təsəsσaσes əgwə. Tu'a go, go ətσtfaf ogwə' ti'ə stavs ogwə' o ti'ə dhadhatü.


Tuʔa go hüyütsütəf tiʔə dhiʔə tsədhiσ vədhaʔs ogwəʔ əscupcup. Cwədhadhəf tiʔə dhətjüʔ sitsəvs i tiʔə scaʔsjədhs. Tuʔa go tüzace. Dhiσ dhay sühüs ti süzaces. Go zəceəf fəʔo tiʔə tactavats, ti stactavats stütoəf. Go titjiv ftactütsidh. Titjivəf. Go əschətσədh tiʔə sitsəvs. Go σoe ftactütsidh go zace ftact. Zəce ftact go σtje fəʔo tiʔə ʔəsgwigwoc. Go tichidh tiʔə sitsəvs üσəcw. Go atsəts o tiʔiσ. Go σache. Go cov.
Tu'a go tsüttəvəf 'ə təsi'ə' dhi'ə sσadhəy ti'ə vədha'əs əscupcup. Ütsüütsəf. "Dhəfuüs sif ti'ə dhvədha'. Go chu tsədhiσ cwi səschwacw. Go fi' gwəsəshayfs gwəchəσəσəs chətj ti'ə vədha's. Chuəf ogwə' ü'ətσ. Ucwitsf ogwə' tə stavs ogwə' savgwasəs ogwə'.


ceəf tiʔə yoyoavs. Tüsasʔavgwas. Go fiʔoüsvitəvəf go gwətjtəvaf. Cwədhtəvaf ftjadh cwi süchwəs, ftjadh cwi süchwəs. Ücwətəvaf gücwitəs. Go gwətəvaʔ. Go gwəpəcw o ti stuəf. Tuʔa go atsəts. Fiʔəf gwəsoʔuüs ogwəʔ. Chuəf ogwəʔ ügwətjəv. Go chwi gwədhəchcwəfs ogwəʔ o tiʔiσ dhəfüfs.
Tu'a go hüyütsütəf ti'ə dhi'ə tsədhiσ vədha's ogwə' əscupcup. Cwədhadhəf ti'ə dhətjü' sitsəvs i ti'ə sca'sjədhs. Tu'a go tüzace. Dhiσ dhay sühüs ti süzaces. Go zəceəf fə'o ti'ə tactavats, ti stactavats stütoəf. Go titjiv ftactütsidh. Titjivəf. Go əschətσədh ti'ə sitsəvs. Go σoe ftactütsidh go zace ftact. Zəce ftact go σtje fə'o ti'ə 'əsgwigwoc. Go tichidh ti'ə sitsəvs üσəcw. Go atsəts o ti'iσ. Go σache. Go cov.


Grammar shouldn't be ripoff of Bantu, Salish or Welsh
ceəf ti'ə yoyoavs. Tüsas'avgwas. Go fi'oüsvitəvəf go gwətjtəvaf. Cwədhtəvaf ftjadh cwi süchwəs, ftjadh cwi süchwəs. Ücwətəvaf gücwitəs. Go gwətəva'. Go gwəpəcw o ti stuəf. Tu'a go atsəts. Fi'əf gwəso'uüs ogwə'. Chuəf ogwə' ügwətjəv. Go chwi gwədhəchcwəfs ogwə' o ti'iσ dhəfüfs.


==Numbers==
==Numbers==
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Numbers inflect for animacy, but only the first word in the whole numeral inflects: Number words beginning with ''sjü'' '1' inflect that word. Number words beginning with a number word other than 1 use ''ts-'' for animates. For example:
Numbers inflect for animacy, but only the first word in the whole numeral inflects: Number words beginning with ''sjü'' '1' inflect that word. Number words beginning with a number word other than 1 use ''ts-'' for animates. For example:
*''tsfisj'' 'two people'
*''tsfisj'' 'two people'
*''a bo sdüch əσü'' '13 women' (Note singular form ''əσü'' is used for 'woman', not the plural ''tsəσü''.)
*''a vo sdüch əσü'' '13 women' (Note singular form ''əσü'' is used for 'woman', not the plural ''tsəσü''.)
*''fisj bo fisjdüch biway'' '26 names'
*''fisj vo fisdüch əvay'' '26 names'


The numbers:
The numbers:
Line 69: Line 62:
5 tu
5 tu
6 tjayəzj
6 tjayəzj
7 butjo
7 vutjo
8 gwivə
8 gwivə
9 aay
9 aay
10 cwidh
10 cwidh
11 səyeu
11 sjüv əσ cwidh
12 sdüch
12 fisj əσ cwidh
13 sjüv bo sdüch
20 fiscwidh
14 fisj bo sdüch
30 iyəvcwidh
24 fisjdüch
100. pridh
36 iyəvdüch
144. cme < cmen


==Diachronical sketch==
==Diachronical sketch==
Line 100: Line 91:


==Orthography==
==Orthography==
Talman Swuntsim is usually written in the Windermere script. Words from Sacred Swuntsim are written in the original Swuntsim orthography.
Talman Swuntsim is usually written in the Windermere script.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
Like many Tsimulh languages, Swuntsim has no liquids in native words. However, liquids can occur in loaned vocabulary.
Like many Tsimulh languages, Swuntsim has no liquids in most native words. However, liquids can occur in loaned vocabulary.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|+ '''{{PAGENAME}} consonants'''
|+ '''{{PAGENAME}} consonants'''
Line 138: Line 129:
| '''cw''' kʷ
| '''cw''' kʷ
|  
|  
| '''ʔ''' ʔ
| ''' ' ''' ʔ
|-
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
!<small>voiced</small>
Line 161: Line 152:
!<small>voiced</small>
!<small>voiced</small>
| '''v''' v
| '''v''' v
| '''dh''' ð ||  
| '''dh''' ð <br/> '''z''' z ||  
| '''zj''' ʒ
| '''zj''' ʒ
|  
|  
Line 199: Line 190:
'''r, l, m, n, ŋ''' are mainly used in loanwords. '''m''' is found in a limited number of native words.
'''r, l, m, n, ŋ''' are mainly used in loanwords. '''m''' is found in a limited number of native words.


Geminates are allowed and are rendered by doubling (for digraphs, doubling the first consonant)
Geminates are allowed and are rendered by doubling (for digraphs, doubling the first consonant).


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
Line 208: Line 199:


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
Modern Swuntsim has lost the Proto-Tsimulh noun class system, which was still active in Sacred Swuntsim. Pronouns and verbs only agree in animacy and number.
===Nouns===
The genitive is marked with ''-s'', but ''-əs'' after coronal fricatives: ''stsaσ'' 'a forest or similar collection' > ''stsaσəs'' 'of a forest'. It's a clitic, not a suffix.
''-s-'' is often inserted between nouns in compounds.
Nouns with unmarked plurals and marked singulars are common. The singulative is marked with ''gü-'' in this case.
Original noun class prefixes:
#ʔə-, pl. cə-/c-
#bu-, pl. də-/d-
#p-, pl. əpi-/əp-
#s-, pl. dus-
#ut-, pl. pσə-/pσ-
#va-/və-, pl. əwə-/u-
#k-/tj-, pl. abi-/əb-
#sju-, pl. N-
#σi-/σ-, pl. wi-
#ti-/t-, no plural
#ti-, no plural
#pda-/pdə- (common for abstract nouns), no plural
Expected noun class affixes:
#ə-/0-, pl. tsə- = humans, spirits
#bü-, pl. də-/0- = animals and other things that move on their own
#p-, pl. əpi-/əp- = plants and mushrooms; things that grow
#s-, pl. düs- = collections or large things
#üt-, pl. pσə-/pσ- = roughly round, compact objects
#va-/v-/0-, pl. ü- = long objects; tools, instruments, devices
#tj-/k-, pl. bi-/əp- = places, locations, slots
#sjü-, pl. 0- or dh- = various... including fluids (powder, water, liquids, fire, light, waves, wind, ...)
#σi-, pl. gwi- = time periods; events; things that are temporary (e.g. ice)
#t-, ti- = abstractions, manner, way, infinitives, verbal nouns (Class 10+11)
#pda- = -ness, -hood (Class 12)
There are more patterns, however, like 0- and dü- (analogy of ''s-, düs-'')
===Pronouns===
*''co'' = I
*''ho'' = you (sg)
*''ot'' = we
*''tsü'' = you (pl)
====Possessive pronouns====
*1sg cwə-
*2sg ho-
*1pl gwə-
*2pl tsü-
===Determiners===
TODO: Separate forms for mass nouns
*every, all: ''tsəcwach'' 'everyone, every (for animates)'; ''wəcwach'' 'all things (for inanimates)'; ''cwach'' 'everything; all (mass nouns)'
*many: ''tsəzab'' 'many people'; ''wəzab'' 'many things'; ''zab'' 'much (mass nouns)'
*few: ''tsəduu'' 'few people'; ''wəduu'' 'few things'; ''duu'' 'few (mass nouns)'
*other: ''əchasj'' 'another person'; ''tsəchasj'' 'other people'; ''chasj'' 'other things'
===Verbs===
The infinitive affix is ''t-'' for verb stems beginning with a vowel and ''ti-'' for verb stems beginning with a consonant.
====Concord====
The animate subject affix is ''ə-'' in the singular and ''tsə-'' in the plural. Verbs with inanimate subjects do not have any subject affix.
Personal affixes:
*1sg ''cwə-''
*2sg ''ho-''
*1pl ''gwə-''
*2pl ''tsü-''
====Tense====
Swuntsim has four tenses: present, recent past, remote past, and future. The auxiliary ''-tje'' is used for the future.
*''cwə-dhaʔo'' 'i meet'
*''σə-cwə-dhaʔo'' 'i do not meet'
*''cwə-b-dhaʔo'' 'i met'
*''cwə-ya-dhaʔo'' 'i did not meet'
*''wa-cwə-dhaʔo'' 'i met (remote past)'
*''σwa-cwə-dhaʔo'' 'i did not meet (remote past)'
*''hodhaʔo'' 'you (sg) meet'
etc.
*''cwətje tidhaʔo'' = I will meet
There is no aspect distinction, as in Modern Hebrew and German.
====Mood====
The imperative mood is formed by omitting the tense prefix:
''dhaʔo!'' = meet! (sg)
''tsfdhaʔo!'' = meet! (pl)
====Voice====
Voices:
*active
*mediopassive
Some verbs are deponent (mediopassive for no reason)
===Derivational morphology===
*''-əσ'' = adjectivizer
==Syntax==
Modern Swuntsim is SVO and pro-drop. The copula is ''o''. The relativizer is ''i'' and the complementizer is ''ti''. Adpositions consist of approximately equal number of prepositions and postpositions.
The constituent order is:
*GenN: ''cwəʔəmams tjway'' 'my mother's name'
*NAdj: ''zdeʔ zgwətje'' 'red flower'
*NRel: ''ʔətotj i cwəbʔoəchws ʔiσ dəσcwədh'' 'the man I went out with yesterday'
Adpositions include:
*''ef'' = in
==Vocabulary==
Much of the vocabulary is native and inherited from Sacred Swuntsim - but there are a lot of reborrowings from Sacred Swuntsim. There are also loanwords from Anbirese, Windermere, and other Talman languages.


[[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Tsimulh languages]]
==Constructions==

Latest revision as of 08:14, 23 October 2024

Swuntsim/Lexicon

Swuntsim (SWUN-tsim; natively Swəntsiv /ˈswəntsiv/, originally an exonym) is a language inspired by Lushootseed and Welsh.

Some typological characteristics:

  • It is an agglutinative SVO language with a moderately complex verb system.
  • It is pro-drop.
  • Head-directionality is mixed, but unusual in that it is SVO and RelN.
  • It has a simple grammatical gender system of animate-inanimate, but the much more complex Proto-Tsimulh noun class system has vestiges in noun pluralization.

"Simplified/partly creolized non-Standard Average Talman grammar"

SVO and RelN/AdjN~NAdj/GenN~NGen, kinda like Chinese

Todo

  • -cütsi (8, various; pl) = 'hard, firm'
    • Scütsi (4, collectives and augmentatives) = personal name, meaning 'patient, enduring'
  • tjway (7, places, slots, assignments) = 'name' (a name is an assignment)
  • Yəy, yo fətjway? = Hello, what's your name?
  • Cətjway go... = My name is...
  • Tidhavo! = See you!
  • ξəp (7) = world
  • ti-vayəξoe-σ = progressive
  • Initial ʔ conflated with null initial (because Talman langs don't make the distinction)
  • assimilation of cw, gw to c, g in syllables before c, g e.g. Ücwəgüsvaσ > Ücəgüsvaσ
  • i'ist = a name?

Some clusters such as t+s are broken up to təs.

Prefix sandhi rules

ladhfadh tidha'üs dhacwitj atsavochwe abchidf

Swuntsim gib

Ti'ə dhi'ə atsiσtovif o ti'iσ tühacw zichvidh tjəσ. Go tüasσaσe o tüdhi sfavats. Dhiσəf tü'üchw. Tüσaσe. Go tσüfi'fi'. Go dhiσ tədhəfüchs ogwə'. Go tüσaσe ogwə'.

Go avsvədhvədha' ogwə'. Avsvədhvədha' ogwə'. Go ti'e iσütσ vədha's ogwə' go əscupcup. Əscupcup. Fi gwədjəsədhəs gwədhəfü'ibəsjəs. Go dhay ti'ə tjotjosəs.

Tüasσaσe ti'ə yoyoavs 'o tüdhi' cif sfavats o ti'ə pədhhədhəv. Go ətəse. Go oe ti'iσ tσüsce ə ti'ə dhi'ə suaf, ti'ə di'ə tσfay'. tu'a go əsjavoicw ogwə' ə ti'iσ voəsuadhf i tə viatsəs süfifis ogwə'.

Go oeəf ti sətjites fə'o cwi sətəses. Go σü'ətσaf ogwə'. Σüvəvocwaf ogwə' fə'o ti'ə dhi'ə tjit σcütsidh ə ti'ə dhi'ə sə'eütsidh ə Fcov. A cwədhi' təsəsσaσes əgwə. Tu'a go, go ətσtfaf ogwə' ti'ə stavs ogwə' o ti'ə dhadhatü.

Tu'a go tsüttəvəf 'ə təsi'ə' dhi'ə sσadhəy ti'ə vədha'əs əscupcup. Ütsüütsəf. "Dhəfuüs sif ti'ə dhvədha'. Go chu tsədhiσ cwi səschwacw. Go fi' gwəsəshayfs gwəchəσəσəs chətj ti'ə vədha's. Chuəf ogwə' ü'ətσ. Ucwitsf ogwə' tə stavs ogwə' savgwasəs ogwə'.

Tu'a go hüyütsütəf ti'ə dhi'ə tsədhiσ vədha's ogwə' əscupcup. Cwədhadhəf ti'ə dhətjü' sitsəvs i ti'ə sca'sjədhs. Tu'a go tüzace. Dhiσ dhay sühüs ti süzaces. Go zəceəf fə'o ti'ə tactavats, ti stactavats stütoəf. Go titjiv ftactütsidh. Titjivəf. Go əschətσədh ti'ə sitsəvs. Go σoe ftactütsidh go zace ftact. Zəce ftact go σtje fə'o ti'ə 'əsgwigwoc. Go tichidh ti'ə sitsəvs üσəcw. Go atsəts o ti'iσ. Go σache. Go cov.

ceəf ti'ə yoyoavs. Tüsas'avgwas. Go fi'oüsvitəvəf go gwətjtəvaf. Cwədhtəvaf ftjadh cwi süchwəs, ftjadh cwi süchwəs. Ücwətəvaf gücwitəs. Go gwətəva'. Go gwəpəcw o ti stuəf. Tu'a go atsəts. Fi'əf gwəso'uüs ogwə'. Chuəf ogwə' ügwətjəv. Go chwi gwədhəchcwəfs ogwə' o ti'iσ dhəfüfs.

Numbers

Talman Swuntsim has a set of base 10 numerals inherited from Sacred Swuntsim. Unlike in Sacred Swuntsim, however, base 12 is usually used.

Numbers inflect for animacy, but only the first word in the whole numeral inflects: Number words beginning with sjü '1' inflect that word. Number words beginning with a number word other than 1 use ts- for animates. For example:

  • tsfisj 'two people'
  • a vo sdüch əσü '13 women' (Note singular form əσü is used for 'woman', not the plural tsəσü.)
  • fisj vo fisdüch əvay '26 names'

The numbers: 0 ξoi 1 a (an.), sjü (inan; default) 2 fisj 3 iyəv 4 uzoc 5 tu 6 tjayəzj 7 vutjo 8 gwivə 9 aay 10 cwidh 11 sjüv əσ cwidh 12 fisj əσ cwidh 20 fiscwidh 30 iyəvcwidh 100. pridh

Diachronical sketch

  • m n > v dh
  • sm sn > zv zd
  • b d > b d
  • g > gh > compensatory lengthening

Getting the aesthetic

  • gʷ > w when not word initial.
  • sb sd > zv zd
  • xʷ > f
  • ʔC > C: (geminate)
  • /ʔb ʔd/ > /b d/
  • Usacsj əsocwəv əzəpətj ef tüdjo = the living fish swims in water
  • əmam = mother; əpap = father
  • tüdjo = water
  • tjvic = house
  • üvC > uuC
  • yʔ, wʔ > y, w

Orthography

Talman Swuntsim is usually written in the Windermere script.

Phonology

Consonants

Like many Tsimulh languages, Swuntsim has no liquids in most native words. However, liquids can occur in loaned vocabulary.

Swuntsim consonants
Labial Dental Palatal Velar Laryngeal Glottal
central lateral plain lab'zed
Nasal m m (n n) (ŋ ŋ)
Stop tenuis p p t t c k cw kʷ ' ʔ
voiced b b d d g g gw gʷ
Fricative voiceless f f s s σ ɬ sj ʃ ch χ chw χʷ h h
voiced v v dh ð
z z		 zj ʒ
Affricate tenuis ts ts ξ tɬ tj tʃ
voiced dj dʒ
Approximant (r r) y j w w (l ɴ̆)

gw, chw become g, ch before rounded vowels /y u o/.

r, l, m, n, ŋ are mainly used in loanwords. m is found in a limited number of native words.

Geminates are allowed and are rendered by doubling (for digraphs, doubling the first consonant).

Vowels

i ü u e ə o a /i ü u e ə o a/

Stress

Stress is not fixed, but will always fall on one of the two last syllables.

Morphology

Constructions

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