Eighth edition lekma: Difference between revisions

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The conlang named lekma /ˈleχmɐ/ is an experimental language, on a waypoint in making a miniature,
for learning about languages to make it, also for making it to learn about languages.


Part of speech.
There is noun, noun whose root acts as a verb, adjective derived from the both, finally particle derived from the verbal root.
Adjectives indicate what a subject is. Verbs express what a subject does or is.


Structure is as follows.
↳[[Eighth_edition_lekma/Smallset|Small set]]
A main clause constructs particle + agentive/subjective noun + verb + object, a subject/topic may follows.
__noeditsection__
A clause of a verb + a complement is either indication of what the subject does or is, or acts as a noun.
A clause of a verb + a complement + a noun is a noun.
A clause of a verb + a complement + suffix, acting as an adjective, modifies a noun.
 
Frontings.
A connective noun/focused word/interjection in the usage, that are before the main clause.
Also an adjective clause/conditional noun is in front of main clause in a clause + clause construction.
 
{{trans-top|Morpheme inventory *under development}}
* s- /sɨ/,allomorpheme;/s/,
* n- /nɨ/,allomorpheme;/n/,
* a- /ä/
* ∅- /ʔ/
* -a /ɦä/
* -e /ɦe/
* -s /s/
* -as /ɦäs/
* -es /ɦes/
* -n /n/
* -en /ɦen/
* -ns /ns/
* -ens /ɦens/
{{trans-mid|}}
* -l /l/
* -t /t/
* -d /t/
* -ls /ls/
* -ts /t͡s/
* -ds /des/
* -el /el/
* -et /et/
* -at /ät/
* -ad /äde/
* -els /els/
* -ets /et͡s/
* -ats /ät͡s/
* -ads /ädes/
* -nd /indɐ/
* -nt /int/
* -nds /indɐs/
* -nts /intes/
{{trans-bottom}}
 
'''Phoneme inventory'''
 
{| class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="1" |Consonants
! colspan="1" |Bilabial
! colspan="1" |Labio-dental
! colspan="1" |Dental
! colspan="1" |Alveolar
! colspan="1" |Post­al-alveolar
! colspan="1" |Retroflex
! colspan="1" |Palatal
! colspan="1" |Velar
! colspan="1" |Uvular
! colspan="1" |Glottal
|-
! style="text-align: left;"|Nasal
| m
|
|
| n
|
| ɳ
| ɲ
| ŋ
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;"|Plosive
| b
|
| t d
|
|
|
|
| k g
|
| ʔ
|-
! style="text-align: left;"|Affricate
|
|
|
| t͡s
|
| ʈ͡ʂ
| t͡ɕ
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;"|Fricative
|
| f
|
| s
| ʃ
| ʂ
|
| ʝ
| χ
| ɦ
|-
! style="text-align: left;"|Approximant
|
| ʋ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;"|Trill
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ʀ
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;"|Lateral approximant
|
|
|
| l
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
 
{| class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="1" |Vowels
! colspan="2" |Front
! colspan="2" |Central
! colspan="2" |Back
|-
!
! <small>short</small>
! <small>long</small>
! <small>short</small>
! <small>long</small>
! <small>short</small>
! <small>long</small>
|-
! style="text-align: left;"|Close
| i y
| iː yː
| ɨ
|
| ɯ u
| uː
|-
! style="text-align: left;"|Mid-open
| e ø
| eː øː
| ɐ
|
| ʌ o
| oː
|-
! style="text-align: left;"|Open
|
|
| ä
| äː
|
|
|}
 
'''Phonotactics *under development'''
 
{{trans-top|phonotactics *development}}
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 1080px; text-align:center"
!  |
!  |C
!  |V
!  |C/CC
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|root words are either CVC or CVCC
| k:allophones; t ʔ ɦ l;ʎ;ɾ sr ɲ ŋ
| ä:allophones;â á:ae;ai;oa e é:ei;é;ea i î í o ö:eu;oi ó:ou u ü ú:allophones;;ue;ua;uo
| ɲ ŋ h tz cz t ns −vowel length lk −vowel length ks sk
|}
{{trans-bottom}}
 
'''Declension *under development'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 540px; text-align:center"
! colspan="1" |{{blue|noun root}}
! colspan="1" |
! colspan="1" |
! colspan="1" |
! colspan="1" |
! colspan="1" |
! colspan="1" |
! colspan="1" |{{blue|gloss}}
|-
!  style="width: 90px; "|
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the agent of a transitive verb}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the subject/locative of an intransitive verb}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the direct/indirect object of a verb}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|possessive form}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|plural form}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|plural possessive form}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|uac/ʋɐk/
| sac/sɐk/
| nac/nɐk/
| uac/ʋɐk/[ʔɐk]
| uacs/ʔäks/
| sacen/säːgen/,nacen/näːgen/,uacen/ʔäːgen/
| uacens/ʔäːgens/
| I
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|uue/ʋyː/
| sue/syː/
| nue/nyː/
| uue/ʋyː/[ʔyː]
| uues/ʋyːs/[ʔyːs]
| suen/syːen/,nuen/nyːen/,ʋuen/ʔyːen/
| uuens/ʔyːens/
| You
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|hia/ɦiä/
| sia/siä/
| nia/niä/
| hia/ɦiä/
| hias/ɦiäs/
| sian/siän/,nian/niän/,hian/ɦiän/
| hians/ɦiäns/
| They (singular)
|}
 
'''Conjugation *under development'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 540px; text-align:center"
! colspan="1" |{{blue|verb root}}
! colspan="1" |{{blue|indicative form}}
! colspan="1" |{{blue|subjunctive form}}
! colspan="1" |{{blue|connective form}}
! colspan="2" |{{blue|noun-like form}}
! colspan="1" |{{blue|gloss}}
|-
!  style="width: 90px; "|
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|present/habitual}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the motion is futural}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|-ing, /if}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the motion is incomplete}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the motion is completed}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|sel/sel/
| ser/sel/
| seat/seɦät/
| sad/säːt/
| selnd/selindɐ/
| selnt/selint/
| be
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|bal/bäl/
| bar/bäl/
| baat/päɦät/
| bad/päːt/
| balnd/pälindɐ
| balnt/pälint/
| have
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|tel/tel/
| ter/tel/
| teat/teɦät/
| tad/täːt/
| telnd/telindɐ/
| telnt/telint/
| hang,raise
|}
 
'''Made texts'''
*under development
 
 
'''Swadesh list *under development'''
 
{{trans-top| reading basis /visual basis}}
* I: ʋɐk /uac
* you (singular): ʋyː /uue
* he: ɦäŋ /han
* we:  /uacen
* you (plural): ʋyːen /uuen
* they: ɦiä /hia
* this : tog,ɦiä /toc,hia
* that: àe,kosa /hae,cos
* here: tocma /tcm
* there: kkaema /aem
* who: hhia,lhia /lia
* what: kva /kva
* where: kvime /kvm
* when: kvatzuí /kvn
* how: kvamuí /kvi
* not: né /nei
* all: àen /aen
* many: àens /aens
* some: de àen /duiaen
* few: làes /leas
* other: né daes /neidae
* one: éna,ená,ésa,esá /ina,isa
* two: tzue /dva
* three: mal /mal
* four: cut /cut
* five: unal /hal
* big: lhens /uncertain
* long: naelhens /uncertain
* wide: daesbala /uncertain
* thick: bala /uncertain
* heavy: né fie /neifias
* small: uncertain /nal
* short: kul /uncertain
* narrow: tis /tsm
* thin: kadtis /uncertain
* woman: lhúa /lua
* man (adult male): lhúa /lua
* man (human being): hhan/lhúo /luo
* child: uncertain /tisluo
* wife: uncertain /mama dae kús
* husband: uncertain /tata dae kús
* mother: máma /mam
* father: táta /tat
* animal: this /uncertain
* fish: fisk /fsk
* bird: tofie  /tfl
* dog: cúon /chn
* louse: uncertain /lus
* snake: uncertain /lam
* worm: hhom /orm
* tree: uncertain /bim
* forest: uncertain /bsk
* stick: baunel /uncertain
* fruit: fam /flm
* seed: fam /sem
* leaf: hhüo /lif
* root: lád /lad
* bark (of a tree): uncertain /blk
* flower: uncertain /lili
* grass: ladlili /uncertain
* rope: sinn /uncertain
* skin: bäl /uncertain
* meat: salk /slk
* blood: salk /uncertain
* bone: lám /uncertain
* fat (noun): bét /fat
* egg: ais /uncertain
* horn: kol /krn
* tail: lámen /lam
* feather: fie /fli
* hair: tetr /khr
* head: uncertain /cab
* ear: olhen /orh
* eye: ain /oin
* nose: nes /nez
* mouth: uncertain /lif
* tooth: tzann /fnc
* tongue (organ): tzann /zau
* fingernail: tzann /fau
* foot: uncertain /bam
* leg: uncertain /bam
* knee: baim /uncertain
* hand: tec /tek
* wing: fiem /fli
* belly: mac /uncertain
* guts: mac /uncertain
* neck: nec /uncertain
* back: tzüc /ruc
* breast: bec /fec
* heart: kel /kor
* liver: kel /uncertain
* to drink: sifel /drk
* to eat: nem /nhm
* to bite: tzaunel /tnf
* to suck: sifel /uncertain
* to spit: nemel /uncertain
* to vomit: tue dae nems /uncertain
* to blow: bolel /uncertain
* to breathe: nesel /uncertain
* to laugh: hrak /rch
* to see: vis /ver
* to hear: sanhel /oir
* to know: can /cna
* to think: canel /dik
{{trans-mid}}
* to smell: nesel /uncertain
* to fear: bai /uncertain
* to sleep: bei /slf
* to live: súmel /uncertain
* to die: né súmel /meisumel
* to kill: sral /uncertain
* to fight: sral /uncertain
* to hunt: sral /uncertain
* to hit: láb /lfn
* to cut: kul /uncertain
* to split: tuinde kut,tua tzues /dval
* to stab: binn /uncertain
* to scratch: skilel /uncertain
* to dig: binn /nem
* to swim: uncertain /svi
* to fly: uncertain /fei
* to walk: salkel /uncertain
* to come: hhim /clm
* to lie (as in a bed): lob /uncertain
* to sit: sidel /set
* to stand: hrec /tnd
* to turn (intransitive): silkel /uncertain
* to fall: feiel /fei
* to give: túe /tue
* to hold: hrantel /uncertain
* to squeeze: tzecal /uncertain
* to rub: vask /uncertain
* to wash: vask /uncertain
* to wipe: vaskel /vsk
* to pull: tec /uncertain
* to push: tec,ffon /uncertain
* to throw: tue toc náe /uncertain
* to tie: ticel /bnd
* to sew: ffinticel /uncertain
* to count: teltzif /uncertain
* to say: srua /seu
* to sing: séunel /seu
* to play: bil /sfl
* to float: lom /flt
* to flow: ae /flt
* to freeze: íelel /iel
* to swell: rcol /uncertain
* sun: hrá /uncertain
* moon: daehrá /mun
* star: lucz /trl
* water: súm /sumi
* rain: lein /rcn
* river: léne /len
* lake: léne /len
* sea: léneen /len
* salt: sala /slt
* stone: shè /stn
* sand: sahr /snd
* dust: hroma /uncertain
* earth: thi /nulmaf
* cloud: küt /sku
* fog: küt /foc
* sky: séo /sulmaf
* wind: fendas /vnd
* snow: nívas /snu
* ice: íelen /ais
* smoke: féu /feo
* fire: féu /feo
* ash: daeféu /uncertain
* to burn: tocféu tue /feol
* road: vei /vec
* mountain: uncertain /mon
* red: hrot /rod
* green: léu /crn
* yellow: col /clb
* white: hrát /vit
* black: dal /blc
* night: dal /nkt
* day: dis /dac
* year: iálen /zuames
* warm: nôk /vrm
* cold: íels /chl
* full: buk /ful
* new: bil /uncertain
* old: né bil /uncertain
* good: hhim /bim
* bad: né hhim /uncertain
* rotten: tocel nae /uncertain
* dirty: mud /uncertain
* straight: bim /uncertain
* round: kadbal /uncertain
* sharp (as a knife): dis /uncertain
* dull (as a knife): dos /uncertain
* smooth: dilel /uncertain
* wet: suːmmɯi /summui
* dry: sekal /sek
* correct: bim /uncertain
* near: tocmas /uncertain
* far: naemas /uncertain
* right: hris /lkt
* left: chol /lnk
* at: ʈ͡ʂɯi /zui
* in: lhea /ins
* with: mɯi /mui
* and: e,elk /elk
* if: o,sôm /som
* because: fɯi /fui
* name: námel /nam
{{trans-bottom}}

Latest revision as of 14:21, 2 June 2024


↳Small set

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