Kalyahekwe: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox language

|image=

|image= Settameric_West_Plains.png

|imagesize=

|imagesize= 250px

|name= ''Kalyah language''

|nativename=''Kalyahekwe''

|pronunciation=/~~kalʲ~~.~~ˈja~~.hɛ.kʷɛ/

|pronunciation=/ka.ˈlʲa.hɛ.kʷɛ/

|-

|creator=[[User:Raistas|Raistas]]

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'''Kalyah''' (with four varieties, known as Möhkinis, Teimyois, Šonoowis and Eihtoomis) is a language, spoken in the western part of a vast flat region of the Northern continent, simply called the Plains. The most commonly spoken variety is Teimyois, it is referred to as an "ð-dialect", because the *θ is still distinct in most cases as a phoneme /ð/. The grammar and the examples used here are from Teimyois, but data on other dialects will be given as well. It is spoken by approximately 117,000 people across the northern part of the Plains near the Frost Bay (''Iniikekwa'').

Kalyah is believed to have begun as a '''Plains Settameric''' dialect spoken between 2,500 and 3,000 years ago in the original homeland, near the '''Kahaaler''' mountains and slowly spread ~~eastward~~. However, it's divergence into separate dialects began much later, around 700 years ago. The main criteria of division are reflexes of *l, *š and *θ as the boundaries, made by those reflexes, are quite clear. Another important phonological variation involves the palatalisation of the phoneme *k to "č" before /j/ and /i(ː)/, however the division is not as clear, since *ky is often pronounced as [c] in the west, slowly becomes [c͡ç], when moving eastward, until it finally becomes [t͡ʃ] Eihtoomis dialect.

Kalyah is believed to have begun as a '''Plains Settameric''' dialect spoken between 2,500 and 3,000 years ago in the original homeland, near the '''Kahaaler''' mountains and slowly spread eastwards. However, it's divergence into separate dialects began much later, around 700 years ago. The main criteria of division are reflexes of *l, *š and *θ as the boundaries, made by those reflexes, are quite clear. Another important phonological variation involves the palatalisation of the phoneme *k to "č" before /j/ and /i(ː)/, however the division is not as clear, since *ky is often pronounced as [c] in the west, slowly becomes [c͡ç], when moving eastward, until it finally becomes [t͡ʃ] Eihtoomis dialect.

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

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|-

! align="left"|[[w:Close vowel|Close]]

| align="center"| ii |[iː]

| align="center"| ii [iː]

| align="center| öö [øː~ʉː]

| align="center"| oo [oː~uː]

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| rowspan="2" align="center| ö [ø~ʏ]

| rowspan="2" align="center"| o [o~ʊ]

|-

! align="left"|[[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]

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===Phonological processes===

Western dialects of Kalyah allow only three types of consonant clusters: '''tn''', '''hC''' and '''sC''', where '''C''' is a plosive or an affricate with an exception of "y" which can be added to almost any consonant and almost always disappears palatalizing the previous consonant in the process. Some dialects like Eihtoomis allow more types of clusters, such as nasals with plosives. When a combination of two consonants, that is not allowed, ~~occures~~, it is broken by a short vowel ''i'' or ''e'' (only in person markers). Quite often the cluster that ~~occures~~ word-finally simplifies in old words, this is not the case with newly created words and word compounds. Palatalization of the sound /t/ to /t͡s/ and /s/ (word-initially from an original ''*θ'') and /ð/ to /s/ occurs before the vowels /i/ and /iː/ as well as the consonant /j/, but the rule does not apply when /iː/ came from old /eː/. For example, the stem ''leð'' "throw" becomes tahkelesiit "we threw it to you" before the ending /iːt/, but ''etiih'' "grass", where it is not palatalized before /iː/ (the word came from ''*eteehs''). Palatalization is also found in diminutives, where all instances of /t/ and /ð/ in a word are replaced by [t͡s] before the diminutive suffixes ''-eni'', ''-e(s)ki'', etc. Thus, ''ilyoð'' "horse" would become ''ilyoceni "little horse".

Western dialects of Kalyah allow only three types of consonant clusters: '''tn''', '''hC''' and '''sC''', where '''C''' is a plosive or an affricate with an exception of "y" which can be added to almost any consonant and almost always disappears palatalizing the previous consonant in the process. Some dialects like Eihtoomis allow more types of clusters, such as nasals with plosives. When a combination of two consonants, that is not allowed, occurs, it is broken by a short vowel ''i'' or ''e'' (only in person markers). Quite often the cluster that occurs word-finally simplifies in old words, this is not the case with newly created words and word compounds. Palatalization of the sound /t/ to /t͡s/ and /s/ (word-initially from an original ''*θ'') and /ð/ to /s/ occurs before the vowels /i/ and /iː/ as well as the consonant /j/, but the rule does not apply when /iː/ came from old /eː/. For example, the stem ''leð'' "throw" becomes tahkelesiit "we threw it to you" before the ending /iːt/, but ''etiih'' "grass", where it is not palatalized before /iː/ (the word came from ''*eteehs''). Palatalization is also found in diminutives, where all instances of /t/ and /ð/ in a word are replaced by [t͡s] before the diminutive suffixes ''-eni'', ''-e(s)ki'', etc. Thus, ''ilyoð'' "horse" would become ''ilyoceni "little horse".

===Prosody===

Stress in Kalyahekwe is non-phonemic. Traditionally, the word stress is antepenultimate and dynamic. This means that it falls on the third from last syllable in words with three or more syllables, but on the first syllable of the root in other words. But in Northern dialects it is always placed on the initial syllable instead. Both variations are correct in modern Kalyah. In its earlier stages of development Kalyah probably had a pitch accent, but it was lost completely nowadays. If a word is longer than four syllables, a secondary stress can be placed on the second to last syllable, for instance: ''koočikwaaniitis'' [koː.ˈt͡ʃɪ.kʷɔɑ.ˌniː.tɪs] "we might not be running around".

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| Indicates possible and/or future actions.

|-

| ''~~hjaa~~-''

| ''hyaa-''

| Indicates distant past, used with imperfective aspect.

|-

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| ''iih-''

| request

|-

|}

Kalyah has relatively few [[w:Grammatical mood|mood]] suffixes. The moods are: indicative (indicates that something is a statement of fact), subjunctive (expresses various states of unreality, subjunctive present is used for events that can happen now or in the future, while subjunctive past is used for events that will not occure, but could have happened under different circumstances), and optative (indicates a wish or hope, and is also used as imperative).

{| class="wikitable"

! Suffix

! Meaning

|-

| ''-∅''

| Indicative

|-

| ''-ciin''

| Subjunctive Present

|-

| ''-yii''

| Subjunctive Past

|-

| ''-öön''

| Optative

|-

|}

There are two additional suffixes called negative and interrogative. The negative suffix is used to negate a verb and the interrogative suffix is used to turn a sentence into a question.

{| class="wikitable"

! Suffix

! Meaning

|-

| ''-is''

| Negative

|-

| ''-okw''

| Interrogative

|-

|}

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| ''naimii''

| ''ništaamii''

| ''~~nyakasmii~~''

| ''nyekasmii''

|-

| "one"

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| ''epahiikw''

| ''fyan''

| ''~~fyan~~''

| ''fyen''

|-

| "rock"

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| ''aih''

| ''yaa''

| ''yaa''<br>''~~yaha~~''

| ''yaa''<br>''yeha''

|-

| "no"

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Infobox language
-|image=
+|image= Settameric_West_Plains.png
-|imagesize=
+|imagesize= 250px
 |name= ''Kalyah language''
 |nativename=''Kalyahekwe''
-|pronunciation=/kalʲ.ˈja.hɛ.kʷɛ/
+|pronunciation=/ka.ˈlʲa.hɛ.kʷɛ/
 |-
 |creator=[[User:Raistas|Raistas]]
@@ Line 20: / Line 20: @@
 '''Kalyah''' (with four varieties, known as Möhkinis, Teimyois, Šonoowis and Eihtoomis) is a language, spoken in the western part of a vast flat region of the Northern continent, simply called the Plains. The most commonly spoken variety is Teimyois, it is referred to as an "ð-dialect", because the *θ is still distinct in most cases as a phoneme /ð/. The grammar and the examples used here are from Teimyois, but data on other dialects will be given as well. It is spoken by approximately 117,000 people across the northern part of the Plains near the Frost Bay (''Iniikekwa'').
-Kalyah is believed to have begun as a '''Plains Settameric''' dialect spoken between 2,500 and 3,000 years ago in the original homeland, near the '''Kahaaler''' mountains and slowly spread eastward. However, it's divergence into separate dialects began much later, around 700 years ago. The main criteria of division are reflexes of *l, *š and *θ as the boundaries, made by those reflexes, are quite clear. Another important phonological variation involves the palatalisation of the phoneme *k to "č" before /j/ and /i(ː)/, however the division is not as clear, since *ky is often pronounced as [c] in the west, slowly becomes [c͡ç], when moving eastward, until it finally becomes [t͡ʃ] Eihtoomis dialect.
+Kalyah is believed to have begun as a '''Plains Settameric''' dialect spoken between 2,500 and 3,000 years ago in the original homeland, near the '''Kahaaler''' mountains and slowly spread eastwards. However, it's divergence into separate dialects began much later, around 700 years ago. The main criteria of division are reflexes of *l, *š and *θ as the boundaries, made by those reflexes, are quite clear. Another important phonological variation involves the palatalisation of the phoneme *k to "č" before /j/ and /i(ː)/, however the division is not as clear, since *ky is often pronounced as [c] in the west, slowly becomes [c͡ç], when moving eastward, until it finally becomes [t͡ʃ] Eihtoomis dialect.
 ==Phonology==
 ===Consonants===
@@ Line 109: / Line 109: @@
 |-
 ! align="left"|[[w:Close vowel|Close]]
-| align="center"| ii |[iː]
+| align="center"| ii [iː]
 | align="center| öö [øː~ʉː]
 | align="center"| oo [oː~uː]
@@ Line 117: / Line 117: @@
 | rowspan="2" align="center| ö [ø~ʏ]
 | rowspan="2" align="center"| o [o~ʊ]
-|-
 |-
 ! align="left"|[[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]
@@ Line 157: / Line 156: @@
 ===Phonological processes===
-Western dialects of Kalyah allow only three types of consonant clusters: '''tn''', '''hC''' and '''sC''', where '''C''' is a plosive or an affricate with an exception of "y" which can be added to almost any consonant and almost always disappears palatalizing the previous consonant in the process. Some dialects like Eihtoomis allow more types of clusters, such as nasals with plosives. When a combination of two consonants, that is not allowed, occures, it is broken by a short vowel ''i'' or ''e'' (only in person markers). Quite often the cluster that occures word-finally simplifies in old words, this is not the case with newly created words and word compounds. Palatalization of the sound /t/ to /t͡s/ and /s/ (word-initially from an original ''*θ'') and /ð/ to /s/ occurs before the vowels /i/ and /iː/ as well as the consonant /j/, but the rule does not apply when /iː/ came from old /eː/. For example, the stem ''leð'' "throw" becomes tahkelesiit "we threw it to you" before the ending /iːt/, but ''etiih'' "grass", where it is not palatalized before /iː/ (the word came from ''*eteehs''). Palatalization is also found in diminutives, where all instances of /t/ and /ð/ in a word are replaced by [t͡s] before the diminutive suffixes ''-eni'', ''-e(s)ki'', etc. Thus, ''ilyoð'' "horse" would become ''ilyoceni "little horse".
+Western dialects of Kalyah allow only three types of consonant clusters: '''tn''', '''hC''' and '''sC''', where '''C''' is a plosive or an affricate with an exception of "y" which can be added to almost any consonant and almost always disappears palatalizing the previous consonant in the process. Some dialects like Eihtoomis allow more types of clusters, such as nasals with plosives. When a combination of two consonants, that is not allowed, occurs, it is broken by a short vowel ''i'' or ''e'' (only in person markers). Quite often the cluster that occurs word-finally simplifies in old words, this is not the case with newly created words and word compounds. Palatalization of the sound /t/ to /t͡s/ and /s/ (word-initially from an original ''*θ'') and /ð/ to /s/ occurs before the vowels /i/ and /iː/ as well as the consonant /j/, but the rule does not apply when /iː/ came from old /eː/. For example, the stem ''leð'' "throw" becomes tahkelesiit "we threw it to you" before the ending /iːt/, but ''etiih'' "grass", where it is not palatalized before /iː/ (the word came from ''*eteehs''). Palatalization is also found in diminutives, where all instances of /t/ and /ð/ in a word are replaced by [t͡s] before the diminutive suffixes ''-eni'', ''-e(s)ki'', etc. Thus, ''ilyoð'' "horse" would become ''ilyoceni "little horse".
 ===Prosody===
 Stress in Kalyahekwe is non-phonemic. Traditionally, the word stress is antepenultimate and dynamic. This means that it falls on the third from last syllable in words with three or more syllables, but on the first syllable of the root in other words. But in Northern dialects it is always placed on the initial syllable instead. Both variations are correct in modern Kalyah. In its earlier stages of development Kalyah probably had a pitch accent, but it was lost completely nowadays. If a word is longer than four syllables, a secondary stress can be placed on the second to last syllable, for instance: ''koočikwaaniitis'' [koː.ˈt͡ʃɪ.kʷɔɑ.ˌniː.tɪs] "we might not be running around".
@@ Line 362: / Line 362: @@
 | Indicates possible and/or future actions.
 |-
-| ''hjaa-''
+| ''hyaa-''
 | Indicates distant past, used with imperfective aspect.
 |-
@@ Line 389: / Line 389: @@
 | ''iih-''
 | request
+|-
+|}
+Kalyah has relatively few [[w:Grammatical mood|mood]] suffixes. The moods are: indicative (indicates that something is a statement of fact), subjunctive (expresses various states of unreality, subjunctive present is used for events that can happen now or in the future, while subjunctive past is used for events that will not occure, but could have happened under different circumstances), and optative (indicates a wish or hope, and is also used as imperative).
+{| class="wikitable"
+! Suffix
+! Meaning
+|-
+| ''-∅''
+| Indicative
+|-
+| ''-ciin''
+| Subjunctive Present
+|-
+| ''-yii''
+| Subjunctive Past
+|-
+| ''-öön''
+| Optative
+|-
+|}
+There are two additional suffixes called negative and interrogative. The negative suffix is used to negate a verb and the interrogative suffix is used to turn a sentence into a question.
+{| class="wikitable"
+! Suffix
+! Meaning
+|-
+| ''-is''
+| Negative
+|-
+| ''-okw''
+| Interrogative
 |-
 |}
@@ Line 536: / Line 566: @@
 | ''naimii''
 | ''ništaamii''
-| ''nyakasmii''
+| ''nyekasmii''
 |-
 | "one"
@@ Line 566: / Line 596: @@
 | ''epahiikw''
 | ''fyan''
-| ''fyan''
+| ''fyen''
 |-
 | "rock"
@@ Line 578: / Line 608: @@
 | ''aih''
 | ''yaa''
-| ''yaa''<br>''yaha''
+| ''yaa''<br>''yeha''
 |-
 | "no"