Eighth edition lekma: Difference between revisions

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A conlang named lekma /ˈɥexmä/ is an experimental language, language Type (aiming): it is a miniature. being low amount of distinct categories, half of lexicon are adoption of low Germanic languages, rests are from many others. it is for aid of learning about languages, making is to learn languages.


words are full nouns or morpheme nouns
nouns: +morpheme nouns(that are intransitives), +adjective nouns(monotransitives), +demonstrative nouns(which have plurals), +verbal nouns(that are transitives, ditransitives), +verb-derived particle nouns(that are prepositions, connectives). +enclitics(they turn nouns to full nouns): demontratives same as aboves, nominal suffix: e/∅/, adjectival suffix: a,ä.har/ɦä/,/e/ s/s/, verbal suffix: l,hel/ɦel/(habitual, nominaliser), had/ɦät/(subjunctive) aaena, aauda/ŋdɐ/(processive) aaein,aaeni,aandi/ˈ..ndi/(perfective, an,en,ne,hen/ɦen/, vowel to nasalise+/en/(nominaliser).


 
↳[[Eighth_edition_lekma/Smallset|Small set]]
full nouns are indicative forms. borrowing words from other languages enter the group of adjective full noun, some then enter full nouns. VO phrases are also full nouns.
__noeditsection__
e are null vowel null consonants if they are free from diacritics.
(in this site uses resemble phonetic notations)
 
 
found laa/ga:/ so some are irregular.
gemination affects vowel before it to lengthen or something then it is simplified.
tone rises at words initially. i(ǀ) start citing, (end cite), ǃ(ǂ) exclamation, before a loan word.
dalse càe látin, vàe áleman, bae látin, cae látin, kae eskanól, aüe elínica, meidallaoduilekma. e lao u aèi velar nasal.
 
 
Syntacs
Type: SVO.
focal ergative noun • verbal transitive noun objective noun adjectival suffix + topic noun / verbal stative noun adjective noun adjectival suffix + topic noun / topic noun • adjective noun adjectival suffix, where a middle dot separates phrases, phrases can switch their places.
 
 
an object right after the verbal noun needs no suffix nor particle. an object before the verb needs a support of an objectival particle.
 
 
Text
 
of it is what.
nerca sèdno
nac-har séd-nan
i.be swed-ish
 
 
of this is what.
famseldoclea
fam sel-doc-leh-har
fruits are-this-place-of
 
 
nacioneus uekma. neidoc.
is.romlang uekma  it.is.not
uekma is a romlang. no, it's not.
 
 
of who does what.
hainimdaines doc
hai nim daines doc
they eat some-of this
 
 
aside from the phonemic orthography, numerals are written with.
0123456789,10,11,12. is oinmfvksba.io/x,ii/e,in/z.
 
 
Part of speech.
There is noun, noun whose root acts as a verb, adjective derived from the both, finally particle derived from the verbal root.
Adjectives indicate what a subject is. Verbs express what a subject does or is.
 
Structure is as follows.
A main clause constructs particle + agentive/subjective noun + verb + object, a subject/topic may follows.
A clause of a verb + a complement is either indication of what the subject does or is, or acts as a noun.
A clause of a verb + a complement + a noun is a noun.
A clause of a verb + a complement + suffix, acting as an adjective, modifies a noun.
 
Frontings.
A connective noun/focused word/interjection in the usage, that are before the main clause.
Also an adjective clause/conditional noun is in front of main clause in a clause + clause construction.
 
{{trans-top|Morpheme inventory *under development}}
* s- /sɨ/,allomorpheme;/s/,
* n- /nɨ/,allomorpheme;/n/,
* a- /ä/
* ∅- /ʔ/
* -a /ɦä/
* -e /ɦe/
* -s /s/
* -as /ɦäs/
* -es /ɦes/
* -n /n/
* -en /ɦen/
* -ns /ns/
* -ens /ɦens/
{{trans-mid|}}
* -l /l/
* -t /t/
* -d /t/
* -ls /ls/
* -ts /t͡s/
* -ds /des/
* -el /el/
* -et /et/
* -at /ät/
* -ad /äde/
* -els /els/
* -ets /et͡s/
* -ats /ät͡s/
* -ads /ädes/
* -nd /indɐ/
* -nt /int/
* -nds /indɐs/
* -nts /intes/
{{trans-bottom}}
 
 
Phoneme inventory
{| class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="1" |Consonants
! colspan="1" |Bilabial
! colspan="1" |Labio-dental
! colspan="1" |Dental
! colspan="1" |Alveolar
! colspan="1" |Post­al-alveolar
! colspan="1" |Retroflex
! colspan="1" |Palatal
! colspan="1" |Velar
! colspan="1" |Uvular
! colspan="1" |Glottal
|-
! style="text-align: left;"|Nasal
| mam(m)
|
|
| nan(dental n, ɲ)
|
| ɳ
| ɲ
| uâu,aau(ŋ)
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;"|Plosive
| bab(b-p)
|
| dad(dental d-t)
|
|
|
|
| cac(k-g)
|
| aâe(ʔ)
|-
! style="text-align: left;"|Affricate
|
|
|
| zae(voiced t͡s-devoiced t͡s)
|
| tât(ʈ͡ʂ)
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;"|Fricative
|
| fâf(f)
|
| sas(s-palatal s)
| ʃ
| xax(ç-ʂ)
|
| iáe(ʝ)
| kak(χ-x, k)
| hah,aar(ɦ, ɐ, null)
|-
! style="text-align: left;"|Approximant
|
| vàe(ʋ)
|
|
|
|
| aáe,aaé(short i)
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;"|Trill
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| rae(ʀ-r)
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;"|Lateral approximant
|
| aàe,aaè(short u)
|
| lál,uae(ɥ-ʎ, l)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
 
{| class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="1" |Vowels
! colspan="2" |Front
! colspan="2" |Central
! colspan="2" |Back
|-
!
! <small>unround</small>
! <small>round</small>
! <small>unround</small>
! <small>round</small>
! <small>unround</small>
! <small>round</small>
|-
! style="text-align: left;"|Close
| aie,aîe(i iː)
| aüe,aúe(y yː)
|
|
| aïe,aui(ɨ ɯ)
| aue,aûe(u uː)
|-
! style="text-align: left;"|Mid-open
| aee,aêe,eäe,aei(e eː)
| aöe,aeu(ø øː)
|
|
| aëe(ɤ)
| aoe,aôe(o oː)
|-
! style="text-align: left;"|Open
|
|
| aae,aaa,aâe,aai(ä äː)
|
| aao(ʌː)
|
|}
 
 
{{trans-top|phonotactics *development}}
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 1080px; text-align:center"
!  |
!  |C
!  |V
!  |C/CC
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|root words are either CVC or CVCC
| k:allophones; t ʔ ɦ l;ʎ;ɾ sr ɲ ŋ
| ä:allophones;â á:ae;ai;oa e é:ei;é;ea i î í o ö:eu;oi ó:ou u ü ú:allophones;;ue;ua;uo
| ɲ ŋ h tz cz t ns −vowel length lk −vowel length ks sk
|}
{{trans-bottom}}
 
'''Declension *under development'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 540px; text-align:center"
! colspan="1" |{{blue|noun root}}
! colspan="1" |
! colspan="1" |
! colspan="1" |
! colspan="1" |
! colspan="1" |
! colspan="1" |
! colspan="1" |{{blue|gloss}}
|-
!  style="width: 90px; "|
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the agent of a transitive verb}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the subject/locative of an intransitive verb}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the direct/indirect object of a verb}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|possessive form}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|plural form}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|plural possessive form}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|uac/ʋɐk/
| sac/sɐk/
| nac/nɐk/
| uac/ʋɐk/[ʔɐk]
| uacs/ʔäks/
| sacen/säːgen/,nacen/näːgen/,uacen/ʔäːgen/
| uacens/ʔäːgens/
| I
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|uue/ʋyː/
| sue/syː/
| nue/nyː/
| uue/ʋyː/[ʔyː]
| uues/ʋyːs/[ʔyːs]
| suen/syːen/,nuen/nyːen/,ʋuen/ʔyːen/
| uuens/ʔyːens/
| You
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|hia/ɦiä/
| sia/siä/
| nia/niä/
| hia/ɦiä/
| hias/ɦiäs/
| sian/siän/,nian/niän/,hian/ɦiän/
| hians/ɦiäns/
| They (singular)
|}
 
'''Conjugation *under development'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 540px; text-align:center"
! colspan="1" |{{blue|verb root}}
! colspan="1" |{{blue|indicative form}}
! colspan="1" |{{blue|subjunctive form}}
! colspan="1" |{{blue|connective form}}
! colspan="2" |{{blue|noun-like form}}
! colspan="1" |{{blue|gloss}}
|-
!  style="width: 90px; "|
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|present/habitual}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the motion is futural}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|-ing, /if}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the motion is incomplete}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the motion is completed}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|sel/sel/
| ser/sel/
| seat/seɦät/
| sad/säːt/
| selnd/selindɐ/
| selnt/selint/
| be
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|bal/bäl/
| bar/bäl/
| baat/päɦät/
| bad/päːt/
| balnd/pälindɐ
| balnt/pälint/
| have
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|tel/tel/
| ter/tel/
| teat/teɦät/
| tad/täːt/
| telnd/telindɐ/
| telnt/telint/
| hang,raise
|}
 
'''Made texts'''
*under development
 
{{trans-top| reading basis /visual basis}}
* I: ʋɐk /uac
* you (singular): ʋyː /uue
* he: ɦäŋ /han
* we:  /uacen
* you (plural): ʋyːen /uuen
* they: ɦiä /hia
* this : tog,ɦiä /toc,hia
* that: àe,kosa /hae,cos
* here: tocma /tcm
* there: kkaema /aem
* who: hhia,lhia /lia
* what: kva /kva
* where: kvime /kvm
* when: kvatzuí /kvn
* how: kvamuí /kvi
* not: né /nei
* all: àen /aen
* many: àens /aens
* some: de àen /duiaen
* few: làes /leas
* other: né daes /neidae
* one: éna,ená,ésa,esá /ina,isa
* two: tzue /dva
* three: mal /mal
* four: cut /cut
* five: unal /hal
* big: lhens /uncertain
* long: naelhens /uncertain
* wide: daesbala /uncertain
* thick: bala /uncertain
* heavy: né fie /neifias
* small: uncertain /nal
* short: kul /uncertain
* narrow: tis /tsm
* thin: kadtis /uncertain
* woman: lhúa /lua
* man (adult male): lhúa /lua
* man (human being): hhan/lhúo /luo
* child: uncertain /tisluo
* mother: mâma /mam
* father: dâda /tat
* animal: this /uncertain
* fish: fisk /fsk
* bird: tofie  /tfl
* snake: uncertain /lam
* worm: hhom /orm
* tree: uncertain /bim
* forest: uncertain /bsk
* stick: baunel /uncertain
* fruit: fam /flm
* seed: fam /sem
* leaf: hhüo /lif
* root: lád /lad
* bark (of a tree): uncertain /blk
* flower: uncertain /lili
* grass: ladlili /uncertain
* rope: sinn /uncertain
* skin: bäl /uncertain
* meat: salk /slk
* blood: salk /uncertain
* bone: lám /uncertain
* fat (noun): bét /fat
* egg: ais /uncertain
* horn: kol /krn
* tail: lámen /lam
* feather: fie /fli
* hair: tetr /khr
* head: uncertain /cab
* ear: olhen /orh
* eye: ain /oin
* nose: nes /nez
* mouth: uncertain /lif
* tooth: tzann /fnc
* tongue (organ): tzann /zau
* fingernail: tzann /fau
* foot: uncertain /bam
* leg: uncertain /bam
* knee: baim /uncertain
* hand: tec /tek
* wing: fiem /fli
* belly: mac /uncertain
* guts: mac /uncertain
* neck: nec /uncertain
* back: tzüc /ruc
* breast: bec /fec
* heart: kel /kor
* liver: kel /uncertain
* to drink: sifel /drk
* to eat: nem /nhm
* to bite: tzaunel /tnf
* to suck: sifel /uncertain
* to spit: nemel /uncertain
* to vomit: tue dae nems /uncertain
* to blow: bolel /uncertain
* to breathe: nesel /uncertain
* to laugh: hrak /rch
* to see: vis /ver
* to hear: sanhel /oir
* to know: can /cna
* to think: canel /dik
* to smell: nesel /uncertain
* to fear: bai /uncertain
* to sleep: bei /slf
* to live: súmel /uncertain
* to die: né súmel /meisumel
* to kill: sral /uncertain
* to fight: sral /uncertain
* to hunt: sral /uncertain
* to hit: láb /lfn
* to cut: kul /uncertain
* to split: tuinde kut,tua tzues /dval
* to stab: binn /uncertain
* to scratch: skilel /uncertain
* to dig: binn /nem
* to swim: uncertain /svi
* to fly: uncertain /fei
* to walk: salkel /uncertain
* to come: hhim /clm
* to lie (as in a bed): lob /uncertain
* to sit: sidel /set
* to stand: hrec /tnd
* to turn (intransitive): silkel /uncertain
* to fall: feiel /fei
* to give: túe /tue
* to hold: hrantel /uncertain
* to squeeze: tzecal /uncertain
* to rub: vask /uncertain
* to wash: vask /uncertain
* to wipe: vaskel /vsk
* to pull: tec /uncertain
* to push: tec,ffon /uncertain
* to throw: tue toc náe /uncertain
* to tie: ticel /bnd
* to sew: ffinticel /uncertain
* to count: teltzif /uncertain
* to say: srua /seu
* to sing: séunel /seu
* to play: bil /sfl
* to float: lom /flt
* to flow: ae /flt
* to freeze: íelel /iel
* to swell: rcol /uncertain
* sun: hrá /uncertain
* moon: daehrá /mun
* star: lucz /trl
* water: súm /sumi
* rain: lein /rcn
* river: léne /len
* lake: léne /len
* sea: léneen /len
* salt: sala /slt
* stone: shè /stn
* sand: sahr /snd
* dust: hroma /uncertain
* earth: thi /nulmaf
* cloud: küt /sku
* fog: küt /foc
* sky: séo /sulmaf
* wind: fendas /vnd
* snow: nívas /snu
* ice: íelen /ais
* smoke: féu /feo
* fire: féu /feo
* ash: daeféu /uncertain
* to burn: tocféu tue /feol
* road: vei /vec
* mountain: uncertain /mon
* red: hrot /rod
* green: léu /crn
* yellow: col /clb
* white: hrát /vit
* black: dal /blc
* night: dal /nkt
* day: dis /dac
* year: iálen /zuames
* warm: nôk /vrm
* cold: íels /chl
* full: buk /ful
* new: bil /uncertain
* old: né bil /uncertain
* good: hhim /bim
* bad: né hhim /uncertain
* rotten: tocel nae /uncertain
* dirty: mud /uncertain
* straight: bim /uncertain
* round: kadbal /uncertain
* sharp (as a knife): dis /uncertain
* dull (as a knife): dos /uncertain
* smooth: dilel /uncertain
* wet: suːmmɯi /summui
* dry: sekal /sek
* correct: bim /uncertain
* near: tocmas /uncertain
* far: naemas /uncertain
* right: hris /lkt
* left: chol /lnk
* at: ʈ͡ʂɯi /zui
* in: lhea /ins
* with: mɯi /mui
* and: e,elk /elk
* if: o,sôm /som
* because: fɯi /fui
* name: námel /nam
Lexics
c24 x v3 x c24 plus i u h e sk lk ls lm nt etc.
mam*mom mim mum mon miu muu mac miz muk mil mul mai*value nac*i nacmi*europant naciò*romlang nal nui*snake nuf nab nul*down nim*eat niska nat uil*arm uih*then bim bab beb bid*house boske*forest bah*brace diu dol*fish dad*dad dek dui*do what dál*draw cac cuf cal cilke aam*aim aas aal aelkä abbreviated to e*accompanying with aolsë or o*compared with den*keep deh*hang zil zul zah*nail zeica*sore tam tau*fang tal*string tin tax tic sel*be by súmmi*water sul süe*you seh*be sud saf xan xul*up xai*why xei*what xui*how,when fam*fruits fun foù*fire kalmê kum kat*hands kalke ham han*he neuter hai*they singular vad*what,who vie*why,how vaska von*when,where rac*cross ril*lough len*wind lan*group lis*smile lal*pilor lul*food iel*slope ser*being.

Latest revision as of 14:21, 2 June 2024


↳Small set

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