Tameï: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name          = Tameï
|name          = Tameï
|nativename      = lâvõh Tameïchön
|nativename      = тұмоубэ тұТамеи
|pronunciation = {{IPA|[ˈlᵞɒwe̙χ tʲæmʲe̘ˈi̘ːɕɤn]}}
|pronunciation = {{IPA|[tuˈmou̯ɓɛ tutameˈi]}}
|region        = Tameï Islands, eastern [[w:Indian Ocean|Indian Ocean]]
|region        = Tameï Islands, eastern [[w:Indian Ocean|Indian Ocean]]
|ethnicity    = Tameï
|ethnicity    = Tameï
Line 23: Line 23:
|creator      = [[User:Lili21|Lili21]]
|creator      = [[User:Lili21|Lili21]]
|created      = Dec 2017
|created      = Dec 2017
|script        = Extended [[w:Latin alphabet|Latin]]
|script        = Extended [[w:Cyrillic alphabet|Cyrillic]]
|agency        = Central National Committee of the Tameïan Language (''Gõlawunuy Lânnychär′äychon Kömiteta mu Lâvõh Tameïchön'' - ''GLKLT'')
|agency        = Central National Committee of the Tameïan Language (''ұкомитеты ұгұлауны ұланньэшыши тұмоубэйыр тұТамеи'' - ''КГЛМТ'')
|image        = Tameï-flag.png
|imagealt      = Flag of the Tameï Islands
}}
}}


'''Tameï''' ({{IPA|[tʲæmʲe̘ˈi̘ː]}} or ''lâvõh Tameïchön'' {{IPA|[ˈlᵞɒwe̙χ tʲæmʲe̘ˈi̘ːɕɤn]}}; also ''Tamei'' in modern orthography) is a language isolate spoken in the Tameï Islands (''hyâmõy Tameïchey'' {{IPA|[xjɑmɤ͡ɘɨ̯ tʲæmʲe̘ˈi̘ːɕɘ͡ee̝̯]}}), an independent volcanic archipelago country in the [[w:Indian Ocean|Indian Ocean]], along the [[w:Ninety East Ridge|Ninety East Ridge]], about 1000 km WSW of [[w:Sumatra|Sumatra]] and roughly halfway between [[w:Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]] and the [[w:Australia|Australian]] territory of the [[w:Cocos (Keeling) Islands|Cocos (Keeling) Islands]].
'''Tameï''' (''тұТамеи'' {{IPA|[tutameˈi]}} or ''тұмоубэ тұТамеи'' {{IPA|[tuˈmou̯ɓɛ tutameˈi]}}) is a language isolate spoken in the Tameï Islands (''хямша баТамеи'' {{IPA|[ˈxjamɕa batameˈi]}}), an independent volcanic archipelago country in the [[w:Indian Ocean|Indian Ocean]], along the [[w:Ninety East Ridge|Ninety East Ridge]], one of the most remote sovereign countries on Earth, as the closest land, about 820 km ENE, is the [[w:Australia|Australian]] territory of the [[w:Cocos (Keeling) Islands|Cocos (Keeling) Islands]], and the closest integral territory of a sovereign country are the [[w:Mentawai Islands Regency|Mentawai Islands]] off the coast of [[w:Sumatra|Sumatra]], [[w:Indonesia|Indonesia]], about 1660 km to the northeast.


Tameï is Earth's second most spoken language isolate (after [[w:Korean language|Korean]]), being the native tongue of about 42 million people, mostly in the Tameï Islands but also in countries of the former [[w:Soviet Union|USSR]]. Tameï is one of two official languages in the country - the '''Tameïan People's Socialist Republic''' (officially ''Lânny Tameïchey mu Risöpübölika Sachalisütitchesükümü'' and ''Социалистическая Республика Тамеиского Народа'') as [[w:Russian language|Russian]] is still official for historical and cultural reasons, despite actual Russian native speakers being only 1% of the Tameï population.
Tameï is Earth's second most spoken language isolate (after [[w:Korean language|Korean]]), being the native tongue of about 42 million people, mostly in the Tameï Islands but also in countries of the former [[w:Soviet Union|USSR]]. Tameï is one of two official languages in the country - the '''Tameïan People's Socialist Republic''' (officially ''ұРесыпұбылихы ұСоциалиссичүки Ланньыр баТамеи'' and ''Социалистическая Республика Тамеиского Народа'') as [[w:Russian language|Russian]] is still official for historical and cultural reasons, despite actual Russian native speakers being only 1% of the Tameï population.


Despite fairly regular contacts with the peoples of Indonesia through centuries, the first major external influence in the Tameï Islands came with the first Western contact in 1559 through a French expedition by Bénoit de Neuilly on the ship L'Orléanaise. Established in 1602 as a French colony, the Tameï islands remained under French rule until 1814, when they were conquered by the British. They remained a British colony until the Communist Revolution of 1934 which saw the Tameï Islands, extremely rich in raw materials, become an important partner of the USSR, a role fulfilled until the dawn of the 21st century, with multi-party elections first being allowed in 1999. Self-defined Tameï people (even if heavily intermixed with other groups) are the majority, forming 57% of the population; there are also substantial Pashtun (21%) and Punjabi (13%) components. Religiously, there is no absolute majority; the largest religion is [[w:Sufism|Sufi Islam]], followed by 30% of the population, with atheism or irreligiousness (28%) and more or less syncretic modern forms of Tameï shamanism (24%) also being relevant percentages.
Despite fairly regular contacts with the peoples of Indonesia through centuries, the first major external influence in the Tameï Islands came with the first Western contact in 1594 through a Dutch expedition by Johannes De Boer on the ship De Schildpad. Established in 1613 as a Dutch colony, the Tameï islands remained under Dutch rule until 1827, when they were conquered by the British. They remained a British colony until the Communist Revolution of 1934 which saw the Tameï Islands, extremely rich in raw materials, become an important partner of the USSR (so much it was informally sometimes known as "the 16th Republic"); after the latter's dissolution, the country remained mostly isolated in the international community, which resulted in multi-party elections being allowed in 1999. Self-defined Tameï people (even if heavily intermixed with other groups) are the majority, forming 57% of the population; there are also substantial Pashtun (21%) and Punjabi (13%) components. Religiously, there is no absolute majority; the largest religion is [[w:Sufism|Sufi Islam]], followed by 30% of the population, with atheism or irreligiousness (28%) and more or less syncretic modern forms of Tameï shamanism (24%) also being relevant percentages.


This history, and the varied ethnic composition of the Tameï state (which saw a large influx of West and South Asians during the British period, as well as European communists during the 20th century), are reflected in its language, which has up to 20% of its lexicon of foreign origin, with early loans from [[w:French language|French]] (borrowed early enough to have underwent Tameï vowel shifts), then from [[w:English language|English]], [[w:Persian language|Persian]], [[w:Pashto language|Pashto]] (the latter two especially in more colloquial registers), and more recently from Russian and [[w:Japanese language|Japanese]] (the latter because of heavy Japanese cultural influence since the end of the Communist era). Tameï was first written under French rule in a French-derived spelling which did not consistently represent all the sounds of the language; however, its modern, Latin spelling, was only created after the Revolution of 1934. Today's Tameï orthography is not completely phonemic, and has a few etymological spellings; some words (mostly French and Russian proper names) keep the original spelling (transliterated in the case of Russian), but pronounced as a Tameï word, like the city of ''Stalinahâly''<ref>Tameï for "Stalin City".</ref>, is {{IPA|[ˈtʲælʲinʲæˌχɑj]}}.
This history, and the varied ethnic composition of the Tameï state (which saw a large influx of West and South Asians during the British period, as well as European communists during the 20th century), are reflected in its language, which has up to 20% of its lexicon of foreign origin, with early loans from [[w:Dutch language|Dutch]] (borrowed early enough to have underwent Tameï vowel shifts), then from [[w:English language|English]], [[w:Persian language|Persian]], [[w:Pashto language|Pashto]] (the latter two especially in more colloquial registers), and more recently from Russian and [[w:Japanese language|Japanese]] (the latter because of heavy Japanese cultural influence since the end of the Communist era). Tameï's orthography was only created after the Revolution of 1934. The first orthography was based on Dutch spelling conventions, though the difficult way of representing some sounds specific to Tameï led to different proposals being considered. Finally, in 1943, the current Cyrillic orthography was introduced, requested by the government as a sign of political alignment with the Soviet Union; the orthography itself was heavily influenced by the Cyrillic alphabet for Kazakh that at the time had just been introduced. In contemporary Tameï, some words (mostly Russian proper names) keep the original spelling but pronounced as a Tameï word, like the city of ''Сталинахаль''<ref>Tameï for "Stalin City".</ref>, is {{IPA|[ˌtаlinаˈxаj]}}.


Tameï is a mostly agglutinating language, with complex inflected verbs but light nominal morphology (mostly consisting of highly irregular pluralization patterns). On the phonetic side, it has a system of vowel harmony which deeply characterizes the language and is also extended to loanwords: Tameï has, therefore, a complex vowel inventory with 10 monophthongs and at least 18 or 19 diphthongs. Together with [[w:Damin|Damin]], one of only two non-African languages using [[w:Click consonant|click consonants]].
Tameï is a mostly agglutinating language, with complex inflected verbs and a system of noun classes not unlike (but smaller than) the one typical of Bantu languages. On the phonetic side, it is notable for being, together with [[w:Damin|Damin]], one of only two non-African languages using [[w:Click consonant|click consonants]].


==Phonology==
(TBC)
 
==Morphology==
===Numerals===
Most of the contemporary Tameï counting system is made of Dutch borrowings. Native words exist for the numerals from one to four, plus words for "hand" and "pair of hands" used for 5 and 10 respectively; native compound numbers exist for 6-9.
 
1-10 is generally counted with native numerals; the Dutch borrowings from 1 to 10 are used in all other contexts, except in in units from 1 to 10 in every hundred and thousand. 11-20 is usually counted with Dutch borrowings, but native numerals aren't uncommon too.
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Digit !! Native !! Dutch
|-
! 1
| -тү<br/>{{IPA|[ˈty]}} || (-эн)<br/>{{IPA|[ˈɛn]}}
|-
! 2
| -ӆъа<br/>{{IPA|[ˈǁa]}} || (-те)<br/>{{IPA|[ˈtje]}}
|-
! 3
| -рашы<br/>{{IPA|[ˈɹaʃɤ]}} || (-дыри)<br/>{{IPA|[ɗɤˈɹi]}}
|-
! 4
| -ҥуэтъ<br/>{{IPA|[ŋʷɛǀ]}} || (-уир)<br/>{{IPA|[ˈwiɹ]}}
|-
! 5
| -ӝұнь<br/>{{IPA|[ˈd͡ɮuɲ]}} || (-уэйпы)<br/>{{IPA|[ˈwɛi̯pɤ]}}
|-
! 6
| -хэйлыӝұнь<br/>{{IPA|[xɛi̯ˈlɤd͡ɮuɲ]}} || (-зэсы)<br/>{{IPA|[ˈd͡zɛsɤ]}}
|-
! 7
| -ӆъашыӝұнь<br/>{{IPA|[ǁaˈʃɤd͡ɮuɲ]}} || (-зеуын)<br/>{{IPA|[ˈd͡zjewɤn]}}
|-
! 8
| -рашэйӝұнь<br/>{{IPA|[ɹaˈʃɛi̯d͡ɮuɲ]}} || (-ахыты)<br/>{{IPA|[ˈaxɤtɤ]}}
|-
! 9
| -ӆъашычъыбэ<br/>{{IPA|[ǁaʃɤˈǂɤɓɛ]}} || (-ньэғын)<br/>{{IPA|[ˈɲɛɣɤn]}}
|-
! 10
| -чъыбэ<br/>{{IPA|[ˈǂɤɓɛ]}} || (-тин)<br/>{{IPA|[ˈtin]}}
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Digit !! Native !! Dutch
|-
! 11
| -чъыбэ ҥэ -тү<br/>{{IPA|[ˈǂɤɓɛ ŋ(ɛ)‿-ˈty]}} || -элпы<br/>{{IPA|[ˈɛlpɤ]}}
|-
! 12
| -чъыбэ ҥэ -ӆъа<br/>{{IPA|[ˈǂɤɓɛ ŋ(ɛ)‿-ˈǁa]}} || -туалпы<br/>{{IPA|[ˈtwalpɤ]}}
|-
! 13
| -чъыбэ ҥэ -рашы<br/>{{IPA|[ˈǂɤɓɛ ŋ(ɛ)‿-ˈɹaʃɤ]}} || -дэртин<br/>{{IPA|[ˈɗɛɹtin]}}
|-
! 14
| -чъыбэ ҥэ -ҥуэтъ<br/>{{IPA|[ˈǂɤɓɛ ŋ(ɛ)‿-ˈŋʷɛǀ]}} || -ерытин<br/>{{IPA|[ˈjeɹɤtin]}}
|-
! 15
| -ӆъа -ӝұнь ҥэ -ӝұнь<br/>{{IPA|[ˈǁa -ˈd͡ɮuɲ ŋ(ɛ)‿-ˈd͡ɮuɲ]}} || -уэйпытин<br/>{{IPA|[ˈwɛi̯pɤtin]}}
|-
! 16
| -рашы -ӝұнь ҥэ -тү<br/>{{IPA|[ˈɹaʃɤ -ˈd͡ɮuɲ ŋ(ɛ)‿-ˈty]}} || -зэсытин<br/>{{IPA|[ˈd͡zɛsɤtin]}}
|-
! 17
| -рашы -ӝұнь ҥэ -ӆъа<br/>{{IPA|[ˈɹaʃɤ -ˈd͡ɮuɲ ŋ(ɛ)‿-ˈǁa]}} || -зеуынтин<br/>{{IPA|[ˈd͡zjewɤntin]}}
|-
! 18
| -рашы -ӝұнь -рашы<br/>{{IPA|[ˈɹaʃɤ -ˈd͡ɮuɲ ŋ(ɛ)‿-ˈɹaʃɤ]}} || -ахытин<br/>{{IPA|[ˈaxɤtin]}}
|-
! 19
| -рашы -ӝұнь ҥэ -ҥуэтъ<br/>{{IPA|[ˈɹaʃɤ -ˈd͡ɮuɲ ŋ(ɛ)‿-ˈŋʷɛǀ]}} || -ньэғынтин<br/>{{IPA|[ˈɲɛɣɤntin]}}
|-
! 20
| -ӆъа -ӝұнь ҥэ -ӆъа -хэҥуа<br/>{{IPA|[ˈǁa -ˈd͡ɮuɲ ŋ(ɛ)‿-ˈǁa -ˈxɛŋʷa]}} || -(эн)туинты<br/>{{IPA|[(ɛn)ˈtwintɤ]}}
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Digit !! Dutch
|-
! 30
| -(эн)дэрыты<br/>{{IPA|[(ɛn)ˈɗɛɹɤtɤ]}}
|-
! 40
| -(эм)перыты<br/>{{IPA|[(ɛm)ˈpjeɹɤtɤ]}}
|-
! 50
| -(эм)пэйпыты<br/>{{IPA|[(ɛm)ˈpɛi̯pɤtɤ]}}
|-
! 60
| -(эн)сэсыты<br/>{{IPA|[(ɛn)ˈsɛsɤtɤ]}}
|-
! 70
| -(эн)сеуынты<br/>{{IPA|[(ɛn)ˈsjewɤntɤ]}}
|-
! 80
| -(эн)таты<br/>{{IPA|[(ɛn)ˈtatɤ]}}
|-
! 90
| -(эн)ньэғынты<br/>{{IPA|[(ɛn)ˈɲɛɣɤntɤ]}}
|-
! 100
| -хондыр<br/>{{IPA|[ˈxondɤɹ]}}
|-
! 1000
| -дыйсан<br/>{{IPA|[ˈɗɤi̯san]}}
|}
{{col-end}}
 
The forms with ''-эн-'' or ''-эм-'' are used when building units in tens, e.g. ''дапэйпыты'' "fifty (class 5)", ''даэн эмпэйпыты'' "fifty-one (class 5).
 
==Syntax==
===Verb phrase===
Tameï verbs are inflected through various prefixes and suffixes showing subjects, direct objects, indirect objects, causativity, applicatives, tense, and evidentiality. The minimum verb complex is made of a subject prefix, the root, and an evidential suffix.
 
{{Gloss
| phrase = Ихұчи бүссе.
| IPA = [iˈxutɕi ˈbyssje]
| morphemes = и-хұч-и ∅-бүссе
| gloss = <small>C1.SG</small>-run-<small>VIS</small>. <small>C1.SG</small>-woman.
| translation = The woman runs.
}}
{{Gloss
| phrase = Итуанашэ тұӵынрӏэ бүссе.
| IPA = [itwaˈnaʃɛ tuˈt͡ɬɤǃ̃͡qχe ˈbyssje]
| morphemes = и-туа-нашэ-и тұ-ӵынрӏэ ∅-бүссе
| gloss = <small>C1.SG</small>-<small>C2.SG.OBJ</small>-see-<small>VIS</small>. <small>C1.SG</small>-boy. <small>C1.SG</small>-woman.
| translation = The woman sees the boy.
}}
{{Gloss
| phrase = Ицэйнашэхей цоӵынрӏэ бүссе.
| IPA = [itsɛi̯ˈnaʃɛxei̯ tsoˈt͡ɬɤǃ̃͡qχe ˈbyssje]
| morphemes = и-цей-нашэ-хе-и цо-ӵынрӏэ ∅-бүссе
| gloss = <small>C1.SG</small>-<small>C2.PL.OBJ</small>-see-<small>-CLOSE_PAST-VIS</small>. <small>C1.PL</small>-boy. <small>C1.SG</small>-woman.
| translation = The woman saw the boys.
}}
{{Gloss
| phrase = Бахұчыуа ымбүссе.
| IPA = [baxuˈtɕɤwa ɤmˈbyssje]
| morphemes = ба-хұч-ыуа ыб-бүссе
| gloss = <small>C1.PL</small>-run-<small>-NVIS</small>. <small>C1.PL</small>-woman.
| translation = The women run (I hear them).
}}
{{Gloss
| phrase = Базэчашньимпъыр зэхатъи зэӵаньэ ҥуэйхыхиш ҥуэтүръыҥы ымбүссе башимае.
| IPA = [ɓadzetɕaʃˈɲiʘ̃ɤɹ dzeˈxaǀi dzeˈtɬaɲɛ ŋʷei̯ˈxɤxiʃ ŋʷetyˈǃɤŋɤ ɤmˈbyssje baʃiˈmaje]
| morphemes = ба-зэ-ча-ш-ньи-мпъы-р зэ-хатъи зэ-ӵаньэ ҥуэ-йхыхиш ҥуэ-тү-иръыҥы ым-бүссе ба-шимае
| gloss = <small>C1.PL-C4.PL.OBJ-C5.DAT-CAUS</small>-eat-<small>-REMOTE_PAST-RENARR</small>. <small>C4.PL</small>-banana. <small>C4.PL</small>-red. <small>C5.PL</small>-baby. <small>C5.PL</small>-with-hunger. <small>C1.PL</small>-woman. <small>C1.PL</small>-short_haired.
| translation = The short-haired women gave the red bananas to the hungry babies to eat.
}}
Internal and external locatives (classes 6 and 7) are treated as objects. If they are not stative, they are however only marked as class 6/7 object in the verb, while the noun keeps its class marking but with a preposition.
{{Gloss
| phrase = Бажыхэнньыуа хоу ұдэнэй иӆұуи ҥа иӆұуитъиҥи илэшэ.
| IPA = [ɓadʒɤxɛɲˈɲɤwa xou̯ uˈɗɛnɛi̯ iˈɬuwi ŋa iɬuwiˈǀiŋi iˈlɛʃɛ]
| morphemes = ба-жы-хэннь-ыуа хоу ұ-дэнэй и-ӆұуи ҥа и-ӆұуитъиҥи и-лэшэ
| gloss = <small>C1.PL-C6.OBJ-</small>-walk-<small>-NVIS</small>. to. <small>C3.SG</small>-park. <small>C1.SG</small>-girl. and. <small>C1.SG</small>-girlfriend. <small>C1.SG</small>-<small>3SG.GEN</small>.
| translation = The girl and her girlfriend walk to the park.
}}
{{Gloss
| phrase = Ижыӏэни ирӏыль ӆыхалыдиль.
| IPA = [idʒɤˈɁɛni iˈǃ͡qχɤi̯ ɬɤxalɤˈdii̯]
| morphemes = и-жы-ӏэн-и и-рӏыль ӆы-халыдиль
| gloss = <small>C1.SG-C6.OBJ-</small>-be_located-<small>-VIS</small>. <small>C1.SG</small>-fish. <small>C6.SG</small>-fridge.
| translation = The fish is in the fridge.
}}
{{Gloss
| phrase = Меҥльашичъхұм хеоуто.
| IPA = [mjeŋjaˈʃiǂxum xeˈou̯to]
| morphemes = меҥ-льа-шичъ-хұм хе-оуто
| gloss = <small>1SG.SUBJ-C7.OBJ-</small>-wait-<small>-FUT</small>. <small>C7.SG</small>-car.
| translation = I'll wait outside the car.
}}
 
<!-- ==Phonology==
[[File:Tamei-Islands.png|thumb|The Tameï Islands]]
Modern Standard Tameï (''lâvõh tameïchön âbõrâsowuy'', based on the dialect of the capital, Namihlewchany, in central-southern Mimbachugih island) has a phonemic inventory of 10 monophthongs, 18 or 19 diphthongs, and 29 or 30 consonants (including 8 clicks).
Modern Standard Tameï (''lâvõh tameïchön âbõrâsowuy'', based on the dialect of the capital, Namihlewchany, in central-southern Mimbachugih island) has a phonemic inventory of 10 monophthongs, 18 or 19 diphthongs, and 29 or 30 consonants (including 8 clicks).


Line 60: Line 239:
| '''a''' {{IPA|/a̘/ [a̘~æ̘]}} || '''â''' {{IPA|/a̙/ [ɑ̙~ɒ̙]}}
| '''a''' {{IPA|/a̘/ [a̘~æ̘]}} || '''â''' {{IPA|/a̙/ [ɑ̙~ɒ̙]}}
|}
|}
<!--The 7 monophthongs are /i u e o ɛ ʌ～ɔ a/, mainly written 〈i u e o ä ʌ a〉; /i u/ may also be spelled 〈ī ū〉for etymological reasons, while many speakers still distinguish /a/ from /aː/ (the latter consistently written 〈â〉). The ''â'' vowel has such treatment because, unlike 〈ī ū〉from historical /eː oː/, it is not historical /aː/ (which became /ʌ/ in all Tameï dialects), but a later development mainly from /aɣ/ (and also /aŋ/) sequences - in fact, the French and the Neykachūnī orthographies show the earlier forms; compare the earlier spellings of "person" as ''laguenaï'' and ''лағнай'' with modern ''lâney''. For an /aŋ/-derived ''â'', see the name ''Françoise'', which was still written with /ŋ/ in the Neykachūnī orthography as ''Фыранғсѧсы'' /fɯɹaŋˈsɑːzɯ/, but in the modern spelling it is ''Furâxʌz'' (or the variant ''Furâxʌzī''), representing /fuɹaˈsʌz(i)/.<br/>This consonant-loss and lengthening process was ongoing in the late 19th century, as also shown by other sources like /ah/ followed by a consonant, as in the Persian loan ''châr'' [ɕa(ː)ɹ] from شهر ''šahr''<ref>Standard Persian /æ/ usually corresponds to Tameï /a/, not /æ～ɛ/.</ref> (Neykachūnī orthography ''шахыр'', representing /ˈɕahɯɹ/).
The 7 monophthongs are /i u e o ɛ ʌ～ɔ a/, mainly written 〈i u e o ä ʌ a〉; /i u/ may also be spelled 〈ī ū〉for etymological reasons, while many speakers still distinguish /a/ from /aː/ (the latter consistently written 〈â〉). The ''â'' vowel has such treatment because, unlike 〈ī ū〉from historical /eː oː/, it is not historical /aː/ (which became /ʌ/ in all Tameï dialects), but a later development mainly from /aɣ/ (and also /aŋ/) sequences - in fact, the French and the Neykachūnī orthographies show the earlier forms; compare the earlier spellings of "person" as ''laguenaï'' and ''лағнай'' with modern ''lâney''. For an /aŋ/-derived ''â'', see the name ''Françoise'', which was still written with /ŋ/ in the Neykachūnī orthography as ''Фыранғсѧсы'' /fɯɹaŋˈsɑːzɯ/, but in the modern spelling it is ''Furâxʌz'' (or the variant ''Furâxʌzī''), representing /fuɹaˈsʌz(i)/.<br/>This consonant-loss and lengthening process was ongoing in the late 19th century, as also shown by other sources like /ah/ followed by a consonant, as in the Persian loan ''châr'' [ɕa(ː)ɹ] from شهر ''šahr''<ref>Standard Persian /æ/ usually corresponds to Tameï /a/, not /æ～ɛ/.</ref> (Neykachūnī orthography ''шахыр'', representing /ˈɕahɯɹ/).


The two diphthongs, /e̞ɪ̯/ and /o̞ʊ̯/, derive from historical /aɪ̯ aʊ̯/ (and were in fact still written as 〈ай ав〉in the 1884 orthography); many dialects, especially those spoken on the islands farther from Heyta Hʌna, keep values closer to the original ones.
The two diphthongs, /e̞ɪ̯/ and /o̞ʊ̯/, derive from historical /aɪ̯ aʊ̯/ (and were in fact still written as 〈ай ав〉in the 1884 orthography); many dialects, especially those spoken on the islands farther from Heyta Hʌna, keep values closer to the original ones.


Note that the grapheme '''i''' always represents a vowel and is therefore always in hiatus with any preceding or following vowel, unless it forms a plural noun in ''-iemi''.-->
Note that the grapheme '''i''' always represents a vowel and is therefore always in hiatus with any preceding or following vowel, unless it forms a plural noun in ''-iemi''.


===Consonants===
===Consonants===
Line 115: Line 294:


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
<!-- "līzayâ mīkuredân(a) rucukayim" el vœur dì "preferissi scriv cont ona penna", rucuka- a l'è ciappaa del russ, īkure- del franzes (écrir) lī- l'è la primma persona singolara, m- -dân el infinitiv/nomm verbal, zayâ el vœur dì "preferì", l'è nativ -->
"līzayâ mīkuredân(a) rucukayim" el vœur dì "preferissi scriv cont ona penna", rucuka- a l'è ciappaa del russ, īkure- del franzes (écrir) lī- l'è la primma persona singolara, m- -dân el infinitiv/nomm verbal, zayâ el vœur dì "preferì", l'è nativ
===Nouns===
===Nouns===
====Gender====
====Gender====
Line 608: Line 787:
==Vocabulary==
==Vocabulary==
===Days and months===
===Days and months===
Both days of the week and months of the year used in Tameï are clear French borrowings, but they do show the usual vocalic changes that happened in Tameï since they were borrowed:
Days of the week are clear French borrowings, even if the pronunciation has diverged since borrowing. Month names were borrowed at the same time, but, in 1950, they were replaced by a new calendar, the Revolutionary Calendar, where all month names except three (March, July, and September) are related to Communism. The names have since remained in use, even after 1999.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
Line 614: Line 793:
|-
|-
! Monday
! Monday
| lâđe || lâ || [la(ː)ˈde]
| lüdi || lü || {{IPA|[lʲʉˈdʲi̘]}}
|-
|-
! Tuesday
! Tuesday
| mowđe || mo || [mo̞ʊ̯ˈde]
| mördi || mö || {{IPA|[mɤɹˈdʲi̘]}}
|-
|-
! Wednesday
! Wednesday
| mīkurīđe || mī || [mikuɹiˈde]
| marhardi || ma || {{IPA|[mæɹxæɹˈdʲi̘]}}
|-
|-
! Thursday
! Thursday
| chuđe || ch || [ɕuˈde]
| chödi || ch || {{IPA|[ɕɤˈdʲi̘]}}
|-
|-
! Friday
! Friday
| fâdurīđe || fâ || [ɸa(ː)duɹiˈde]
| fadardi || fa || {{IPA|[ɸædʲæɹˈdʲi̘]}}
|-
|-
! Saturday
! Saturday
| xâđe || xâ || [sa(ː)ˈde]
| sadi || sa || {{IPA|[sʲæˈdʲi̘]}}
|-
|-
! Sunday
! Sunday
| đemʌch || de || [deˈmʌɕ]
| dâmâch || dâ || {{IPA|[dɑˈmɑʃ]}}
|}
|}


Line 640: Line 819:
|-
|-
! January
! January
| châfī || châ || [ɕa(ː)ˈfi]
| leninskiy || len || {{IPA|[ˈlʲenʲi̘nʲæsʲʉkɨ͡ij]}}
|-
|-
! February
! February
| fīūrei || fīū || [fi.uɹeˈi]
| mânõfäsutu || mân || {{IPA|[mɑne̝ˈɸɛsɯtɯ]}}
|-
|-
! March
! March
| mowxu || mow || [ˈmo̞ʊ̯su]
| nöwrüsa || nöw || {{IPA|[nʲɵ͡øɥˈɹusʲæ]}}
|-
|-
! April
! April
| afurel || afu || [aɸuˈɹel]
| pröletarskiy || prö || {{IPA|[pʉɹɤlʲeˈtʲæɹæsʲʉkɨ͡ij]}}
|-
|-
! May
! May
| mī || mī || [ˈmi]
| pabediy || pab || {{IPA|[pæˈɓedʲɨ͡ij]}}
|-
|-
! June
! June
| chuwä || chu || [ɕuˈwɛ]
| riwaluciöniy || riw || {{IPA|[ɹi̘wælʲʉˈsʲjɤnʲɨ͡ij]}}
|-
|-
! July
! July
| chīlī || chī || [ɕiˈli]
| ümüchenny || ümü || {{IPA|[ˈumuʃeɲː]}}
|-
|-
! August
! August
| otu || otu || [ˈotu]
| châmänyp′ulychon || châ || {{IPA|[ʃɑmɛɲˈʘujʃɔn]}}
|-
|-
! September
! September
| xīputâbu || xīp || [sipuˈta(ː)bu]
| tümp′a || tüm || {{IPA|[ˈtʲʉʘ̃æ]}}
|-
|-
! October
! October
| ūkutūbu || ūku || [ukuˈtubu]
| kõrâsõnuy || kõr || {{IPA|[ke̝ˈɹɑse̝nɯ͡ɪj]}}
|-
|-
! November
! November
| nūfâbu || nūf || [nuˈɸa(ː)bu]
| engelsskiy || eng || {{IPA|[ˈeŋɡelʲʉsʲːʉkɨ͡ij]}}
|-
|-
! December
! December
| đīxâbu || đīx || [diˈsa(ː)bu]
| stalinskiy || sta || {{IPA|[tʲælʲi̘nʲæsʲʉkɨ͡ij]}}
|}
|}


Line 696: Line 875:
Common names include:
Common names include:
* Boys' names: ''Abdulkommunizumu'', ''Abdullenin'', ''Abdulmarx'' [-ˈmaɹukusu], ''Abdulstalin'', ''Bīnʌ'' (< Bénoit), ''Chlʌǥī′ey'', ''Furâxʌ'' (< François), ''Grâce'', ''Heykä'', ''Ītīn'' (< Étienne) ''Komsomoletsu'', ''Lelyä'' (< Lilian), ''Līley'', ''Lui'' (< Louis) ''P′alkey'', ''Soviet'', ''(Iosif) Stalin'', ''Tsetun'', ''Ŧ′īkaney''
* Boys' names: ''Abdulkommunizumu'', ''Abdullenin'', ''Abdulmarx'' [-ˈmaɹukusu], ''Abdulstalin'', ''Bīnʌ'' (< Bénoit), ''Chlʌǥī′ey'', ''Furâxʌ'' (< François), ''Grâce'', ''Heykä'', ''Ītīn'' (< Étienne) ''Komsomoletsu'', ''Lelyä'' (< Lilian), ''Līley'', ''Lui'' (< Louis) ''P′alkey'', ''Soviet'', ''(Iosif) Stalin'', ''Tsetun'', ''Ŧ′īkaney''
* Girls' names: ''Akīnä'', ''Amatulkommunizumu'', ''Amatullenin'', ''Amatulmarx'', ''Amatulstalin'', ''Chlūī'' (< Chloë), ''Furâxʌz(ī)'' (< Françoise), ''Grâce'', ''Lelyan(ī)'' (< Liliane), ''Mowten(ī)'' (< Martine)
* Girls' names: ''Akīnä'', ''Amatulkommunizumu'', ''Amatullenin'', ''Amatulmarx'', ''Amatulstalin'', ''Chlūī'' (< Chloë), ''Furâxʌz(ī)'' (< Françoise), ''Grâce'', ''Lelyan(ī)'' (< Liliane), ''Mowten(ī)'' (< Martine)-->


==Notes==
==Notes==

Latest revision as of 08:53, 21 May 2020

Tameï
тұмоубэ тұТамеи
Flag of the Tameï Islands
Pronunciation[[tuˈmou̯ɓɛ tutameˈi]]
Created byLili21
DateDec 2017
Settingalt-Earth
EthnicityTameï
Native speakers42,000,000 (2017)
Isolate
  • Tameï
Official status
Regulated byCentral National Committee of the Tameïan Language (ұкомитеты ұгұлауны ұланньэшыши тұмоубэйыр тұТамеи - КГЛМТ)

Tameï (тұТамеи [tutameˈi] or тұмоубэ тұТамеи [tuˈmou̯ɓɛ tutameˈi]) is a language isolate spoken in the Tameï Islands (хямша баТамеи [ˈxjamɕa batameˈi]), an independent volcanic archipelago country in the Indian Ocean, along the Ninety East Ridge, one of the most remote sovereign countries on Earth, as the closest land, about 820 km ENE, is the Australian territory of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, and the closest integral territory of a sovereign country are the Mentawai Islands off the coast of Sumatra, Indonesia, about 1660 km to the northeast.

Tameï is Earth's second most spoken language isolate (after Korean), being the native tongue of about 42 million people, mostly in the Tameï Islands but also in countries of the former USSR. Tameï is one of two official languages in the country - the Tameïan People's Socialist Republic (officially ұРесыпұбылихы ұСоциалиссичүки Ланньыр баТамеи and Социалистическая Республика Тамеиского Народа) as Russian is still official for historical and cultural reasons, despite actual Russian native speakers being only 1% of the Tameï population.

Despite fairly regular contacts with the peoples of Indonesia through centuries, the first major external influence in the Tameï Islands came with the first Western contact in 1594 through a Dutch expedition by Johannes De Boer on the ship De Schildpad. Established in 1613 as a Dutch colony, the Tameï islands remained under Dutch rule until 1827, when they were conquered by the British. They remained a British colony until the Communist Revolution of 1934 which saw the Tameï Islands, extremely rich in raw materials, become an important partner of the USSR (so much it was informally sometimes known as "the 16th Republic"); after the latter's dissolution, the country remained mostly isolated in the international community, which resulted in multi-party elections being allowed in 1999. Self-defined Tameï people (even if heavily intermixed with other groups) are the majority, forming 57% of the population; there are also substantial Pashtun (21%) and Punjabi (13%) components. Religiously, there is no absolute majority; the largest religion is Sufi Islam, followed by 30% of the population, with atheism or irreligiousness (28%) and more or less syncretic modern forms of Tameï shamanism (24%) also being relevant percentages.

This history, and the varied ethnic composition of the Tameï state (which saw a large influx of West and South Asians during the British period, as well as European communists during the 20th century), are reflected in its language, which has up to 20% of its lexicon of foreign origin, with early loans from Dutch (borrowed early enough to have underwent Tameï vowel shifts), then from English, Persian, Pashto (the latter two especially in more colloquial registers), and more recently from Russian and Japanese (the latter because of heavy Japanese cultural influence since the end of the Communist era). Tameï's orthography was only created after the Revolution of 1934. The first orthography was based on Dutch spelling conventions, though the difficult way of representing some sounds specific to Tameï led to different proposals being considered. Finally, in 1943, the current Cyrillic orthography was introduced, requested by the government as a sign of political alignment with the Soviet Union; the orthography itself was heavily influenced by the Cyrillic alphabet for Kazakh that at the time had just been introduced. In contemporary Tameï, some words (mostly Russian proper names) keep the original spelling but pronounced as a Tameï word, like the city of Сталинахаль[1], is [ˌtаlinаˈxаj].

Tameï is a mostly agglutinating language, with complex inflected verbs and a system of noun classes not unlike (but smaller than) the one typical of Bantu languages. On the phonetic side, it is notable for being, together with Damin, one of only two non-African languages using click consonants.

(TBC)

Morphology

Numerals

Most of the contemporary Tameï counting system is made of Dutch borrowings. Native words exist for the numerals from one to four, plus words for "hand" and "pair of hands" used for 5 and 10 respectively; native compound numbers exist for 6-9.

1-10 is generally counted with native numerals; the Dutch borrowings from 1 to 10 are used in all other contexts, except in in units from 1 to 10 in every hundred and thousand. 11-20 is usually counted with Dutch borrowings, but native numerals aren't uncommon too.

Digit Native Dutch
1 -тү
[ˈty]		 (-эн)
[ˈɛn]
2 -ӆъа
[ˈǁa]		 (-те)
[ˈtje]
3 -рашы
[ˈɹaʃɤ]		 (-дыри)
[ɗɤˈɹi]
4 -ҥуэтъ
[ŋʷɛǀ]		 (-уир)
[ˈwiɹ]
5 -ӝұнь
[ˈd͡ɮuɲ]		 (-уэйпы)
[ˈwɛi̯pɤ]
6 -хэйлыӝұнь
[xɛi̯ˈlɤd͡ɮuɲ]		 (-зэсы)
[ˈd͡zɛsɤ]
7 -ӆъашыӝұнь
[ǁaˈʃɤd͡ɮuɲ]		 (-зеуын)
[ˈd͡zjewɤn]
8 -рашэйӝұнь
[ɹaˈʃɛi̯d͡ɮuɲ]		 (-ахыты)
[ˈaxɤtɤ]
9 -ӆъашычъыбэ
[ǁaʃɤˈǂɤɓɛ]		 (-ньэғын)
[ˈɲɛɣɤn]
10 -чъыбэ
[ˈǂɤɓɛ]		 (-тин)
[ˈtin]

Digit Native Dutch
11 -чъыбэ ҥэ -тү
[ˈǂɤɓɛ ŋ(ɛ)‿-ˈty]		 -элпы
[ˈɛlpɤ]
12 -чъыбэ ҥэ -ӆъа
[ˈǂɤɓɛ ŋ(ɛ)‿-ˈǁa]		 -туалпы
[ˈtwalpɤ]
13 -чъыбэ ҥэ -рашы
[ˈǂɤɓɛ ŋ(ɛ)‿-ˈɹaʃɤ]		 -дэртин
[ˈɗɛɹtin]
14 -чъыбэ ҥэ -ҥуэтъ
[ˈǂɤɓɛ ŋ(ɛ)‿-ˈŋʷɛǀ]		 -ерытин
[ˈjeɹɤtin]
15 -ӆъа -ӝұнь ҥэ -ӝұнь
[ˈǁa -ˈd͡ɮuɲ ŋ(ɛ)‿-ˈd͡ɮuɲ]		 -уэйпытин
[ˈwɛi̯pɤtin]
16 -рашы -ӝұнь ҥэ -тү
[ˈɹaʃɤ -ˈd͡ɮuɲ ŋ(ɛ)‿-ˈty]		 -зэсытин
[ˈd͡zɛsɤtin]
17 -рашы -ӝұнь ҥэ -ӆъа
[ˈɹaʃɤ -ˈd͡ɮuɲ ŋ(ɛ)‿-ˈǁa]		 -зеуынтин
[ˈd͡zjewɤntin]
18 -рашы -ӝұнь -рашы
[ˈɹaʃɤ -ˈd͡ɮuɲ ŋ(ɛ)‿-ˈɹaʃɤ]		 -ахытин
[ˈaxɤtin]
19 -рашы -ӝұнь ҥэ -ҥуэтъ
[ˈɹaʃɤ -ˈd͡ɮuɲ ŋ(ɛ)‿-ˈŋʷɛǀ]		 -ньэғынтин
[ˈɲɛɣɤntin]
20 -ӆъа -ӝұнь ҥэ -ӆъа -хэҥуа
[ˈǁa -ˈd͡ɮuɲ ŋ(ɛ)‿-ˈǁa -ˈxɛŋʷa]		 -(эн)туинты
[(ɛn)ˈtwintɤ]

Digit Dutch
30 -(эн)дэрыты
[(ɛn)ˈɗɛɹɤtɤ]
40 -(эм)перыты
[(ɛm)ˈpjeɹɤtɤ]
50 -(эм)пэйпыты
[(ɛm)ˈpɛi̯pɤtɤ]
60 -(эн)сэсыты
[(ɛn)ˈsɛsɤtɤ]
70 -(эн)сеуынты
[(ɛn)ˈsjewɤntɤ]
80 -(эн)таты
[(ɛn)ˈtatɤ]
90 -(эн)ньэғынты
[(ɛn)ˈɲɛɣɤntɤ]
100 -хондыр
[ˈxondɤɹ]
1000 -дыйсан
[ˈɗɤi̯san]


The forms with -эн- or -эм- are used when building units in tens, e.g. дапэйпыты "fifty (class 5)", даэн эмпэйпыты "fifty-one (class 5).

Syntax

Verb phrase

Tameï verbs are inflected through various prefixes and suffixes showing subjects, direct objects, indirect objects, causativity, applicatives, tense, and evidentiality. The minimum verb complex is made of a subject prefix, the root, and an evidential suffix.

Ихұчи бүссе.
[iˈxutɕi ˈbyssje]
и-хұч-и ∅-бүссе
C1.SG-run-VIS. C1.SG-woman.
The woman runs.
Итуанашэ тұӵынрӏэ бүссе.
[itwaˈnaʃɛ tuˈt͡ɬɤǃ̃͡qχe ˈbyssje]
и-туа-нашэ-и тұ-ӵынрӏэ ∅-бүссе
C1.SG-C2.SG.OBJ-see-VIS. C1.SG-boy. C1.SG-woman.
The woman sees the boy.
Ицэйнашэхей цоӵынрӏэ бүссе.
[itsɛi̯ˈnaʃɛxei̯ tsoˈt͡ɬɤǃ̃͡qχe ˈbyssje]
и-цей-нашэ-хе-и цо-ӵынрӏэ ∅-бүссе
C1.SG-C2.PL.OBJ-see--CLOSE_PAST-VIS. C1.PL-boy. C1.SG-woman.
The woman saw the boys.
Бахұчыуа ымбүссе.
[baxuˈtɕɤwa ɤmˈbyssje]
ба-хұч-ыуа ыб-бүссе
C1.PL-run--NVIS. C1.PL-woman.
The women run (I hear them).
Базэчашньимпъыр зэхатъи зэӵаньэ ҥуэйхыхиш ҥуэтүръыҥы ымбүссе башимае.
[ɓadzetɕaʃˈɲiʘ̃ɤɹ dzeˈxaǀi dzeˈtɬaɲɛ ŋʷei̯ˈxɤxiʃ ŋʷetyˈǃɤŋɤ ɤmˈbyssje baʃiˈmaje]
ба-зэ-ча-ш-ньи-мпъы-р зэ-хатъи зэ-ӵаньэ ҥуэ-йхыхиш ҥуэ-тү-иръыҥы ым-бүссе ба-шимае
C1.PL-C4.PL.OBJ-C5.DAT-CAUS-eat--REMOTE_PAST-RENARR. C4.PL-banana. C4.PL-red. C5.PL-baby. C5.PL-with-hunger. C1.PL-woman. C1.PL-short_haired.
The short-haired women gave the red bananas to the hungry babies to eat.

Internal and external locatives (classes 6 and 7) are treated as objects. If they are not stative, they are however only marked as class 6/7 object in the verb, while the noun keeps its class marking but with a preposition.

Бажыхэнньыуа хоу ұдэнэй иӆұуи ҥа иӆұуитъиҥи илэшэ.
[ɓadʒɤxɛɲˈɲɤwa xou̯ uˈɗɛnɛi̯ iˈɬuwi ŋa iɬuwiˈǀiŋi iˈlɛʃɛ]
ба-жы-хэннь-ыуа хоу ұ-дэнэй и-ӆұуи ҥа и-ӆұуитъиҥи и-лэшэ
C1.PL-C6.OBJ--walk--NVIS. to. C3.SG-park. C1.SG-girl. and. C1.SG-girlfriend. C1.SG-3SG.GEN.
The girl and her girlfriend walk to the park.
Ижыӏэни ирӏыль ӆыхалыдиль.
[idʒɤˈɁɛni iˈǃ͡qχɤi̯ ɬɤxalɤˈdii̯]
и-жы-ӏэн-и и-рӏыль ӆы-халыдиль
C1.SG-C6.OBJ--be_located--VIS. C1.SG-fish. C6.SG-fridge.
The fish is in the fridge.
Меҥльашичъхұм хеоуто.
[mjeŋjaˈʃiǂxum xeˈou̯to]
меҥ-льа-шичъ-хұм хе-оуто
1SG.SUBJ-C7.OBJ--wait--FUT. C7.SG-car.
I'll wait outside the car.


Notes

  1. ^ Tameï for "Stalin City".
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