Eighth edition lekma: Difference between revisions

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A conlang named lekma /ˈɥexmä/ is an experimental miniature language, Type (aiming): being low amount of distinct categories, half of lexicon are adoption of low Germanic languages, rests are from many others. it is for an aid, making it is to learn about languages.




contents: +nouns(that are intransitives), +adjective nouns(monotransitives), +demonstrative nouns(which have plurals), +verbal nouns(transitives, ditransitives), +particle nouns(that are coverbs). +enclitics, demontratives same as above. +suffix, (plural), (adjectival), (motion in once), (habitual), (subjunctive), (processive), (perfective), (nominaliser).
↳[[Eighth_edition_lekma/Smallset|Small set]]
 
__noeditsection__
{|nouns: +morpheme nouns(that are intransitives), +adjective nouns(monotransitives), +demonstrative nouns(which have plurals), +verbal nouns(that are transitives, ditransitives), +verb-derived particle nouns(that are prepositions, connectives). +enclitics(they turn nouns to full nouns):demontratives same as aboves, nominal suffix: e/∅/, (demostrative)-hen/ɦen/(plural), adjectival suffix: a,ä.har/ɦä/,/e/ s/s/, verbal suffix: hen/en/(motion in once), hel/ɦel/(habitual, nominaliser), had/ɦät/(subjunctive) dan/ŋdɐ/(processive) nin/nin/(perfective), an,en,ne,, vowel to nasalise+/ŋen/.
|}
 
every words are morpheme. full nouns, affixed nouns or VO phrases are indicative.
e is null vowel null consonant, it is /e/ after a consonant.
Writings: excepting q w p g j y. u is added as it is /ŋ/, a e i o u are also consonants in certain circumstances.
 
{| an object right after the verbal noun needs no suffix nor particle. an object before the verb needs a support of an objectival particle.|}
{|  every words are full nouns or morpheme nouns, full nouns are indicative forms.  (in this site uses resemble phonemic notations)|}
{|it seems there are làa/ɡäː/ so some are irregular VO phrases are also full nouns.. if they are free from diacritics.|}
{| dalse càe látin, vàe áleman, bae látin, cae látin, kae eskanól, aüe elínica, meidallaoduilekma. e lao u vèi velar nasal.|}
{|borrowing words from other languages enter the group of adjective full noun, some enter full nouns.
|}
 
Syntacs
Type: SVO.
Basic structure:  ergative noun - verbal noun objective noun - topic noun / subjective noun - noun adjectival suffix - topic noun.
{|  ergative noun • verbal noun objective noun • topic noun / verbal noun • noun adjectival suffix • topic noun, where a middle dot separates phrases. they can switch their places, phrases at firsts are focal phrases.|}
 
{| aside from the phonemic orthography, numerals are written -|}
{| .0123456789,10,11,12. is oinmfvksba.io/x,ii/e,in/z.|}
 
 
{|Morpheme inventory|}
{|* s- /sɨ/,allomorpheme;/s/,* n- /nɨ/,allomorpheme;/n/,* a- /ä/* ∅- /ʔ/* -a /ɦä/* -e /ɦe/* -s /s/* -as /ɦäs/* -es /ɦes/* -n /n/* -en /ɦen/* -ns /ns/* -ens /ɦens/* -l /l/* -t /t/* -d /t/* -ls /ls/* -ts /t͡s/* -ds /des/* -el /el/* -et /et/* -at /ät/* -ad /äde/* -els /els/* -ets /et͡s/* -ats /ät͡s/* -ads /ädes/* -nd /indɐ/* -nt /int/* -nds /indɐs/* -nts /intes/
|}
 
 
Phoneme inventory
{| |
! |<small>Consonants</small>
! |<small>Bilabial</small>
! |<small>Labio-dental</small>
! |<small>Dental</small>
! |<small>Alveolar</small>
! |<small>Retroflex</small>
! |<small>Palatal</small>
! |<small>Velar</small>
! |<small>Uvular</small>
! |<small>Glottal</small>
|-
! style="text-align: left;"|<small>Nasal</small>
| mam(m) ||  ||  || nan(n, ɲ) ||  ||  || uâu,aau(ŋ) ||  ||
|-
! style="text-align: left;"|<small>Plosive</small>
| bab(b-p) ||  || dad(d-t) ||  ||  ||  || cac(k-ɡ) ||  || aâe(ʔ)
|-
! style="text-align: left;"|<small>Affricate</small>
|  ||  ||  || zae(d͡z-t͡s) || tât(ʈ͡ʂ) ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
! style="text-align: left;"|<small>Fricative</small>
|  || fâf(f) ||  || sas(s-ɕ) || xax(ç-ʂ) ||  ||  || kak(χ-x, k) || hah(ɦ, null)
|-
! style="text-align: left;"|<small>Trill</small>
|  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || rae(ʀ-r) || aar(ɐ̯, null)
|-
! style="text-align: left;"|<small>Approximant</small>
|  || vâe(ʋ) ||  ||  ||  || iáe(ʝ) ||  ||  ||
|-
! style="text-align: left;"|<small>Lateral approximant</small>
|  || aâe,aaê(u̯) ||  || lâl,uàe(ɥ-ʎ, l) ||  || aàe,aaè(i̯) ||  ||  ||
|}
 
 
{| |
! colspan="1" |<small>Vowels</small>
! colspan="2" |<small>Front</small>
! colspan="2" |<small>Central</small>
! colspan="2" |<small>Back</small>
|-
!
! <small>unrounded</small>
! <small>rounded</small>
! <small>unrounded</small>
! <small>rounded</small>
! <small>unrounded</small>
! <small>rounded</small>
|-
! style="text-align: left;"|<small>Close</small>
| aie(i) || aüe(y) || aei,aíe(ɐi̯) || aúe(u̯ɐ) || aïe,aui(ɯɨ) || aue(u)
|-
! style="text-align: left;"|<small>Mid-open</small>
| aee,aée,eäe(e) || aöe(ø) ||  || aeu,aáe(ɐu̯) ||  || aoe,aóe(o)
|-
! style="text-align: left;"|<small>Open</small>
|  ||  || aae(ä) ||  || aao,aôe(ʌ) ||
|}
 
 
phonotactics
CV(V)C
gemination is simplified, affecting vowel before it to lengthen.
tone slightly rises at beginning of a phrase.
{| i(ǀ) start citing, (end cite), before a loanword, ǃ(ǂ) exclamation|}
 
 
{|allophones; t ʔ ɦ l;ʎ;ɾ sr ɲ ŋ  allophones;â á:ae;ai;oa e é:ei;é;ea i î í o ö:eu;oi ó:ou u ü ú;;ue;ua;uo  | ɲ ŋ −vowel length lk −vowel length sk|}
 
 
{|! colspan="1" |{{blue|noun root}}! colspan="1" |{{blue|gloss}}{{green|the agent of a transitive verb}}!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the subject/locative of an intransitive verb}}!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the direct/indirect object of a verb}}!  style="width:90px;"{{green|possessive form}}!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|plural form}}!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|plural possessive form}}!  style="width: 90px; "||-! style="text-align: center; "|uac/ʋɐk/| sac/sɐk/| nac/nɐk/| uac/ʋɐk/[ʔɐk]|uacs/ʔäks/|sacen/säːgen/,nacen/näːgen/,uacen/ʔäːgen/| uacens/ʔäːgens/| I! style="text-align: center; "|uue/ʋyː/| sue/syː/| nue/nyː/| uue/ʋyː/[ʔyː]| uues/ʋyːs/[ʔyːs]| suen/syːen/,nuen/nyːen/,ʋuen/ʔyːen/| uuens/ʔyːens/| You! style="text-align: center; "|hia/ɦiä/| sia/siä/| nia/niä/| hia/ɦiä/| hias/ɦiäs/| sian/siän/,nian/niän/,hian/ɦiän/| hians/ɦiäns/| They (singular)! colspan="1" |{{blue|verb root}}indicative form}}subjunctive form}}connective form}}{{blue|noun-like form}}{{blue|gloss}}!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|present/habitual}}!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the motion is futural}}!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|-ing, /if}}!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the motion is incomplete}}!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the motion is completed}}! style="text-align: center; "|sel/sel/| ser/sel/| seat/seɦät/| sad/säːt/| selnd/selindɐ/| selnt/selint/| be! style="text-align: center; "|bal/bäl/| bar/bäl/| baat/päɦät/| bad/päːt/| balnd/pälindɐ| balnt/pälint/| have! |tel/tel/| ter/tel/| teat/teɦät/| tad/täːt/| telnd/telindɐ/| telnt/telint/| hang,raise
|}
 
 
Made text
of it is what.
närca sêdna.
nac-har sêd-nan
i.be swed-ish
 
 
of this is what.
famsendoclea.
fam sen-doc-leh-har
fruits this-place-of-be
 
 
naciorneuse a lekma neidoc.
romlang.be ? lekma  be.not.it
is lekma a romlang? no, it's not.
 
 
of who does what.
hainimdaies doc
hai nim daines doc
they eat some-of this
 
{|* I: ʋɐk /uac* you (singular): ʋyː /uue* he: ɦäŋ /han* we:  /uacen* you (plural): ʋyːen /uuen* they: ɦiä /hia* this : tog,ɦiä /toc,hia* that: àe,kosa /hae,cos* here: tocma /tcm* there: kkaema /aem* who: hhia,lhia /lia* what: kva /kva* where: kvime /kvm* when: kvatzuí /kvn* how: kvamuí /kvi* not: né /nei* all: àen /aen* many: àens /aens* some: de àen /duiaen* few: làes /leas* other: né daes /neidae* one: éna,ená,ésa,esá /ina,isa* two: tzue /dva* three: mal /mal* four: cut /cut* five: unal /hal* big: lhens* long: naelhens* wide: daesbala* thick: bala* heavy: né fie /neifias* small: nal* short: kul* narrow: tis /tsm* thin: kadtis* woman: lhúa /lua* man (adult male): lhúa /lua* man (human being): hhan/lhúo /luo* child: tisluo* mother: mâma /mam* father: dâda /dad* animal: tissor d tis* fish: fisker* bird: tofie  /tfl* snake: lam* worm: hhom /orm* tree /bim* forest: bsk* stick: baunel /uncertain* fruit: fam /flm* seed: fam /sem* leaf: hhüo /lif* root: lád /lad* flower: uncertain /lili* grass: ladlil* rope: sinn /uncertain* skin: bäl /* meat: salk /slk* blood: salk* bone: lám * fat (noun): bét /fat* egg: ais* horn: kol /krn* tail: lámen /lam* feather: fie /fli* hair: tetr /khr* head: uncertain /cab* ear: olhen /orh* eye: ain /oin* nose: nis* mouth: uncertain /lif* tooth: tzann /fnc* tongue (organ): tzann /zau* fingernail: tzann /fau* foot: uncertain /bam* leg: uncertain /bam* knee: baim* hand: tec /tek* wing: fiem /fli* belly: mac* guts: mac * neck: nec* back: tzüc /ruc* breast: bec /fec* heart: kel /kor* liver: kel* to drink: sifel /drk* to eat: nem /nhm* to bite: tzaunel /tnf* to suck: sifel * to spit: nemel* to vomit: tue dae nems* to blow: bolel * to breathe: nesel /* to laugh: hrak /rch* to see: vis /ver* to hear: sanhel /oir* to know: caän* to think: canel /dik* to smell: nesel /uncertain* to fear: bai* to sleep: bei /slf* to live: súmel* to die: né súmel /meisumel* to kill: sral * to fight: sral /uncertain* to hunt: sral* to hit: láb /lfn* to cut: kul* to split: tuinde kut,tua tzues /dval* to stab: binn * to scratch: skilel* to dig: binn /nem* to swim: uncertain /sìm* to fly: uncertain /fei* to walk: salkel* to come: hhim /clm* to lie (as in a bed): lob* to sit: sidel /set* to stand: hrec /tnd* to turn (intransitive): silkel* to fall: feiel /fei* to give: duo* to hold: hrantel* to squeeze: tzecal* to rub: vask * to wash: vasker* to wipe: vaskel /vsk* to pull: tec* to push: tec,ffon* to throw: tue toc náe* to tie: ticel /bnd* to sew: ffinticel* to count: teltzif* to say: seu* to sing: séunel /seu* to play: bil /sfl* to float: lom /flt* to flow: ae /flt* to freeze: íelel /iel* to swell: rcol /uncertain* sun: hrá /uncertain* moon: daehrá /mun* star: lucz /trl* water: súm /sumi* rain: lein /rcn* river: léne /len* lake: léne /len* sea: léneen /len* salt: saltee* stone: shè /stn* sand: sahr /snd* dust: hroma* earth: thi /nulmaf* cloud: küt /sku* fog: küt /foc* sky: séo /sulmaf* wind: fendas /vnd* snow: nívas /snu* ice: íelen /ais* smoke: féu /feo* fire: féu /feo* ash: daeféu* to burn: tocféu tue /feol* road: vei /vec* mountain: uncertain /mon* red: hrot /rod* :  /crn* yellow: col /clb* white: hrát /vit* black: dal /blc* night: dal /nkt* day: dis /dac* year: iálen /zuames* warm: nôk /vrm* cold: íels /chl* full: buk /ful* new: bil* old: né bil* good: hhim /bim* bad: né hhim* rotten: tocel nae* dirty: mud* straight: bim* round: kadbal* sharp (as a knife): dis * dull (as a knife): dos* smooth: dilel* wet: suːmmɯi /summui* dry: sekal /sek* correct: bim* near: tocmas* far: naema* right: hris /lkt* left: chol /lnk* at: ʈ͡ʂɯi /zuiin: lea /ins* because: fɯi /fui* name: námel /nam |}
{|Lexics|}
{| mam*mom mim mum mon miu mou mac miz muk mil mul mai*value mui*means nac*i nacmie*europant naciór*romlang nal nui*snake nuf nab nul*down nim*eat niska nat uil*arm uih*then bim bab beb bid*house bosker*forest bah*brace diu dol*fish dad*dad dek dui*do what dál*draw cac cuf cal cilke aam*aim aas aal e d aee*accompanying with o d aoe*compared with, if den*keep deh*hang zil zul zah*nail zeica d zêc*sore tam tau*fang tal*string tin tax tic sel*be by súmmi*water sul süe*you seh*be sud saf xan xul*up xai*why xei*what xui*how,when fam*fruits fun foù*fire kalmê kum kat*hands kalkee ham han*he neuter hai*they singular vad*what,who vie*why,how vaskae von*when,where rac*cross ril*lough len*wind lan*group lis*smile lal*pilor lul*food léu*green iel*slope ser*being.|}
 
 
{|[[Category:Languages]]|}

Latest revision as of 14:21, 2 June 2024


↳Small set

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