Doidhesh: Difference between revisions

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'''Doidhesh''' (native: ''Doidhesh/Dœðesc'' /ˈdœʏðɛʃ/) is an [[w:Anglic_languages|Anglic language]] descended from [[w:Old_English|Old English]].
'''Doidhesh''' (native: ''Doidhesh/Dœðesc'' /ˈdøɪðɛʃ/) is an [[w:Anglic_languages|Anglic language]] descended from [[w:Old_English|Old English]].
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name = Doidhesh
|name = Doidhesh
|nativename = Doidhesh sweazh<br />Dœðesc swjec
|nativename = Doidhesh sweazh<br />Dœðesc swjec
|pronunciation = ˈdœʏðɛʃ ʃwɛʃ
|pronunciation = ˈdøɪðɛʃ ʃwɛʃ
|creator = [[User:Shariifka|Shariifka]]
|creator = [[User:Shariifka|Shariifka]]
|region = Europe
|region = Europe
Line 15: Line 15:
|fam2 = [[w:Germanic_languages|Germanic]]
|fam2 = [[w:Germanic_languages|Germanic]]
|fam3 = [[w:West_Germanic_languages|West Germanic]]
|fam3 = [[w:West_Germanic_languages|West Germanic]]
|fam4 = [[w:Anglo-Frisian_languages|Anglo-Frisian]]
|fam4 = [[w:North_Sea_Germanic_languages|North Sea Germanic]]
|fam5 = [[w:Anglic languages|Anglic]]
|fam5 = [[w:Anglo-Frisian_languages|Anglo-Frisian]]
|fam6 = [[w:Anglic languages|Anglic]]
|ancestor1 = [[w:Proto-Indo-European_language|Proto-Indo-European]]
|ancestor1 = [[w:Proto-Indo-European_language|Proto-Indo-European]]
|ancestor2 = [[w:Proto-Germanic_language|Proto-Germanic]]
|ancestor2 = [[w:Proto-Germanic_language|Proto-Germanic]]
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===Orthography===
===Orthography===
Two Latin-based orthograpies are used:
Two Latin-based orthograpies are used:
#'''Eagelstaiv/Jegelstæf''' (''"English letter(s)"''): Based on Middle English orthography.
#'''Egelstaiv/Egelstæf''' (''"English letter(s)"''): Based on Middle English orthography.
#'''Deanstaiv/Djenstæf''' ("''Danish letter(s)''"): Based on Old Norse Latin orthography.
#'''Teanstaiv/Tjenstæf''' ("''Danish letter(s)''"): Based on Old English orthography, reinforced by Old Norse.
This article will use both orthographies separated by a slash (/).
This article will use both orthographies separated by a slash (/). The orthographies will be referred to as ''Egelstaiv'' and ''Tjenstæf'' respectively.
====Consonants====
====Consonants====
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center;
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center;
|+ Comparison of Doidhesh orthographies - Consonants
|+ Comparison of Doidhesh orthographies - Consonants
! IPA !! Eagelstaiv !! Djenstæf
! IPA !! Egelstaiv !! Tjenstæf
|-
|-
| m || m || m
| m || m || m
Line 89: Line 90:
| l || l || l
| l || l || l
|-
|-
| tʃ || tch; t³ || tc; tj; t_j⁴
| tʃ || tch; t³ || tc; tj; t_j⁴; tsc
|-
|-
| dʒ || j; d³ || dj; d_j⁴
| dʒ || j; d³ || dj; d_j⁴
|-
|-
| ʃ || sh; zh²; s³ || c; cc¹; sj; ssj¹; s_j⁴; s⁵
| ʃ || sh; zh²; s³ || c; cc¹; sc⁵; sj; ssj¹; s_j⁴; s⁶
|-
|-
| ʒ || zh; z³ || zj; cz⁶
| ʒ || zh; z³ || zj; z_j⁴; cz⁷
|-
|-
| ɲ || ny; n³ || nj; n_j⁴
| ɲ || ny; n³ || nj; n_j⁴
|-
|-
| c || k³ || kj
| c || k³ || kj; k_j⁴
|-
|-
| ɟ || g³ || gj
| ɟ || g³ || gj; g_j⁴
|-
|-
| ç || h³ || hj
| ç || h³ || hj; h_j⁴
|-
|-
| j || y; ∅³ || j
| j || y; ∅³ || j
|-
|-
| ʎ || l³ || lj
| ʎ || l³ || lj; l_j⁴
|-
|-
| ŋ || n⁷ || n⁷
| ŋ || n⁸ || n⁸
|-
|-
| k || k || k
| k || k || k
Line 115: Line 116:
| ɡ || g || g
| ɡ || g || g
|-
|-
| x || h⁸; ch; gh² || h; hh¹
| x || h⁹; ch; gh² || h; hh¹
|-
|-
| w || w; ∅⁹ || w
| w || w; ∅¹⁰ || w
|}
|}
'''Notes:'''
'''Notes:'''
Line 125: Line 126:
² Word-finally when it lenites.
² Word-finally when it lenites.


³ Before ''ea'' and ''eo'' (even if there is intervening ''-w-'' in the case of coronal consonants).
³ Before ''ea'' and ''eo'', even if there is intervening ''-w-''.


⁴ When separated with ''-w-''.
⁴ When separated with ''-w-''.


⁵ Before ''tj''.
⁵ Does not lenite when word-final.


⁶ When lenited from ''-c''.
⁶ Before ''tj''.


⁷ Before velar consonants.
⁷ When lenited from ''-c''.


⁸ Word-initially.
⁸ Before velar consonants.
 
⁹ Word-initially.
 
¹⁰ Before ''oa''.


⁹ Before ''oa''.
====Vowels====
====Vowels====
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+ Comparison of Doidhesh orthographies - Vowels
|+ Comparison of Doidhesh orthographies - Vowels
! IPA !! Eagelstaiv !! Djenstæf
! IPA !! Egelstaiv !! Tjenstæf
|-
|-
| ɑ || a || a
| ɑ || a || a
Line 159: Line 163:
| ɪ || i || i
| ɪ || i || i
|-
|-
| i || ij || í
| i || ie || í
|-
|-
| ɔ || o || o
| ɔ || o || o
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| oʊ || ou || ó
| oʊ || ou || ó
|-
|-
| wɔ || oa || wo
| wɔ; ɔ² || oa || wo
|-
|-
| ʊ || u || u
| ʊ || u || u
|-
|-
| u || uu || ú
| u || ue || ú
|-
|-
| œ || ö || ö
| œ || ö || ö
|-
|-
| øʏ || oi || œ
| øɪ || oi || œ
|-
|-
| jœ; œ¹ || eo || jö
| jœ; œ¹ || eo || jö
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| ʏ || ü || y
| ʏ || ü || y
|-
|-
| y || eu || ý
| y || üe || ý
|-
| œʊ || eu || öu
|-
| jœʊ; œʊ¹ || eou || jöu
|-
|-
|}
|}
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¹ When previous consonant is palatalized.
¹ When previous consonant is palatalized.
² After /w/.
===Morphophonology===
====Lenition====
When a word ending in a voiceless stop or fricative has a vowel-initial suffix added, the final consonant becomes a voiced fricative. This is known as lenition.
Not all such words undergo lenition. Whether a word undergoes lenition or not is predictable from its orthography.
The table below summarizes the consonants that can undergo lenition when they occur at the end of a word. Note that this table specifically indicates how consonants are written word-finally and when lenited. The same phonemes may be written differently in other environments.
{|class=wikitable style="text-align: center"
|+ Word-final consonants that can undergo lenition
! rowspan="2"| Phoneme !! colspan="2" |Unlenited form !! colspan="3"| Lenited form !! colspan="2"| Non-leniting equivalent
|-
! Egelstaiv !! Tjenstæf !! IPA !! Egelstaiv !! Tjenstæf !! Egelstaiv !! Tjenstæf
|-
| p || p || p || rowspan="2"| v || rowspan="2"| v || rowspan="2"| v || pp || pp
|-
| f || v || f || f || ff
|-
| t || t || t || rowspan="2"|ð || rowspan="2"|dh || rowspan="2"|ð || tt || tt
|-
| θ || dh || þ || th || þþ
|-
| s || z || s || z || z || z || s || ss
|-
| ʃ || zh || c || ʒ || zh || cz || sh || cc, sc
|-
| k || k || k || rowspan="2"| ∅¹ || rowspan="2"| ∅¹ || rowspan="2"|∅¹ || ck || kk
|-
| x || gh || h || ch || hh
|-
|}
'''Notes:'''
¹ The consonant is dropped, leading to predictable vowel simplifications (see the next section below).
====Vowel simplifications====
When vowels are brought into hiatus, due to the addition of a vowel-initial suffix to a vowel-final word or the lenition of /k/ or /x/, the hiatus is simplified according to the following rules.
<!--
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+
! 2nd > <br /> 1st v !! a !! au/á !! ä !! ai/æ !! e !! ei/é !! ea/je !! i !! ie/í !! ö !! oi/œ !! eo/jö !! ü/y !! üe/ý !! eu/öu !! eou/jöu !! o !! ou/ó !! oa/wo !! u !! ue/ú
|-
! a
| colspan="2"|au/á || colspan="12"| ai/æ || colspan="7" | au/á
|-
! au/á
! ä
! ai/æ
! e
! ei/é
! ea/je
! i
! ie/í
! ö
! oi/œ
! eo/jö
! ü/y
! üe/ý
! eu/öu
! eou/jöu
! o
! ou/ó
! oa/wo
! u
! ue/ú
|}
-->
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+
! colspan="2" | First vowel !! colspan="2" | Second vowel !! colspan="2" | Result !! rowspan="2"|Remarks
|-
! Egelstaiv !! Tjenstæf !! Egelstaiv !! Tjenstæf !! Egelstaiv !! Tjenstæf
|-
| a, au, ä, ai || a, á, ä, æ || ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe || ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í, ö, œ, jö, y, ý || ai || æ ||
|-
| a, au, ä, ai || a, á, ä, æ || a, au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou || a, á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu || au || á ||
|-
| e, ei || e, é || a, ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie || ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í || ei || é ||
|-
| e, ei || e, é || au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou || á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu || eu || öu ||
|-
| e, ei || e, é || ö, oi, eo, ü, üe || ö, œ, jö, y, ý || oi || œ ||
|-
| ea || je || a, ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie || ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í || ea || je ||
|-
| ea || je || au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou || á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu || eou || jöu ||
|-
| ea || je || ö, oi, eo, ü, üe || ö, œ, jö, y, ý || oi || œ ||
|-
| i, ie || i, í || a, ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie || ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í || ie || í ||
|-
| i, ie || i, í || au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe || á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu, ö, œ, jö, y, ý || üe || ý ||
|-
| o, ou || o, ó || ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe || ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í, ö, œ, jö, y, ý || oi || œ ||
|-
| o, ou || o, ó || a, au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe || á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu || ou || ó ||
|-
| oa || wo || ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe || ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í, ö, œ, jö, y, ý || oi || œ ||
|-
| oa || wo || a, au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou || á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu || oa || wo ||
|-
| u, ue || u, ú || ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe || ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í, ö, œ, jö, y, ý || üe || ý ||
|-
| u, ue || u, ú || a,au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou || á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu || ue || ú ||
|-
| ö, oi || ö, œ || a, ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe || ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í, ö, œ, jö, y, ý || oi || œ ||
|-
| ö, oi || ö, œ || au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe || á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu || eu || öu ||
|-
| eo || jö || a, ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe || ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í, ö, œ, jö, y, ý || eo || jö ||
|-
| eo || jö || au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou || á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu  || eou || jöu ||
|-
| ü, üe || y, ý || colspan="2"| Any vowel <!--ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe, au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe || ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í, ö, œ, jö, y, ý, a, á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu--> || üe || ý ||
|-
|}
==Morphology==
===Pronouns===
====Personal pronouns====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
!rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Subject !! colspan="2"|Object !! colspan="2"|Possessive
|-
! Egelstaiv !! Tjenstæf !! Egelstaiv !! Tjenstæf !! Egelstaiv !! Tjenstæf
|-
! 1S
| meizh || méc || mei || mé || mien || mín
|-
! 2S
| due || dú || dei || dé || dien || dín
|-
! 3SM
| sei || sé || soan || swon || saiz || sæs
|-
! 3SF
| soi || sœ || soa || swo || sear || sjer
|-
! 3SN
| daidh || dæþ || daidh || dæþ || daiz || dæs
|-
! 1P
| bei || bé || buez || bús || buer || búr
|-
! 2P
| jei || djé || jeu || djöu || jeur || djöur
|-
! 3P
| goi || gœ || gein || gén || geor || gjör
|-
|}
===Numerals===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" | Number !! colspan="2" | Cardinal !! colspan="2' | Ordinal
|-
! Egelstaiv !! Tjenstæf!! Egelstaiv !! Tjenstæf
|-
!0
| noucht || nóht || nouchth || nóhþ
|-
!1
| oan || won || worm || worm
|-
!2
| thwoa || þwo || thwoudher || þwóðer
|-
!3
| droi || drœ || drett || drett
|-
!4
| heour || hjöur || heourdh || hjöurþ
|-
!5
| wiev || wíf || wift || wift
|-
!6
| sois || sœs || soist || sœst
|-
!7
| seoun || sjöun || seound || sjöund
|-
!8
| ächt || äht || ächth || ähþ
|-
!9
| nein || nén || neind || nénd
|-
!10
| thüen || þýn || thoidh || þœþ
|-
!11
| eleun || elöun || eleund || elöund
|-
!12
| thwelv || þwelf || thwelft || þwelft
|-
!13
|droidhün || drœðyn || droidhödh || drœðöþ
|-
!14
| heourdhün || hjöurðyn||heourdhödh || hjöurðöþ
|-
!15
| wiftün || wiftyn ||wiftödh || wiftöþ
|-
!16
| soistün || sœstyn || soistödh || sœstöþ
|-
!17
| seoundün || sjöundyn || seoundödh || sjöundöþ
|-
!18
| ächtün || ähtyn || ächtödh || ähtöþ
|-
!19
| neindün || néndyn || neindödh || néndöþ
|-
!20
| thwendei || þwendé || thwendeidh || þwendéþ
|-
|}
<!--
Older, for reference:
Dœðesc: won /wɔn/, þwo /θwo/, drœ /drøy/, hjór /çour/, wíf /wi:f/, sex /sɛʃ/, sjöun /ʃœun/, äht /æχt/, nén /nein/, þín /θi:n/
Doidhesh (alternate orthography): oan, thwoa, droi, hiour, wijv, sesh, seoun, ächt, nein, thijn
-->
===Nouns===
Nouns are pluralized with the ending ''-as''. The singular is usually used if the context makes it clear that the word is plural (such as after numerals, plural determiners, etc.).
===Adjectives===
Adjectives do not decline.
===Verbs===
The citation form of verbs is generally ''infinitive, present, past''.
Doidhesh verbs do not conjugate for person or number.
Verbs are conjugated for three aspects, three tenses, and three voices.
Tenses are marked by the verb form:
*Present: Uses present form.
*Past: Uses past form.
*Future: Uses future form.
**This is formed by replacing the final ''-n'' of the infinitive with ''-d''.
Aspects are marked with particles preceding the verb:
*Imperfective: No marker
*Perfective: ''poi/pœ''
*Habitual: ''bed''
Voices are marked with particles preceding the aspect marker:
*Active: No marker
*Middle: ''toun/tón''
*Passive: ''maudh/máþ''
Note that subject pronouns are obligatory, and they come before the voice marker.
In summary, a verb is formed as follows: ''subject pronoun + voice marker + aspect marker + tense-specific form of verb''
==Syntax==
==Vocabulary==
===Time - ''Thiet/Þít''===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Seasons - ''Sealas/Sjelas''
! English !! Doidhesh
|-
| spring || lengthen/lengþen
|-
| summer || soumer/sómer
|-
| fall || gärst
|-
| winter || bender
|-
|}
<!--
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Hijri months - ''Ménþes higjries''
! English !! Gothedish
|-
| Muharram || Muharram
|-
| Safar ||
|-
| Rabi' al-Awwal ||
|-
| Rabi' ath-Thani ||
|-
| Jumada al-Ula ||
|-
| Jumada al-Akhirah ||
|-
| Rajab ||
|-
| Sha'ban ||
|-
| Ramadan ||
|-
| Shawwal ||
|-
| Dhu'l-Qa'dah ||
|-
| Dhu'l-Hijjah ||
|-
|}-->
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Gregorian months - ''Sonleizh moundhas/Sonléc mónþas''
! English !! Doidhesh
|-
| January || Äfterjoul/Äfterdjól
|-
| February || Soalmoundh/Swolmónþ
|-
| March || Greithmoundh/Gréþmónþ
|-
| April || Eastermoundh/Jestermónþ
|-
| May || Dreimelzh/Drémelc
|-
| June || Earleidh/Jerléþ<!--; Searmoundh/Sjermónþ-->
|-
| July || Äfterleidh/Äfterléþ<!--; Meatmoundh/Mjetmónþ-->
|-
| August || Boitmoundh/Bœtmónþ
|-
| September || Gärstmoundh/Gärstmónþ
|-
| October || Bendervöldh/Bendervölþ
|-
| November || Plouthmoundh/Plóþmónþ
|-
| December || Earjoul/Jerdjól
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Days of the week - ''Tais auv beizh/Tæs áf béc''
! English !! Doidhesh
|-
| Sunday || Sondai/Sondæ
|-
| Monday || Moundai/Mondæ
|-
| Tuesday || Thüestai/Þýstæ
|-
| Wednesday || Wonstai/Wonstæ
|-
| Thursday || Dorstai/Dorstæ
|-
| Friday || Vriedhai/Vríðæ
|-
| Saturday || Saidherstai/Sæðerstæ
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Parts of the day - ''Tealas auv tai/Tjelas áf tæ''
! English !! Doidhesh
|-
| day || tai/tæ
|-
| dawn || taihoum/tæhóm
|-
| morning || morn
|-
| noon || mittai/mittæ
|-
| afternoon || äftermittai/äftermittæ
|-
| evening || eaven/jeven
|-
| dusk || nichthoum/nihthóm
|-
| night || nicht/niht
|-
| midnight || mitnicht/mitniht
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Units of time - ''Tealas auv thiet/Tjelas áf þít''
! English !! Doidhesh
|-
| second || bengwiel/bengwíl
|-
| minute || thiemshen/þímcen
|-
| hour || thiem/þím
|-
| day || tai/tæ
|-
| week || beizh/béc
|-
| month || moundh/mónþ
|-
| season || seal/sjel
|-
| year || jear/djer
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Time adverbs - ''Thietleizh piebordhas/Þítléc píborðas''
! English !! Doidhesh
|-
| now || nue/nú
|-
| then || don
|-
| recently, a short time ago || earnue/jernú
|-
| earlier || ear/jer
|-
| soon, shortly || soun/són; äfternue/äfternú
|-
| later || äfter
|-
| always || sebel
|-
| often || oft
|-
| sometimes || gwielom/gwílom
|-
| rarely || selten
|-
| never || noa/nwo; neaver/njever
|-
| ever || oa/wo; eaver/jever
|-
| still, yet || jüedh/jýþ
|-
| already || ju
|-
| today || thoudhai/þóðæ
|-
| tonight || thounicht/þóniht
|-
| yesterday || jörstanai/djörstanæ
|-
| last night || jörstanicht/djörstaniht
|-
| tomorrow || thoumorn/þómorn
|-
| before yesterday || earjörstanai/jerdjörstanæ
|-
| two nights ago || earjörstanicht/jerdjörstaniht
|-
| after tomorrow || äfterthoumorn/äfterþómorn
|-
| this week || thoubeizh/þóbéc
|-
| last week || jörstabeizh/djörstabéc
|-
| next week || neistbeizh/néstbéc
|-
|}
===Colours - ''Teas/Tjes''===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Colours - ''Teas/Tjes''
! English !! Gothedish
|-
| white || gweidh/gwéþ
|-
| grey || kreai/krjei
|-
| black || plaigh/plæh <!--swärth/swärþ-->
|-
| red || reat/rjet
|-
| orange || reatjeol/rjetdjöl
|-
| brown || pruen/prún
|-
| yellow || jeol/djöl
|-
| green || krein/krén
|-
| blue || ploi/plœ
|-
| pink || rouzen/rózen
|-
| purple || pauz/pás
|-
| golden || költen
|-
|}
==Example texts==
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)===
'''Eagelstaiv:''' Äl mangün goi maudh pear beazed goi vroi od jeliezh en börd od jericht. Goi maudh jeiv bistom od jüedh, älso goi shail akroav älshoudher en kost auv broudhershev.
'''Tjenstæf:''' Äl mangyn gœ máþ pjer bjezed gœ vrœ od djelíc en börd od djerihtas. Gœ máþ djéf bistom od djýþ, älso gœ scæl akrwof älcóðer en kost áf bróðerscef.
'''IPA:''' /æl ˈmɑŋɡʏn ɡøɪ maʊθ pjɛr ˈbjɛzɛd ɡøɪ vrøɪ ɔd dʒɛˈliʃ ɛn bœrd ɔd dʒɛˈrɪxtas ‖ ɡøɪ maʊθ dʒeɪf ˈbɪstɔm ɔd dʒyθ | ˈælsɔ ɡøɪ ʃaɪl ɑˈkrwɔf ˌælˈʃoʊðɛr ɛn kɔst aʊf ˈbroʊðɛrˌʃɛf/
'''Gloss:''' all mankind they PASS bear being they free and alike in worth and rights. they PASS give reason and conscience, and they should behave-to each-other in spirit of brotherhood.
<!--
'''Gloss with English cognates:''' All mankind (they) made bear (being) (they) free and alike in worth and rights. (They) made give wisdom and (conscience), also (they) shall a-grope each-other in ghost of brothership.-->

Latest revision as of 15:54, 23 April 2023

Doidhesh (native: Doidhesh/Dœðesc /ˈdøɪðɛʃ/) is an Anglic language descended from Old English.

Doidhesh
Doidhesh sweazh
Dœðesc swjec
Pronunciation[ˈdøɪðɛʃ ʃwɛʃ]
Created byShariifka
Early forms

Introduction

Etymology

From Old English þēodisċ "vernacular language" < Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz "of the people" < *þeudō "people" + -iskaz "-ish".

Synchronically analyzable as doit/dœt "people" + -esh/-esc "-ish".

Phonology

Orthography

Two Latin-based orthograpies are used:

  1. Egelstaiv/Egelstæf ("English letter(s)"): Based on Middle English orthography.
  2. Teanstaiv/Tjenstæf ("Danish letter(s)"): Based on Old English orthography, reinforced by Old Norse.

This article will use both orthographies separated by a slash (/). The orthographies will be referred to as Egelstaiv and Tjenstæf respectively.

Consonants

Comparison of Doidhesh orthographies - Consonants
IPA Egelstaiv Tjenstæf
m m m
p p; pp¹ p; pp¹
b b b
f f; v² f; ff¹
v v v
n n n
t t; tt¹ t; tt¹
d d d
θ th; dh² þ; þþ¹
ð dh ð
s s; z² s; ss¹
z z z
r r r
l l l
tʃ tch; t³ tc; tj; t_j⁴; tsc
dʒ j; d³ dj; d_j⁴
ʃ sh; zh²; s³ c; cc¹; sc⁵; sj; ssj¹; s_j⁴; s⁶
ʒ zh; z³ zj; z_j⁴; cz⁷
ɲ ny; n³ nj; n_j⁴
c k³ kj; k_j⁴
ɟ g³ gj; g_j⁴
ç h³ hj; h_j⁴
j y; ∅³ j
ʎ l³ lj; l_j⁴
ŋ n⁸ n⁸
k k k
ɡ g g
x h⁹; ch; gh² h; hh¹
w w; ∅¹⁰ w

Notes:

¹ Word-finally when it does not lenite.

² Word-finally when it lenites.

³ Before ea and eo, even if there is intervening -w-.

⁴ When separated with -w-.

⁵ Does not lenite when word-final.

⁶ Before tj.

⁷ When lenited from -c.

⁸ Before velar consonants.

⁹ Word-initially.

¹⁰ Before oa.

Vowels

Comparison of Doidhesh orthographies - Vowels
IPA Egelstaiv Tjenstæf
ɑ a a
æ ä ä
aʊ au á
aɪ ai æ
ɛ e e
eɪ ei é
jɛ; ɛ¹ ea je
ɪ i i
i ie í
ɔ o o
oʊ ou ó
wɔ; ɔ² oa wo
ʊ u u
u ue ú
œ ö ö
øɪ oi œ
jœ; œ¹ eo jö
ʏ ü y
y üe ý
œʊ eu öu
jœʊ; œʊ¹ eou jöu

Notes:

¹ When previous consonant is palatalized.

² After /w/.

Morphophonology

Lenition

When a word ending in a voiceless stop or fricative has a vowel-initial suffix added, the final consonant becomes a voiced fricative. This is known as lenition.

Not all such words undergo lenition. Whether a word undergoes lenition or not is predictable from its orthography.

The table below summarizes the consonants that can undergo lenition when they occur at the end of a word. Note that this table specifically indicates how consonants are written word-finally and when lenited. The same phonemes may be written differently in other environments.

Word-final consonants that can undergo lenition
Phoneme Unlenited form Lenited form Non-leniting equivalent
Egelstaiv Tjenstæf IPA Egelstaiv Tjenstæf Egelstaiv Tjenstæf
p p p v v v pp pp
f v f f ff
t t t ð dh ð tt tt
θ dh þ th þþ
s z s z z z s ss
ʃ zh c ʒ zh cz sh cc, sc
k k k ∅¹ ∅¹ ∅¹ ck kk
x gh h ch hh

Notes:

¹ The consonant is dropped, leading to predictable vowel simplifications (see the next section below).

Vowel simplifications

When vowels are brought into hiatus, due to the addition of a vowel-initial suffix to a vowel-final word or the lenition of /k/ or /x/, the hiatus is simplified according to the following rules.

First vowel Second vowel Result Remarks
Egelstaiv Tjenstæf Egelstaiv Tjenstæf Egelstaiv Tjenstæf
a, au, ä, ai a, á, ä, æ ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í, ö, œ, jö, y, ý ai æ
a, au, ä, ai a, á, ä, æ a, au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou a, á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu au á
e, ei e, é a, ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í ei é
e, ei e, é au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu eu öu
e, ei e, é ö, oi, eo, ü, üe ö, œ, jö, y, ý oi œ
ea je a, ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í ea je
ea je au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu eou jöu
ea je ö, oi, eo, ü, üe ö, œ, jö, y, ý oi œ
i, ie i, í a, ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í ie í
i, ie i, í au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu, ö, œ, jö, y, ý üe ý
o, ou o, ó ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í, ö, œ, jö, y, ý oi œ
o, ou o, ó a, au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu ou ó
oa wo ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í, ö, œ, jö, y, ý oi œ
oa wo a, au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu oa wo
u, ue u, ú ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í, ö, œ, jö, y, ý üe ý
u, ue u, ú a,au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu ue ú
ö, oi ö, œ a, ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í, ö, œ, jö, y, ý oi œ
ö, oi ö, œ au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu eu öu
eo jö a, ä, ai, e, ei, ea, i, ie, ö, oi, eo, ü, üe ä, æ, e, é, je, i, í, ö, œ, jö, y, ý eo jö
eo jö au, o, ou, oa, u, ue, eu, eou á, o, ó, wo, u, ú, öu, jöu eou jöu
ü, üe y, ý Any vowel üe ý

Morphology

Pronouns

Personal pronouns

Subject Object Possessive
Egelstaiv Tjenstæf Egelstaiv Tjenstæf Egelstaiv Tjenstæf
1S meizh méc mei mé mien mín
2S due dú dei dé dien dín
3SM sei sé soan swon saiz sæs
3SF soi sœ soa swo sear sjer
3SN daidh dæþ daidh dæþ daiz dæs
1P bei bé buez bús buer búr
2P jei djé jeu djöu jeur djöur
3P goi gœ gein gén geor gjör

Numerals

Number Cardinal Ordinal
Egelstaiv Tjenstæf Egelstaiv Tjenstæf
0 noucht nóht nouchth nóhþ
1 oan won worm worm
2 thwoa þwo thwoudher þwóðer
3 droi drœ drett drett
4 heour hjöur heourdh hjöurþ
5 wiev wíf wift wift
6 sois sœs soist sœst
7 seoun sjöun seound sjöund
8 ächt äht ächth ähþ
9 nein nén neind nénd
10 thüen þýn thoidh þœþ
11 eleun elöun eleund elöund
12 thwelv þwelf thwelft þwelft
13 droidhün drœðyn droidhödh drœðöþ
14 heourdhün hjöurðyn heourdhödh hjöurðöþ
15 wiftün wiftyn wiftödh wiftöþ
16 soistün sœstyn soistödh sœstöþ
17 seoundün sjöundyn seoundödh sjöundöþ
18 ächtün ähtyn ächtödh ähtöþ
19 neindün néndyn neindödh néndöþ
20 thwendei þwendé thwendeidh þwendéþ

Nouns

Nouns are pluralized with the ending -as. The singular is usually used if the context makes it clear that the word is plural (such as after numerals, plural determiners, etc.).

Adjectives

Adjectives do not decline.

Verbs

The citation form of verbs is generally infinitive, present, past.

Doidhesh verbs do not conjugate for person or number.

Verbs are conjugated for three aspects, three tenses, and three voices.

Tenses are marked by the verb form:

  • Present: Uses present form.
  • Past: Uses past form.
  • Future: Uses future form.
    • This is formed by replacing the final -n of the infinitive with -d.

Aspects are marked with particles preceding the verb:

  • Imperfective: No marker
  • Perfective: poi/pœ
  • Habitual: bed

Voices are marked with particles preceding the aspect marker:

  • Active: No marker
  • Middle: toun/tón
  • Passive: maudh/máþ

Note that subject pronouns are obligatory, and they come before the voice marker.

In summary, a verb is formed as follows: subject pronoun + voice marker + aspect marker + tense-specific form of verb

Syntax

Vocabulary

Time - Thiet/Þít

Seasons - Sealas/Sjelas
English Doidhesh
spring lengthen/lengþen
summer soumer/sómer
fall gärst
winter bender
Gregorian months - Sonleizh moundhas/Sonléc mónþas
English Doidhesh
January Äfterjoul/Äfterdjól
February Soalmoundh/Swolmónþ
March Greithmoundh/Gréþmónþ
April Eastermoundh/Jestermónþ
May Dreimelzh/Drémelc
June Earleidh/Jerléþ
July Äfterleidh/Äfterléþ
August Boitmoundh/Bœtmónþ
September Gärstmoundh/Gärstmónþ
October Bendervöldh/Bendervölþ
November Plouthmoundh/Plóþmónþ
December Earjoul/Jerdjól
Days of the week - Tais auv beizh/Tæs áf béc
English Doidhesh
Sunday Sondai/Sondæ
Monday Moundai/Mondæ
Tuesday Thüestai/Þýstæ
Wednesday Wonstai/Wonstæ
Thursday Dorstai/Dorstæ
Friday Vriedhai/Vríðæ
Saturday Saidherstai/Sæðerstæ
Parts of the day - Tealas auv tai/Tjelas áf tæ
English Doidhesh
day tai/tæ
dawn taihoum/tæhóm
morning morn
noon mittai/mittæ
afternoon äftermittai/äftermittæ
evening eaven/jeven
dusk nichthoum/nihthóm
night nicht/niht
midnight mitnicht/mitniht
Units of time - Tealas auv thiet/Tjelas áf þít
English Doidhesh
second bengwiel/bengwíl
minute thiemshen/þímcen
hour thiem/þím
day tai/tæ
week beizh/béc
month moundh/mónþ
season seal/sjel
year jear/djer
Time adverbs - Thietleizh piebordhas/Þítléc píborðas
English Doidhesh
now nue/nú
then don
recently, a short time ago earnue/jernú
earlier ear/jer
soon, shortly soun/són; äfternue/äfternú
later äfter
always sebel
often oft
sometimes gwielom/gwílom
rarely selten
never noa/nwo; neaver/njever
ever oa/wo; eaver/jever
still, yet jüedh/jýþ
already ju
today thoudhai/þóðæ
tonight thounicht/þóniht
yesterday jörstanai/djörstanæ
last night jörstanicht/djörstaniht
tomorrow thoumorn/þómorn
before yesterday earjörstanai/jerdjörstanæ
two nights ago earjörstanicht/jerdjörstaniht
after tomorrow äfterthoumorn/äfterþómorn
this week thoubeizh/þóbéc
last week jörstabeizh/djörstabéc
next week neistbeizh/néstbéc

Colours - Teas/Tjes

Colours - Teas/Tjes
English Gothedish
white gweidh/gwéþ
grey kreai/krjei
black plaigh/plæh
red reat/rjet
orange reatjeol/rjetdjöl
brown pruen/prún
yellow jeol/djöl
green krein/krén
blue ploi/plœ
pink rouzen/rózen
purple pauz/pás
golden költen

Example texts

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)

Eagelstaiv: Äl mangün goi maudh pear beazed goi vroi od jeliezh en börd od jericht. Goi maudh jeiv bistom od jüedh, älso goi shail akroav älshoudher en kost auv broudhershev.

Tjenstæf: Äl mangyn gœ máþ pjer bjezed gœ vrœ od djelíc en börd od djerihtas. Gœ máþ djéf bistom od djýþ, älso gœ scæl akrwof älcóðer en kost áf bróðerscef.

IPA: /æl ˈmɑŋɡʏn ɡøɪ maʊθ pjɛr ˈbjɛzɛd ɡøɪ vrøɪ ɔd dʒɛˈliʃ ɛn bœrd ɔd dʒɛˈrɪxtas ‖ ɡøɪ maʊθ dʒeɪf ˈbɪstɔm ɔd dʒyθ | ˈælsɔ ɡøɪ ʃaɪl ɑˈkrwɔf ˌælˈʃoʊðɛr ɛn kɔst aʊf ˈbroʊðɛrˌʃɛf/

Gloss: all mankind they PASS bear being they free and alike in worth and rights. they PASS give reason and conscience, and they should behave-to each-other in spirit of brotherhood.

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