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== Late IE == | == Late IE == | ||
# colouring of vowels | # colouring of vowels | ||
#: ''*e → *a / _[*k *h2], [*h2]_'' | #: ''*e → *a / _[*k *h2], [*h2]_'' ('''we follow the idea that the 'plain' velars were marked +uvulars or something of the like, so we take *k to be lowering of *e, a first in IE conlangs?''') | ||
#: ''*e → *o / _[*h3], [*h3]_'' | #: ''*e → *o / _[*h3], [*h3]_'' | ||
# lengthening and deletion of laryngeals | # lengthening and deletion of laryngeals | ||
| Line 19: | Line 19: | ||
# *-bʰí > *-mí, -bʰos > -mos | # *-bʰí > *-mí, -bʰos > -mos | ||
== Dialectal IE == | |||
# assimilation of m to s | |||
#: m -> n / _s | |||
#:: e.g. mēnsaH < *mēms-eh2 | |||
# assibilation of t before i | |||
#: ''*t > *t͡s / _i'' | |||
# merger of present 2sg, 3sg into -si | |||
#: ''*Hest͡si 'he is' → *Hessi'' 'thou, he is' | |||
== early amessian == | == early amessian == | ||
# fortition of onset j | # fortition of onset j | ||
| Line 25: | Line 33: | ||
#: ''*k *g *gʰ → *k̟ *g̟ *g̟ʰ'' | #: ''*k *g *gʰ → *k̟ *g̟ *g̟ʰ'' | ||
#: ''*ḱ *ǵ *ǵʰ → *t͡ʃ *d͡ʒ *ʑ'' | #: ''*ḱ *ǵ *ǵʰ → *t͡ʃ *d͡ʒ *ʑ'' | ||
# | # innovated 3sg pres. ending in -s-ke-i (<? *-t-g(ʰ)i-ḱe-i) (?≃?'3sg-indeed-he-now') | ||
#: ''* | #: ''*bʰeret͡si replaced by *bʰereskei'', '''however''', the copula remains ''*Hessi'' for {{sc|3sg.pres}} | ||
# regressive velarization of sonorants | # regressive velarization of sonorants | ||
#: ''*m *n *l *r → *mˠ *nˠ *lˠ *rˠ / _{u w}'' | #: ''*m *n *l *r → *mˠ *nˠ *lˠ *rˠ / _{u w}'' | ||
| Line 45: | Line 53: | ||
#: *óˀ → *uɘ̯i̯ | #: *óˀ → *uɘ̯i̯ | ||
#:: e.g. *óˀskɨr → *uɘ̯i̯skɨr (< *Hóh₃s-k-r̥ 'ash tree (material)') | #:: e.g. *óˀskɨr → *uɘ̯i̯skɨr (< *Hóh₃s-k-r̥ 'ash tree (material)') | ||
# accented, stodded e breaks | |||
#: *éˀ → *ei̯ | |||
# second palatalisation: fronted velars before front vowels | # second palatalisation: fronted velars before front vowels | ||
#: ''*k̟ *g̟ *g̟ʰ → *c *ɟ *ʝ / _[+front] | #: ''*k̟ *g̟ *g̟ʰ → *c *ɟ *ʝ / _[+front] | ||
| Line 51: | Line 61: | ||
# merger of *ʝ and *ɟ | # merger of *ʝ and *ɟ | ||
#: *ɟ → *ʝ | #: *ɟ → *ʝ | ||
# lowering of *ew, *ey in non-accented syllables | |||
#: ''*ew → *aw, *ey → *ay'' | |||
# rounding of front after labiovelar | # rounding of front after labiovelar | ||
#: *i → *ʉ / [+velar +labial]_ | #: *i → *ʉ / [+velar +labial]_ | ||
# loss of word-final -d, -t | |||
#: ''*d *t'' → Ø / _# | |||
== some time later == | == some time later == | ||
| Line 59: | Line 73: | ||
#:: e.g. *nˠu → *nˠɨ | #:: e.g. *nˠu → *nˠɨ | ||
# smoothing of diphthongs | # smoothing of diphthongs | ||
#: oy → ō<sub>2</sub> | #: *oy → *ō<sub>2</sub> | ||
#: *eyː → i: | |||
# weakening of affricates, deaffrication before resonants | |||
#: ''*t͡ʃ *d͡ʒ→ *ʃ *ʒ'' / _{l r m n} | |||
# labiovelars merge with w | # labiovelars merge with w | ||
#: ''*gʷ → w / _w'' | #: ''*gʷ → w / _w'' | ||
# glottalized syllables gain the 'broken' rising-falling accentuation | |||
# an opposition between rising, rising-falling, falling, low appears as accent system reorganizes | |||
#: neutral → falling | |||
#: accented → rising | |||
#: accented + stød → rising-falling | |||
#: breathy voice → low | |||
# ō<sub>2</sub> (but not ō<sub>1</sub> )merges with long a | |||
#: ''*ō<sub>2</sub> → *a:'' | |||
# accent retraction from final to mid syllables | |||
# creation of new neuter class by suffixation of existing s-neuters with -mɨn. all traces of s-neuters absorbed. | |||
#: má:kos (N). → máːkosmɨn (N.) | |||
== even later == | == even later == | ||
# aː → ai̯ / _[+palatal] | # aː → ai̯ / _[+palatal] | ||
# t͡ʃ → t͡s | # t͡ʃ → t͡s | ||
== examples == | |||
Amess. {{IPA|/ḭ᷈ːt͡sir/}} '''и̃цьр''' 'path, trail' ← *{{IPA|ḭ᷈ːt͡ʃɨr}} ← *{{IPA|ḛ᷈iːt͡ʃɨr}} ← *{{IPA|ḛ᷈i̯jt͡ʃɨr}} ← *{{IPA|éˀyt͡ʃɨr}} ← *{{IPA|Héyt͡ʃɨr}} ← *{{IPA|Héytɨr}} ← PIE. *{{IPA|h₁éy-tr̥}} 'way, road' | |||
= Morphosyntactic changes = | = Morphosyntactic changes = | ||
== Loss of nominal inflections == | == Loss of nominal inflections == | ||
== Derivational innovations == | == Derivational innovations == | ||
Latest revision as of 00:21, 5 January 2021
Sound changes from Proto-Indo-European
Late IE
- colouring of vowels
- *e → *a / _[*k *h2], [*h2]_ (we follow the idea that the 'plain' velars were marked +uvulars or something of the like, so we take *k to be lowering of *e, a first in IE conlangs?)
- *e → *o / _[*h3], [*h3]_
- lengthening and deletion of laryngeals
- VHC → V:C
- merger of laryngeals into one except for H3 in some environments??
- *h1 *h2 *h3 → H
- *h3 → *gʷ / C_C
- *h3 → *ɦ?? / _V
- loss of intervocalic jod, leads to crasis
- *j → Ø / V_V
- vocalisation of syllabic resonants
- *R → *ɨR
- tt > ss
- *tt → *ss / V_V
- dative, instrumental plural replace -bʰ- with -m- (shared NE isogloss)
- *-bʰí > *-mí, -bʰos > -mos
Dialectal IE
- assimilation of m to s
- m -> n / _s
- e.g. mēnsaH < *mēms-eh2
- m -> n / _s
- assibilation of t before i
- *t > *t͡s / _i
- merger of present 2sg, 3sg into -si
- *Hest͡si 'he is' → *Hessi 'thou, he is'
early amessian
- fortition of onset j
- *j → ʒ / #_V
- partial satemization with plain velars fronting causing chain shift of palatovelars to (af)fricates
- *k *g *gʰ → *k̟ *g̟ *g̟ʰ
- *ḱ *ǵ *ǵʰ → *t͡ʃ *d͡ʒ *ʑ
- innovated 3sg pres. ending in -s-ke-i (<? *-t-g(ʰ)i-ḱe-i) (?≃?'3sg-indeed-he-now')
- *bʰeret͡si replaced by *bʰereskei, however, the copula remains *Hessi for 3sg.pres
- regressive velarization of sonorants
- *m *n *l *r → *mˠ *nˠ *lˠ *rˠ / _{u w}
- e.g. *glˠubʰós (< *glewbʰ- + -ós), occurs in zero-grades commonly but also *nu → *nˠu
- *m *n *l *r → *mˠ *nˠ *lˠ *rˠ / _{u w}
- laryngeals resolve to chroneme, glottal elements or *a before R, C
- CeH → Ce:
- HeC → eˀC-
- ɦeC → e̤C
- CHR → *ar
- CHC → CaC
- shared crazy with balto-slavic: initial e vacillates between e~a
- *e → *a / #_ (sporadic)
- thinning of clusters
- VC → Vː / #_{affricate}
- develarization of *gʷ
- *gʷ → *b / _e
- accented, stodded o breaks
- *óˀ → *uɘ̯i̯
- e.g. *óˀskɨr → *uɘ̯i̯skɨr (< *Hóh₃s-k-r̥ 'ash tree (material)')
- *óˀ → *uɘ̯i̯
- accented, stodded e breaks
- *éˀ → *ei̯
- second palatalisation: fronted velars before front vowels
- *k̟ *g̟ *g̟ʰ → *c *ɟ *ʝ / _[+front]
- delabialization of labiovelars
- *kʷ *gʷ *gʷʰ' → *k *g *gʰ / _{+round +sonorant} nb. next syllable counts
- merger of *ʝ and *ɟ
- *ɟ → *ʝ
- lowering of *ew, *ey in non-accented syllables
- *ew → *aw, *ey → *ay
- rounding of front after labiovelar
- *i → *ʉ / [+velar +labial]_
- loss of word-final -d, -t
- *d *t → Ø / _#
some time later
- delabialization of u after velars or velarized consonants
- *u → *ɨ / [+velarized]_
- e.g. *nˠu → *nˠɨ
- *u → *ɨ / [+velarized]_
- smoothing of diphthongs
- *oy → *ō2
- *eyː → i:
- weakening of affricates, deaffrication before resonants
- *t͡ʃ *d͡ʒ→ *ʃ *ʒ / _{l r m n}
- labiovelars merge with w
- *gʷ → w / _w
- glottalized syllables gain the 'broken' rising-falling accentuation
- an opposition between rising, rising-falling, falling, low appears as accent system reorganizes
- neutral → falling
- accented → rising
- accented + stød → rising-falling
- breathy voice → low
- ō2 (but not ō1 )merges with long a
- *ō2 → *a:
- accent retraction from final to mid syllables
- creation of new neuter class by suffixation of existing s-neuters with -mɨn. all traces of s-neuters absorbed.
- má:kos (N). → máːkosmɨn (N.)
even later
- aː → ai̯ / _[+palatal]
- t͡ʃ → t͡s
examples
Amess. /ḭ᷈ːt͡sir/ и̃цьр 'path, trail' ← *ḭ᷈ːt͡ʃɨr ← *ḛ᷈iːt͡ʃɨr ← *ḛ᷈i̯jt͡ʃɨr ← *éˀyt͡ʃɨr ← *Héyt͡ʃɨr ← *Héytɨr ← PIE. *h₁éy-tr̥ 'way, road'