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{{Infobox language
[[Category: Languages]]
|name = Adzaay (Ox-Yew)
[[Category: Conlangs]]
|nativename = Adzaay, Adɮāλ
[[Category: Artlangs]]
|pronunciation = /ɑdˈɮɑːtɬʼ/
[[Category: A priori]]
|creator = [[User: Bpnjohnson|BenJamin P. Johnson]],<br />
 
<small>creator of:<br />
{{construction}}
<ul>
{{Bpnjohnson.info|Ox-Yew|Adzaay|ädˈɮäːtɬʼ|2019|Siberia or Somewhere|language isolate|||||||||oxyw}}
<li>[[Ox-Yew|Adzaay]]</li>
<li>[[Brooding]]</li>
<li>[[Dlatci]]</li>
<li>[[Grayis]]</li>
<li>[[Maltcégj]]</li>
<li>[[Northeadish]]</li>
<li>[[Valthungian]]</li>
<ul>
<li>''[[Griutungi]]''</li>
<li>''[[Old Valthungian]]''</li>
<li>''[[Middle Valthungian]]''</li>
</ul>
</ul>
</small>
|created = 2019
|familycolor = language isolate
}}
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Artlangs]]
[[Category:A_priori]]


[[Contionary: adzaay#Ox-Yew|Adzaay]] (or [[Contionary: adzaay#Ox-Yew|Adɮāλ]]) is an a priori, possibly non-terrestrial language whose phonology, morphology, grammar, and really whose entire weltanschauung is inextricably tied to sets of three. Their number system is nonal (3×3); there are three vowels; there are three of each type of consonant; there are three noun classes (or “genders,” but that word really isn’t useful here); there are even three finite grammatical moods.
[[Contionary: adzaay#Ox-Yew|Adzaay]] (or [[Contionary: adzaay#Ox-Yew|Adɮāλ]]) is an a priori, possibly non-terrestrial language whose phonology, morphology, grammar, and really whose entire weltanschauung is inextricably tied to sets of three. Their number system is nonal (3×3); there are three vowels; there are three of each type of consonant; there are three noun classes (or “genders,” but that word really isn’t useful here); there are even three finite grammatical moods.


Since [ɑdˈɮɑːtɬʼ] doesn't really roll off the tongue of the average native speaker of most European languages, the alternative name “Ox-Yew” (or the Language of the Ox-Yew People) is derived from a mistranslation of what early researchers believed the people to be called; in reality, the people of a nearby village who directed them where to find the main Ox-Yew village had said something more along the lines of: “Why would you want to go there? It's just cows and trees.”
Since [ädˈɮäːtɬ’] doesn't really roll off the tongue of the average native speaker of most European languages, the alternative name “Ox-Yew” (or the Language of the Ox-Yew People) is derived from a mistranslation of what early researchers believed the people to be called; in reality, the people of a nearby village who directed them where to find the main Ox-Yew village had said something more along the lines of: “Why would you want to go there? It's just cows and trees.”


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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====Stress====
====Stress====


Stress is moraic with a dactylic substructure. Stress falls on longest, left-most syllable. Where morae are equal, long vowels have a higher priority than diphthongs, which have a higher priority than final consonants. There are xxxxxx possible syllable weights:
Stress is moraic with a dactylic substructure. Stress falls on longest, left-most syllable. Where morae are equal, long vowels have a higher priority than diphthongs, which have a higher priority than final consonants. There are twelve possible syllable weights:


{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
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===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
====Syllable Structure====
====Syllable Structure====
CLVC
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan=4| Front
| &nbsp;
!colspan=4| Mid
| &nbsp;
!colspan=4| Back
|-
!width=50| &nbsp;
!width=50| Onsets
!width=50| Medial<br />Clusters
!width=50| Codae
|width=10| &nbsp;
!width=50| &nbsp;
!width=50| Onsets
!width=50| Medial<br />Clusters
!width=50| Codae
|width=10| &nbsp;
!width=50| &nbsp;
!width=50| Onsets
!width=50| Medial<br />Clusters
!width=50| Codae
|-
|colspan=14 align="left"| '''''Any single phoneme.'''''
|-
|| /p/ || '''p''' || '''p''' || '''p''' [ɸ] ||
|| /t/ || '''t''' || '''t''' || '''t''' [θ] ||
|| /k/ || '''k''' || '''k''' || '''k''' [χ]
|-
|| /b/ || '''b''' || '''b''' || '''b''' [β] ||
|| /d/ || '''d''' || '''d''' || '''d''' [ð] ||
|| /ɡ/ || '''g''' || '''g''' || '''g''' [ɣ]
|-
|| /t͡s/ || '''c''' || '''c''' || '''c''' [t͡sʼ] ||
|| /t͡ʃ/ || '''q''' || '''q''' || '''q''' [t͡ʃʼ] ||
|| /d͡ʒ/ || '''j''' || '''j''' || '''j''' [d͡ʒˑ]
|-
|| /d͡v/ || '''w''' || '''w''' || '''w''' [d͡vˑ] ||
|| /t͡ɬ/ || '''y''' || '''y''' || '''y''' [t͡ɬʼ] ||
|| /t͡ʀ/ || '''x''' || '''x''' || '''x''' [t͡χʼ]
|-
|| /m/ || '''m''' || '''m''' || '''m''' ||
|| /n/ || '''n''' || '''n''' || '''n''' ||
|| /ŋ/ || '''v''' || '''v''' || '''v'''
|-
|| /ɮ/ || '''z''' || '''z''' || '''z''' ||
|| /r/ || '''r''' || '''r''' || '''r''' ||
|| /l/ || '''l''' || '''l''' || '''l'''
|-
|| /s/ || '''s''' || '''s''' || '''s''' ||
|| /ʃ/ || '''f''' || '''f''' || '''f''' ||
|| /x/ || '''h''' || '''h''' || '''h'''
|-
|colspan=14 align="left"| '''''Any single stop or nasal followed by a liquid.'''''
|-
|| /pɮ/ || '''pz''' || '''pz''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ ||
|| /tɮ/ || '''tz''' || '''tz''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ ||
|| /kɮ/ || '''kz''' || '''kz''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅
|-
|| /bɮ/ || '''bz''' || '''bz''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ ||
|| /dɮ/ || '''dz''' || '''dz''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ ||
|| /ɡɮ/ || '''gz''' || '''gz''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅
|-
|| /pr/ || '''pr''' || '''pr''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ ||
|| /tr/ || '''tr''' || '''tr''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ ||
|| /kr/ || '''kr''' || '''kr''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅
|-
|| /br/ || '''br''' || '''br''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ ||
|| /dr/ || '''dr''' || '''dr''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ ||
|| /ɡr/ || '''gr''' || '''gr''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅
|-
|| /pl/ || '''pl''' || '''pl''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ ||
|| /tl/ || '''tl''' || '''tl''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ ||
|| /kl/ || '''kl''' || '''kl''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅
|-
|| /bl/ || '''bl''' || '''bl''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ ||
|| /dl/ || '''dl''' || '''dl''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ ||
|| /ɡl/ || '''gl''' || '''gl''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅
|-
|| /mɮ/ || '''mz''' || '''mz''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ ||
|| /nɮ/ || '''nz''' || '''nz''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ ||
|| /ŋɮ/ || '''vz''' || '''vz''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅
|-
|| /mr/ || '''mr''' || '''mr''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ ||
|| /nr/ || '''nr''' || '''nr''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ ||
|| /ŋr/ || '''vr''' || '''vr''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅
|-
|| /ml/ || '''ml''' || '''ml''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ ||
|| /nl/ || '''nl''' || '''nl''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ ||
|| /ŋl/ || '''vl''' || '''vl''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅
|-
|colspan=14 align="left"| '''''Any geminate consonant.'''''
|-
|| /pː/ ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ || '''pp''' || '''pp''' [p] ||
|| /tː/ ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ || '''tt''' || '''tt''' [t] ||
|| /kː/ ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ || '''kk''' || '''kk''' [k]
|-
|| /bː/ ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ || '''bb''' || '''bb''' [b] ||
|| /dː/ ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ || '''dd''' || '''dd''' [d] ||
|| /ɡː/ ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ || '''ɡɡ''' || '''ɡɡ''' [ɡ]
|-
|| /t͡sː/ ||colspan=3 rowspan=2 style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ''(There are no geminate affricates.)'' ||
|| /t͡ʃː/ ||colspan=3 rowspan=2 style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ''(There are no geminate affricates.)'' ||
|| /d͡ʒː/ ||colspan=3 rowspan=2 style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ''(There are no geminate affricates.)''
|-
|| /d͡vː/ || || /t͡ɬː/ || || /t͡ʀː/
|-
|| /mː/ ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ || '''mm''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ ||
|| /nː/ ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ || '''nn''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ ||
|| /ŋː/ ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ || '''vv''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅
|-
|| /ɮː/ ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ || '''zz''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ ||
|| /rː/ ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ || '''rr''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ ||
|| /lː/ ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ || '''ll''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅
|-
|| /sː/ ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ || '''ss''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ ||
|| /ʃː/ ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ || '''ff''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ ||
|| /xː/ ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ || '''hh''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅
|-
|colspan=14 align="left"| '''''Any nasal followed by any stop.'''''
|-
|| /mp/ ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ || '''mp''' || '''mp''' ||
|| /nt/ ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ || '''nt''' || '''nt''' ||
|| /ŋk/ ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ || '''vk''' || '''vk'''
|-
|| /mb/ ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ || '''mb''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ ||
|| /nd/ ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ || '''nd''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ ||
|| /ŋɡ/ ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ || '''vg''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅
|-
|colspan=14 align="left"| '''''Any nasal followed by a voiced stop and a liquid.'''''
|-
|| /mbɮ/ ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ || '''mbz''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ ||
|| /ndɮ/ ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ || '''ndz''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ ||
|| /ŋɡɮ/ ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ || '''vgz''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅
|-
|| /mbr/ ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ || '''mbr''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ ||
|| /ndr/ ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ || '''ndr''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ ||
|| /ŋɡr/ ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ || '''vgr''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅
|-
|| /mbl/ ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ || '''mbl''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ ||
|| /ndl/ ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ || '''ndl''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ ||
|| /ŋɡl/ ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ || '''vgl''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅
|-
|colspan=14 align="left"| '''''/n/ followed by any affricate.'''''
|-
|| /nt͡s/ ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ || '''nc''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ ||
|| /nt͡ʃ/ ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ || '''nq''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ ||
|| /nd͡ʒ/ ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ || '''nj''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅
|-
|| /nd͡v/ ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ || '''nw''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ ||
|| /nt͡ɬ/ ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ || '''ny''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ ||
|| /nt͡ʀ/ ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅ || '''nx''' ||style="background: #CCCCCC;"| ∅
|-
|colspan=14 align="left"| '''''Any unvoiced fricative followed by any unvoiced stop.'''''
|-
|| /sp/ || '''sp''' || '''sp''' || '''sp''' ||
|| /ʃp/ || '''fp''' || '''fp''' || '''fp''' ||
|| /xp/ || '''hp''' || '''hp''' || '''hp'''
|-                               
|| /st/ || '''st''' || '''st''' || '''st''' ||
|| /ʃt/ || '''ft''' || '''ft''' || '''ft''' ||
|| /xt/ || '''ht''' || '''ht''' || '''ht'''
|-                               
|| /sk/ || '''sk''' || '''sk''' || '''sk''' ||
|| /ʃk/ || '''fk''' || '''fk''' || '''fk''' ||
|| /xk/ || '''hk''' || '''hk''' || '''hk''' [χ]
|}
 
*All syllables must have a nucleus, but onsets and codas are not required. Syllables in the same word must have either a coda or an onset dividing them (i.e. two syllable nuclei must be separated by at least one consonant.)
*All syllables must have a nucleus, but onsets and codas are not required. Syllables in the same word must have either a coda or an onset dividing them (i.e. two syllable nuclei must be separated by at least one consonant.)
*Word-initial onsets may consist of a single consonant, or an oral or nasal stop consonant followed by a liquid.
**⟨p, t, k, b, d, g, c, q, j, w, y, x, m, n, v, l, z, r, s, f, h⟩
**⟨pr, tr, kr, br, dr, gr, pl, tl, kl, bl, dl, gl, pz, tz, kz, bz, dz, gz⟩
**⟨mr, nr, vr, ml, nl, vl, mz, nz, vz⟩
*In words with no consonantal onset beginning with a short diphthong, the diphthong switches from falling to rising; that is, the initial element of the diphthong is realized as a glide. (This does not apply to ⟨ai⟩ and ⟨au⟩.)
*In words with no consonantal onset beginning with a short diphthong, the diphthong switches from falling to rising; that is, the initial element of the diphthong is realized as a glide. (This does not apply to ⟨ai⟩ and ⟨au⟩.)
**⟨iu, ia, ui, ua⟩ → [ju, ja, wi, wa] / #_
**⟨iu, ia, ui, ua⟩ → [ju, ja, wi, wa] / #_
Line 218: Line 361:
**⟨iiu, iia, uui, uua⟩ → [jiu, jia, wui, wua]
**⟨iiu, iia, uui, uua⟩ → [jiu, jia, wui, wua]
**In some dialects this may even cause the “length” to shift to the second element: ⟨iiu, iia, uui, uua⟩ → [juː, jaː, wiː, waː]
**In some dialects this may even cause the “length” to shift to the second element: ⟨iiu, iia, uui, uua⟩ → [juː, jaː, wiː, waː]
*Intersyllabic consonant clusters  may be:
**C (any single consonant)
***⟨p, t, k, b, d, g, q, j, c, m, n, v, l, z, r, s, f, h⟩
**C[-cnt]C[+liq] (any stop + liquid)
***⟨pr, pl, pz, tr, tl, tz, kr, kl, kz, br, bl, bz, dr, dl, dz, gr, gl, gz⟩
**C[-cnt]ː (any geminate stop)
***⟨pp, tt, kk, bb, dd, gg⟩
**C[+nas]ː (any geminate nasal)
***⟨mm, nn, vv⟩
**C[+nas]C[-cnt-vox] (any nasal + unvoiced stop of the same place of articulation; also ⟨vg⟩)
***⟨mp, nt, vk, vg⟩
**C[+nas]C[+liq] (any nasal + liquid)
***⟨mr, ml, mz, nr, nl, nz, vr, vl, vz⟩
**C[+nas]C[-cnt-vox]C[+liq] (any nasal + voiced or unvoiced stop of the same place of articulation + liquid)
***⟨mbr, mbl, mbz, ndr, ndl, ndz, vgr, vgl, vgz⟩
**nC[+liq] (⟨n⟩ + any affricate)
***⟨nq, nj, nc⟩
**C[+obs+cnt]C[-cnt-vox] (any fricative + any unvoiced stop)
***⟨sp, st, sk, fp, ft, fk, hp, ht, hk⟩
*Word-final codas may consist only of a single consonant or a geminate stop.
**⟨p, t, k, b, d, g, c, q, j, w, y, x, m, n, v, l, z, r, s, f, h⟩
**Single stop consonants become spirantised in coda position.
**Single stop consonants become spirantised in coda position.
***⟨p, t, k, b, d, g⟩ → [ɸ, θ, x, β, ð, ɣ] / _#
***⟨p, t, k, b, d, g⟩ → [ɸ, θ, x, β, ð, ɣ] / _#
Line 815: Line 937:


=====Ergative=====
=====Ergative=====
Ergative is used with the subjects of transitive verbs when there is a direct object present.
Ergative is used with the subjects of transitive verbs when there is a direct object present. (Only animate nouns can be in the ergative case.)


=====Accusative=====
=====Accusative=====
Accusative indicates a direct object.
Accusative indicates a direct object.  


=====Dative=====
=====Dative=====
The use of the dative in Adzaay is slightly more restrictive than it may be in other languages. It specifically invokes the meaning of ‘to’ or ‘towards’.
The use of the dative in Adzaay is slightly more restrictive than it may be in other languages. It specifically invokes the meaning of ‘to’ or ‘towards’.


=====Ablative=====
=====Locative=====
Many languages have an “ablative” case, though it rarely means the same thing from one language to another. In Adzaay, the ablative is the exact inverse of the dative, invoking the meaning of ‘out of’ or ‘from’.
The locative is used to indicate that the noun or noun phrase modified by an adposition is stationary.  
 
=====Delative=====
The delative is the exact inverse of the dative, invoking the meaning of ‘out of’ or ‘from’.


=====Genitive=====
=====Genitive=====
The genitive deals with possession and relation. There is a bit of overlap with the ablative.
The genitive deals with relationships between nouns. There is a bit of overlap with the possessive and delative cases.


=====Oblique=====
=====Possessive=====
The oblique isn't so much a case as an anti-case: This is the “Dictionary Form” of Adzaay nouns, and is not inflected at all. It is mainly used with adpositions, or for mentioning things in a list.
The possessive indicates the possession of one noun by another. Certain types of possession, however, such as inalienable possession (my father, your hand, her talent, &c) are expressed in the genitive.
 
=====Instrumental=====
The instrumental shows a noun (phrase) being used to achieve a goal. It can usually be translated as ‘by’, ‘with’, or ‘by means of’.


====Classes====
====Classes====
There are three main noun classes in Adzaay, so one might be tempted to call them “genders,” but that term really doesn't work well here, considering that all of the human genders which usually serve as examples of the various grammatical genders all fall into a single noun class. Each of classes are further divided into three sub-classes.
There are three main noun classes in Adzaay, so one might be tempted to call them “genders,” but that term really doesn't work well here, considering that all of the human genders which usually serve as examples of the various grammatical genders all fall into a single noun class. Each of these classes are further divided into three sub-classes.


=====Animate=====
=====Animate=====
Line 858: Line 986:
'''Ideas & Concepts''' – The truly abstract: feelings, thoughts, ideas, moods, all verbal nouns.
'''Ideas & Concepts''' – The truly abstract: feelings, thoughts, ideas, moods, all verbal nouns.


'''Uncountable''' – This sub-class isn’t “abstract” in the sense we would normally thing of it, but instead it is comprised of nouns which are neither singular nor plural, often substances, ingredients, or building materials, including most liquids and gasses: water, sand, marble, wood, flour, rice, honey, beans, wine.
'''Uncountable''' – This sub-class isn’t “abstract” in the sense we would normally think of it, but instead it is comprised of nouns which are neither singular nor plural, often substances, ingredients, or building materials, including most liquids and gasses: water, sand, marble, wood, flour, rice, honey, beans, wine.


'''Artifice''' – Finally the last sub-class refers to objects made, created, or modified by animate nouns: Prepared meals, books, houses, animal nests and dens, art.
'''Artifice''' – Finally the last sub-class refers to objects made, created, or modified by animate nouns: Prepared meals, books, houses, animal nests and dens, art.
Line 927: Line 1,055:
==Vocabulary==
==Vocabulary==
'''[[:Category:Ox-Yew_words|Key vocabulary can be found here.]]'''
'''[[:Category:Ox-Yew_words|Key vocabulary can be found here.]]'''
==Useful Phrases==
===Greetings===
===Gratitude===
* '''[[Contionary: gziiunim#Ox-Yew|Gziiunim]].''' ''Thank you.''
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Ox-Yew"