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==Bantu-esque romlang==
====Numerals====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ ???? numerals
! Symbol !! Cardinal number
|-
<!--
! 0
| colspan="2"| ṣifr || ṣifr-
|-->
! 1
| ʊːnʊ
|-
! 2
| toː
|-
! 3
| ʈɛː
|-
! 4
| kʷɑtːɔ
|-
! 5
| kʷɪˑŋɡɛ
|-
! 6
| sɛː
|-
! 7
| sɛtːɛ
|-
! 8
| ɔtːɔː
|-
! 9
| nɔwɛ
|-
! 10
| teɣe
|-
! 11
|
|-
! 20
| βiː
|-
! 30
|
|-
! 40
|
|-
! 50
|
|-
! 60
|
|-
! 70
|
|-
! 80
|
|-
! 90
|
|-
! 100
|
|-
! 200
|
|-
! 1000
|
|-
! 2000
|
|-
|}
==Bantu-esque Indo-European lang==
====Numerals====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ ???? numerals
! Symbol !! Cardinal number
|-
<!--
! 0
| colspan="2"| ṣifr || ṣifr-
|-->
! 1
|
|-
! 2
|
|-
! 3
|
|-
! 4
|
|-
! 5
|
|-
! 6
|
|-
! 7
|
|-
! 8
|
|-
! 9
|
|-
! 10
|
|-
! 11
|
|-
! 20
|
|-
! 30
|
|-
! 40
|
|-
! 50
|
|-
! 60
|
|-
! 70
|
|-
! 80
|
|-
! 90
|
|-
! 100
|
|-
! 200
|
|-
! 1000
|
|-
! 2000
|
|-
|}
==Somali-like relative of Zanahi==
====Numerals====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ ???? numerals
! Symbol !! Cardinal number
|-
<!--
! 0
| colspan="2"| ṣifr || ṣifr-
|-->
! 1
| ceyn
|-
! 2
| dhaba
|-
! 3
| taray
|-
! 4
| shodor
|-
! 5
| fash
|-
! 6
| shag
|-
! 7
| hafad
|-
! 8
| casta
|-
! 9
| now
|-
! 10
| dhas
|-
! 11
| ceyn oo dhas
|-
! 20
| dhabaasan
|-
! 30
| tiriisan
|-
! 40
| shodoorsan
|-
! 50
| fashaasan
|-
! 60
| shagaasan
|-
! 70
| haftaasan
|-
! 80
| castaash
an
|-
! 90
| nabaasan
|-
! 100
| sid
|-
! 200
| dhow sid
|-
! 1000
| dahal
|-
! 2000
| dhaba dahal
|-
|}
==Somali-like Romlang==
==Somali-like Romlang==
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
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|}
|}


<!--
==English-like relative of Twench==
==English-like relative of Twench==
===Swadesh list===
===Swadesh list===
Line 252: Line 496:


/tuːt ˈçuːmən ˈɛstəɹz næs ˈlɪvəɹ ət iːkwəl ɪn ˈdɪɡnɪtət ət dɹeɪts ‖ ɛls sʌn ənˈdutət əv ˈɹeɪzən ət ˈkɔnʃəns | ət ɛls diːv æt eɪdʒ əv juːn ɔːltəɹ ɪn ə ˈspɪɹɪt də frɑːðəɹtət/
/tuːt ˈçuːmən ˈɛstəɹz næs ˈlɪvəɹ ət iːkwəl ɪn ˈdɪɡnɪtət ət dɹeɪts ‖ ɛls sʌn ənˈdutət əv ˈɹeɪzən ət ˈkɔnʃəns | ət ɛls diːv æt eɪdʒ əv juːn ɔːltəɹ ɪn ə ˈspɪɹɪt də frɑːðəɹtət/
-->


==German-like relative of Twench==
==German-like relative of Twench==
Line 286: Line 531:
<tr><th>18</th><th>[[wiktionary:many|many]]</th><td>molt</td></tr>
<tr><th>18</th><th>[[wiktionary:many|many]]</th><td>molt</td></tr>
<tr><th>19</th><th>[[wiktionary:some|some]]</th><td>alküne</td></tr>
<tr><th>19</th><th>[[wiktionary:some|some]]</th><td>alküne</td></tr>
<tr><th>20</th><th>[[wiktionary:few|few]]</th><td>peuk(e)</td></tr>
<tr><th>20</th><th>[[wiktionary:few|few]]</th><td>pfeuk(e)</td></tr>
<tr><th>21</th><th>[[wiktionary:other|other]]</th><td>alter(e)</td></tr>
<tr><th>21</th><th>[[wiktionary:other|other]]</th><td>alter(e)</td></tr>
<tr><th>22</th><th>[[wiktionary:one|one]]</th><td>ün(e)</td></tr>
<tr><th>22</th><th>[[wiktionary:one|one]]</th><td>ün(e)</td></tr>
Line 298: Line 543:
<tr><th>30</th><th>[[wiktionary:thick|thick]]</th><td>gross(e)</td></tr>
<tr><th>30</th><th>[[wiktionary:thick|thick]]</th><td>gross(e)</td></tr>
<tr><th>31</th><th>[[wiktionary:heavy|heavy]]</th><td>lord(e)</td></tr>
<tr><th>31</th><th>[[wiktionary:heavy|heavy]]</th><td>lord(e)</td></tr>
<tr><th>32</th><th>[[wiktionary:small|small]]</th><td>pettitt(e)</td></tr>
<tr><th>32</th><th>[[wiktionary:small|small]]</th><td>pfettitt(e)</td></tr>
<tr><th>33</th><th>[[wiktionary:short|short]]</th><td>kort(e)</td></tr>
<tr><th>33</th><th>[[wiktionary:short|short]]</th><td>kort(e)</td></tr>
<tr><th>34</th><th>[[wiktionary:narrow|narrow]]</th><td>strecht(e)</td></tr>
<tr><th>34</th><th>[[wiktionary:narrow|narrow]]</th><td>strecht(e)</td></tr>
Line 312: Line 557:
<tr><th>44</th><th>[[wiktionary:animal|animal]]</th><td>Best</td></tr>
<tr><th>44</th><th>[[wiktionary:animal|animal]]</th><td>Best</td></tr>
<tr><th>45</th><th>[[wiktionary:fish|fish]]</th><td>Pfess</td></tr>
<tr><th>45</th><th>[[wiktionary:fish|fish]]</th><td>Pfess</td></tr>
<tr><th>46</th><th>[[wiktionary:bird|bird]]</th><td>Eucell</td></tr>
<tr><th>46</th><th>[[wiktionary:bird|bird]]</th><td>Euzell</td></tr>
<tr><th>47</th><th>[[wiktionary:dog|dog]]</th><td>Kahn</td></tr>
<tr><th>47</th><th>[[wiktionary:dog|dog]]</th><td>Kahn</td></tr>
<tr><th>48</th><th>[[wiktionary:louse|louse]]</th><td>Pfeugel</td></tr>
<tr><th>48</th><th>[[wiktionary:louse|louse]]</th><td>Pfeugel</td></tr>
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<tr><th>78</th><th>[[wiktionary:tongue|tongue]]</th><td>Leng</td></tr>
<tr><th>78</th><th>[[wiktionary:tongue|tongue]]</th><td>Leng</td></tr>
<tr><th>79</th><th>[[wiktionary:fingernail|fingernail]]</th><td>Ongel</td></tr>
<tr><th>79</th><th>[[wiktionary:fingernail|fingernail]]</th><td>Ongel</td></tr>
<tr><th>80</th><th>[[wiktionary:foot|foot]]</th><td>Pied</td></tr>
<tr><th>80</th><th>[[wiktionary:foot|foot]]</th><td>Pfied</td></tr>
<tr><th>81</th><th>[[wiktionary:leg|leg]]</th><td>Gamb</td></tr>
<tr><th>81</th><th>[[wiktionary:leg|leg]]</th><td>Gamb</td></tr>
<tr><th>82</th><th>[[wiktionary:knee|knee]]</th><td>Jenogel</td></tr>
<tr><th>82</th><th>[[wiktionary:knee|knee]]</th><td>Jenogel</td></tr>
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<tr><th>100</th><th>[[wiktionary:laugh|laugh]]</th><td>reider, reide, reiße, reist</td></tr>
<tr><th>100</th><th>[[wiktionary:laugh|laugh]]</th><td>reider, reide, reiße, reist</td></tr>
<tr><th>101</th><th>[[wiktionary:see|see]]</th><td>weder, wede, weiße, weist</td></tr>
<tr><th>101</th><th>[[wiktionary:see|see]]</th><td>weder, wede, weiße, weist</td></tr>
<tr><th>102</th><th>[[wiktionary:hear|hear]]</th><td>Eudier, eude, eudei, eudeit</td></tr>
<tr><th>102</th><th>[[wiktionary:hear|hear]]</th><td>eudier, eude, eudei, eudeit</td></tr>
<tr><th>103</th><th>[[wiktionary:know|know]]</th><td>saffer, saffe, saffeu, saft</td></tr>
<tr><th>103</th><th>[[wiktionary:know|know]]</th><td>saffer, saffe, saffeu, saft</td></tr>
<tr><th>104</th><th>[[wiktionary:think|think]]</th><td>pfensaar, pfense, pfensei, pfensat</td></tr>
<tr><th>104</th><th>[[wiktionary:think|think]]</th><td>pfensar, pfense, pfensei, pfensat</td></tr>
<tr><th>105</th><th>[[wiktionary:smell|smell]]</th><td>uhler, uhle, uhleu, uhlt</td></tr>
<tr><th>105</th><th>[[wiktionary:smell|smell]]</th><td>uhler, uhle, uhleu, uhlt</td></tr>
<tr><th>106</th><th>[[wiktionary:fear|fear]]</th><td>kriemer, kriem, kriemui, kriemt</td></tr>
<tr><th>106</th><th>[[wiktionary:fear|fear]]</th><td>kriemer, kriem, kriemui, kriemt</td></tr>
<tr><th>107</th><th>[[wiktionary:sleep|sleep]]</th><td>dormier, dorme, dormei, dormeit</td></tr>
<tr><th>108</th><th>[[wiktionary:live|live]]</th><td>weiber, weibe, weibeu, weibt</td></tr>
<tr><th>109</th><th>[[wiktionary:die|die]]</th><td>muhrier, muhre, muhrei, muhreit</td></tr>
<tr><th>110</th><th>[[wiktionary:kill|kill]]</th><td>tütar, tüte, tütei, tütat</td></tr>
<tr><th>111</th><th>[[wiktionary:fight|fight]]</th><td>lüchtar, lüchte, lüchtei, lüchtat</td></tr>
<tr><th>112</th><th>[[wiktionary:hunt|hunt]]</th><td>kassar, kasse, kassei, kassat</td></tr>
<tr><th>113</th><th>[[wiktionary:hit|hit]]</th><td>batter, batte, batteu, battet</td></tr>
<tr><th>114</th><th>[[wiktionary:cut|cut]]</th><td>kolpfar, kolpfe, kolpfei, kolpfat</td></tr>
<tr><th>115</th><th>[[wiktionary:split|split]]</th><td>vender, vende, vendeu, vendet</td></tr>
<tr><th>116</th><th>[[wiktionary:stab|stab]]</th><td>pünner, pünne, pünneu, pünnt</td></tr>
<!--
<!--
<tr><th>107</th><th>[[wiktionary:sleep|sleep]]</th><td>doermijr, doerm, doermij, doermijt</td></tr>
<tr><th>108</th><th>[[wiktionary:live|live]]</th><td>wiwer, wijw, wiwui, wijwt</td></tr>
<tr><th>109</th><th>[[wiktionary:die|die]]</th><td>moerijr, moer, moerij, moerijt</td></tr>
<tr><th>110</th><th>[[wiktionary:kill|kill]]</th><td>tutaar, tuut, tutaai, tutaat</td></tr>
<tr><th>111</th><th>[[wiktionary:fight|fight]]</th><td>luchtaar, lucht, luchtaai, luchtaat</td></tr>
<tr><th>112</th><th>[[wiktionary:hunt|hunt]]</th><td>kassaar, kas, kassaai, kassaat</td></tr>
<tr><th>113</th><th>[[wiktionary:hit|hit]]</th><td>batter, bat, battui, battet</td></tr>
<tr><th>114</th><th>[[wiktionary:cut|cut]]</th><td>koelpaar, koelp, koelpaai, koelpaat</td></tr>
<tr><th>115</th><th>[[wiktionary:split|split]]</th><td>veinder, veind, veindui, veindet</td></tr>
<tr><th>116</th><th>[[wiktionary:stab|stab]]</th><td>puinder, puin, puinui, puint</td></tr>
<tr><th>117</th><th>[[wiktionary:scratch|scratch]]</th><td>grattaar, grat, grattaai, grattaat</td></tr>
<tr><th>117</th><th>[[wiktionary:scratch|scratch]]</th><td>grattaar, grat, grattaai, grattaat</td></tr>
<tr><th>118</th><th>[[wiktionary:dig|dig]]</th><td>kawaar, kaaw, kawaai, kawaat</td></tr>
<tr><th>118</th><th>[[wiktionary:dig|dig]]</th><td>kawaar, kaaw, kawaai, kawaat</td></tr>
Line 711: Line 956:


===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)===
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)===
Züße Omens naschen leibere es in Tinnesse es Jäureb equale. Isse son tie Rassune es Konscienze tußesse, es isse tieben aun altere in Spiritus tie Fraßerness ager.
Züße Omens naschen leibere es equale in Tinnesse es Jäureb. Isse son tie Rassune es Konscienze tußesse, es isse tieben aun altere in Spiritus tie Fraßerness ager.
==TO BE NAMED==
 
Tālu khōmīn fārum ya qōnum bi al adran ya al rakhīn talodban. Allāhus mānum ya shankam habēbahun, ya in kāna warākun korbansan tabi bēhun.
==Iberian Celtic lang==
{| class="wikitable"
! '''No.''' !! [[wikipedia:English language|English]] !! 
|-
| 1 || [[wiktionary:I|I]] || mi
|-
| 2 || [[wiktionary:you|you (singular)]] || tu
|-
| 3 || [[wiktionary:he|he]] ||
|-
| 4 || [[wiktionary:we|we]] || nis
|-
| 5 || [[wiktionary:you|you (plural)]] || sis
|-
| 6 || [[wiktionary:they|they]] || 
|-
| 7 || [[wiktionary:this|this]] ||
|-
| 8 || [[wiktionary:that|that]] || 
|-
| 9 || [[wiktionary:here|here]] || 
|-
| 10 || [[wiktionary:there|there]] || 
|-
| 11 || [[wiktionary:who|who]] || quien
|-
| 12 || [[wiktionary:what|what]] || que
|-
| 13 || [[wiktionary:where|where]] || 
|-
| 14 || [[wiktionary:when|when]] || quan
|-
| 15 || [[wiktionary:how|how]] || 
|-
| 16 || [[wiktionary:not|not]] || ne
|-
| 17 || [[wiktionary:all|all]] || welho
|-
| 18 || [[wiktionary:many|many]] || elo
|-
| 19 || [[wiktionary:some|some]] || negos
|-
| 20 || [[wiktionary:few|few]] ||
|-
| 21 || [[wiktionary:other|other]] || alho
|-
| 22 || [[wiktionary:one|one]] || ono
|-
| 23 || [[wiktionary:two|two]] || duo
|-
| 24 || [[wiktionary:three|three]] || tris
|-
| 25 || [[wiktionary:four|four]] || quiodres
|-
| 26 || [[wiktionary:five|five]] || quinque
|-
| 27 || [[wiktionary:big|big]] || maro
|-
| 28 || [[wiktionary:long|long]] || siro
|-
| 29 || [[wiktionary:wide|wide]] || 
|-
| 30 || [[wiktionary:thick|thick]] || tievo
|-
| 31 || [[wiktionary:heavy|heavy]] || 
|-
| 32 || [[wiktionary:small|small]] || beco
|-
| 33 || [[wiktionary:short|short]] || berro
|-
| 34 || [[wiktionary:narrow|narrow]] || ango 
|-
| 35 || [[wiktionary:thin|thin]] || 
|-
| 36 || [[wiktionary:woman|woman]] || biena
|-
| 37 || [[wiktionary:man|man (adult male)]] || vero
|-
| 38 || [[wiktionary:man|man (human being)]] || duenho
|-
| 39 || [[wiktionary:child|child]] || maco
|-
| 40 || [[wiktionary:wife|wife]] || 
|-
| 41 || [[wiktionary:husband|husband]] || 
|-
| 42 || [[wiktionary:mother|mother]] || madre 
|-
| 43 || [[wiktionary:father|father]] || adre 
|-
| 44 || [[wiktionary:animal|animal]] || milo 
|-
| 45 || [[wiktionary:fish|fish]] || esco
|-
| 46 || [[wiktionary:bird|bird]] || 
|-
| 47 || [[wiktionary:dog|dog]] || con
|-
| 48 || [[wiktionary:louse|louse]] || 
|-
| 49 || [[wiktionary:snake|snake]] || 
|-
| 50 || [[wiktionary:worm|worm]] || preme
|-
| 51 || [[wiktionary:tree|tree]] || prieno
|-
| 52 || [[wiktionary:forest|forest]] || 
|-
| 53 || [[wiktionary:stick|stick]] || 
|-
| 54 || [[wiktionary:fruit|fruit]] || 
|-
| 55 || [[wiktionary:seed|seed]] || silo
|-
| 56 || [[wiktionary:leaf|leaf]] || 
|-
| 57 || [[wiktionary:root|root]] || 
|-
| 58 || [[wiktionary:bark|bark]] || rosco
|-
| 59 || [[wiktionary:flower|flower]] || 
|-
| 60 || [[wiktionary:grass|grass]] || guelta
|-
| 61 || [[wiktionary:rope|rope]] || 
|-
| 62 || [[wiktionary:skin|skin]] || 
|-
| 63 || [[wiktionary:meat|meat]] || chigo
|-
| 64 || [[wiktionary:blood|blood]] || cruevo
|-
| 65 || [[wiktionary:bone|bone]] || 
|-
| 66 || [[wiktionary:fat#Noun|fat (noun)]] || 
|-
| 67 || [[wiktionary:egg|egg]] || 
|-
| 68 || [[wiktionary:horn|horn]] || 
|-
| 69 || [[wiktionary:tail|tail]] || 
|-
| 70 || [[wiktionary:feather|feather]] || 
|-
| 71 || [[wiktionary:hair|hair]] || vuelto
|-
| 72 || [[wiktionary:head|head]] || queño
|-
| 73 || [[wiktionary:ear|ear]] || closta
|-
| 74 || [[wiktionary:eye|eye]] || 
|-
| 75 || [[wiktionary:nose|nose]] || 
|-
| 76 || [[wiktionary:mouth|mouth]] || 
|-
| 77 || [[wiktionary:tooth|tooth]] || dante
|-
| 78 || [[wiktionary:tongue|tongue]] || tanguad 
|-
| 79 || [[wiktionary:fingernail|fingernail]] || 
|-
| 80 || [[wiktionary:foot|foot]] || 
|-
| 81 || [[wiktionary:leg|leg]] || 
|-
| 82 || [[wiktionary:knee|knee]] || 
|-
| 83 || [[wiktionary:hand|hand]] || 
|-
| 84 || [[wiktionary:wing|wing]] || 
|-
| 85 || [[wiktionary:belly|belly]] || 
|-
| 86 || [[wiktionary:guts|guts]] || 
|-
| 87 || [[wiktionary:neck|neck]] || 
|-
| 88 || [[wiktionary:back|back]] || 
|-
| 89 || [[wiktionary:breast|breast]] || 
|-
| 90 || [[wiktionary:heart|heart]] || 
|-
| 91 || [[wiktionary:liver|liver]] || 
|-
| 92 || [[wiktionary:drink|to drink]] || 
|-
| 93 || [[wiktionary:eat|to eat]] || 
|-
| 94 || [[wiktionary:bite|to bite]] || 
|-
| 95 || [[wiktionary:suck|to suck]] || 
|-
| 96 || [[wiktionary:spit|to spit]] || 
|-
| 97 || [[wiktionary:vomit|to vomit]] || 
|-
| 98 || [[wiktionary:blow|to blow]] || 
|-
| 99 || [[wiktionary:breathe|to breathe]] || 
|-
| 100 || [[wiktionary:laugh|to laugh]] || 
|-
| 101 || [[wiktionary:see|to see]] || 
|-
| 102 || [[wiktionary:hear|to hear]] || 
|-
| 103 || [[wiktionary:know|to know]] || 
|-
| 104 || [[wiktionary:think|to think]] || 
|-
| 105 || [[wiktionary:smell|to smell]] || 
|-
| 106 || [[wiktionary:fear|to fear]] || 
|-
| 107 || [[wiktionary:sleep|to sleep]] || 
|-
| 108 || [[wiktionary:live|to live]] || 
|-
| 109 || [[wiktionary:die|to die]] || 
|-
| 110 || [[wiktionary:kill|to kill]] || 
|-
| 111 || [[wiktionary:fight|to fight]] || 
|-
| 112 || [[wiktionary:hunt|to hunt]] || 
|-
| 113 || [[wiktionary:hit|to hit]] || 
|-
| 114 || [[wiktionary:cut|to cut]] || 
|-
| 115 || [[wiktionary:split|to split]] || 
|-
| 116 || [[wiktionary:stab|to stab]]
|-
| 117 || [[wiktionary:scratch|to scratch]] || 
|-
| 118 || [[wiktionary:dig|to dig]] || 
|-
| 119 || [[wiktionary:swim|to swim]] || 
|-
| 120 || [[wiktionary:fly|to fly]] || 
|-
| 121 || [[wiktionary:walk|to walk]] || 
|-
| 122 || [[wiktionary:come|to come]] || 
|-
| 123 || [[wiktionary:lie|to lie]] || 
|-
| 124 || [[wiktionary:sit|to sit]] || 
|-
| 125 || [[wiktionary:stand|to stand]] || 
|-
| 126 || [[wiktionary:turn|to turn]] || 
|-
| 127 || [[wiktionary:fall|to fall]] || 
|-
| 128 || [[wiktionary:give|to give]] || 
|-
| 129 || [[wiktionary:hold|to hold]] || 
|-
| 130 || [[wiktionary:squeeze|to squeeze]] || 
|-
| 131 || [[wiktionary:rub|to rub]] || 
|-
| 132 || [[wiktionary:wash|to wash]] || 
|-
| 133 || [[wiktionary:wipe|to wipe]] || 
|-
| 134 || [[wiktionary:pull|to pull]] || 
|-
| 135 || [[wiktionary:push|to push]] || 
|-
| 136 || [[wiktionary:throw|to throw]] || 
|-
| 137 || [[wiktionary:tie|to tie]] || 
|-
| 138 || [[wiktionary:sew|to sew]] || 
|-
| 139 || [[wiktionary:count|to count]] || 
|-
| 140 || [[wiktionary:say|to say]] || 
|-
| 141 || [[wiktionary:sing|to sing]] || 
|-
| 142 || [[wiktionary:play|to play]] || 
|-
| 143 || [[wiktionary:float|to float]] || 
|-
| 144 || [[wiktionary:flow|to flow]] || 
|-
| 145 || [[wiktionary:freeze|to freeze]] || 
|-
| 146 || [[wiktionary:swell|to swell]]
|-
| 147 || [[wiktionary:sun|sun]] || 
|-
| 148 || [[wiktionary:moon|moon]] || 
|-
| 149 || [[wiktionary:star|star]] || 
|-
| 150 || [[wiktionary:water|water]] || 
|-
| 151 || [[wiktionary:rain|rain]]
|-
| 152 || [[wiktionary:river|river]] || 
|-
| 153 || [[wiktionary:lake|lake]] || 
|-
| 154 || [[wiktionary:sea|sea]] || 
|-
| 155 || [[wiktionary:salt|salt]] || 
|-
| 156 || [[wiktionary:stone|stone]] || 
|-
| 157 || [[wiktionary:sand|sand]] || 
|-
| 158 || [[wiktionary:dust|dust]] || 
|-
| 159 || [[wiktionary:earth|earth]] || 
|-
| 160 || [[wiktionary:cloud|cloud]] || 
|-
| 161 || [[wiktionary:fog|fog]] || 
|-
| 162 || [[wiktionary:sky|sky]] || 
|-
| 163 || [[wiktionary:wind|wind]] || 
|-
| 164 || [[wiktionary:snow|snow]] || 
|-
| 165 || [[wiktionary:ice|ice]] || 
|-
| 166 || [[wiktionary:smoke|smoke]] || 
|-
| 167 || [[wiktionary:fire|fire]] || 
|-
| 168 || [[wiktionary:ash|ash]]
|-
| 169 || [[wiktionary:burn|burn]] || 
|-
| 170 || [[wiktionary:road|road]] || 
|-
| 171 || [[wiktionary:mountain|mountain]] || 
|-
| 172 || [[wiktionary:red|red]] || 
|-
| 173 || [[wiktionary:green|green]]
|-
| 174 || [[wiktionary:yellow|yellow]] || 
|-
| 175 || [[wiktionary:white|white]] || 
|-
| 176 || [[wiktionary:black|black]] || 
|-
| 177 || [[wiktionary:night|night]] || 
|-
| 178 || [[wiktionary:day|day]] || 
|-
| 179 || [[wiktionary:year|year]]
|-
| 180 || [[wiktionary:warm|warm]] || 
|-
| 181 || [[wiktionary:cold|cold]] || 
|-
| 182 || [[wiktionary:full|full]] || 
|-
| 183 || [[wiktionary:new|new]] || 
|-
| 184 || [[wiktionary:old|old]] || 
|-
| 185 || [[wiktionary:good|good]] || 
|-
| 186 || [[wiktionary:bad|bad]] || 
|-
| 187 || [[wiktionary:rotten|rotten]] || 
|-
| 188 || [[wiktionary:dirty|dirty]] || 
|-
| 189 || [[wiktionary:straight|straight]] || 
|-
| 190 || [[wiktionary:round|round]] || 
|-
| 191 || [[wiktionary:sharp|sharp]] || 
|-
| 192 || [[wiktionary:dull|dull]] || 
|-
| 193 || [[wiktionary:smooth|smooth]] || 
|-
| 194 || [[wiktionary:wet|wet]] || 
|-
| 195 || [[wiktionary:dry|dry]] || 
|-
| 196 || [[wiktionary:correct|correct]] || 
|-
| 197 || [[wiktionary:near|near]] || 
|-
| 198 || [[wiktionary:far|far]] || 
|-
| 199 || [[wiktionary:right|right]] || 
|-
| 200 || [[wiktionary:left|left]] || 
|-
| 201 || [[wiktionary:at|at]] || 
|-
| 202 || [[wiktionary:in|in]] || 
|-
| 203 || [[wiktionary:with|with]] || 
|-
| 204 || [[wiktionary:and|and]] || 
|-
| 205 || [[wiktionary:if|if]] || 
|-
| 206 || [[wiktionary:because|because]] || 
|-
| 207 || [[wiktionary:name|name]] || 
|}
 
==Descendent of Old Latin==
{| class="wikitable"
! '''No.''' !! [[wikipedia:English language|English]] !!
|-
| 1 || [[wiktionary:I|I]] || mu
|-
| 2 || [[wiktionary:you|you (singular)]] || tu
|-
| 3 || [[wiktionary:he|he]] || gio
|-
| 4 || [[wiktionary:we|we]] || nox
|-
| 5 || [[wiktionary:you|you (plural)]] || gox
|-
| 6 || [[wiktionary:they|they]] || giox (''m.''); giax (''f.'')
|-
| 7 || [[wiktionary:this|this]] || xicce
|-
| 8 || [[wiktionary:that|that]] || isto
|-
| 9 || [[wiktionary:here|here]] || xic
|-
| 10 || [[wiktionary:there|there]] || eve
|-
| 11 || [[wiktionary:who|who]] || quex
|-
| 12 || [[wiktionary:what|what]] || que
|-
| 13 || [[wiktionary:where|where]] || cove
|-
| 14 || [[wiktionary:when|when]] || quando
|-
| 15 || [[wiktionary:how|how]] || quan
|-
| 16 || [[wiktionary:not|not]] || ne
|-
| 17 || [[wiktionary:all|all]] || guabrix
|-
| 18 || [[wiktionary:many|many]] || moltox (''m.''); moltax (''f.'')
|-
| 19 || [[wiktionary:some|some]] || 
|-
| 20 || [[wiktionary:few|few]] || pocox; pokax
|-
| 21 || [[wiktionary:other|other]] || alio
|-
| 22 || [[wiktionary:one|one]] || gueno (''m.''); guena (''f.'')
|-
| 23 || [[wiktionary:two|two]] || dúox (''m.''); dúax (''f.'')
|-
| 24 || [[wiktionary:three|three]] || trix
|-
| 25 || [[wiktionary:four|four]] || quattor
|-
| 26 || [[wiktionary:five|five]] || chinque
|-
| 27 || [[wiktionary:big|big]] || mangro
|-
| 28 || [[wiktionary:long|long]] || luango
|-
| 29 || [[wiktionary:wide|wide]] || lato
|-
| 30 || [[wiktionary:thick|thick]] || 
|-
| 31 || [[wiktionary:heavy|heavy]] ||
|-
| 32 || [[wiktionary:small|small]] || 
|-
| 33 || [[wiktionary:short|short]] || 
|-
| 34 || [[wiktionary:narrow|narrow]] || 
|-
| 35 || [[wiktionary:thin|thin]] || 
|-
| 36 || [[wiktionary:woman|woman]] || femna
|-
| 37 || [[wiktionary:man|man (adult male)]] || guero
|-
| 38 || [[wiktionary:man|man (human being)]] || huamne
|-
| 39 || [[wiktionary:child|child]] || 
|-
| 40 || [[wiktionary:wife|wife]] || femna
|-
| 41 || [[wiktionary:husband|husband]] || guero
|-
| 42 || [[wiktionary:mother|mother]] || matre 
|-
| 43 || [[wiktionary:father|father]] || patre 
|-
| 44 || [[wiktionary:animal|animal]] || 
|-
| 45 || [[wiktionary:fish|fish]] || pesci
|-
| 46 || [[wiktionary:bird|bird]] || agui
|-
| 47 || [[wiktionary:dog|dog]] || cane
|-
| 48 || [[wiktionary:louse|louse]] || 
|-
| 49 || [[wiktionary:snake|snake]] || serpiante
|-
| 50 || [[wiktionary:worm|worm]] || ghiarmi
|-
| 51 || [[wiktionary:tree|tree]] || arbre
|-
| 52 || [[wiktionary:forest|forest]] || selgua 
|-
| 53 || [[wiktionary:stick|stick]] || 
|-
| 54 || [[wiktionary:fruit|fruit]] || pomo
|-
| 55 || [[wiktionary:seed|seed]] || 
|-
| 56 || [[wiktionary:leaf|leaf]] || folio
|-
| 57 || [[wiktionary:root|root]] || 
|-
| 58 || [[wiktionary:bark|bark]] || 
|-
| 59 || [[wiktionary:flower|flower]] || 
|-
| 60 || [[wiktionary:grass|grass]] || 
|-
| 61 || [[wiktionary:rope|rope]] || 
|-
| 62 || [[wiktionary:skin|skin]] || 
|-
| 63 || [[wiktionary:meat|meat]] || carne
|-
| 64 || [[wiktionary:blood|blood]] || 
|-
| 65 || [[wiktionary:bone|bone]] || 
|-
| 66 || [[wiktionary:fat#Noun|fat (noun)]] || 
|-
| 67 || [[wiktionary:egg|egg]] || ogo
|-
| 68 || [[wiktionary:horn|horn]] || 
|-
| 69 || [[wiktionary:tail|tail]] || 
|-
| 70 || [[wiktionary:feather|feather]] || 
|-
| 71 || [[wiktionary:hair|hair]] || 
|-
| 72 || [[wiktionary:head|head]] ||
|-
| 73 || [[wiktionary:ear|ear]] || 
|-
| 74 || [[wiktionary:eye|eye]] || guaclo
|-
| 75 || [[wiktionary:nose|nose]] || naso
|-
| 76 || [[wiktionary:mouth|mouth]] || 
|-
| 77 || [[wiktionary:tooth|tooth]] || diante
|-
| 78 || [[wiktionary:tongue|tongue]] || dengua 
|-
| 79 || [[wiktionary:fingernail|fingernail]] || 
|-
| 80 || [[wiktionary:foot|foot]] || 
|-
| 81 || [[wiktionary:leg|leg]] || 
|-
| 82 || [[wiktionary:knee|knee]] || 
|-
| 83 || [[wiktionary:hand|hand]] || 
|-
| 84 || [[wiktionary:wing|wing]] || 
|-
| 85 || [[wiktionary:belly|belly]] || 
|-
| 86 || [[wiktionary:guts|guts]] || 
|-
| 87 || [[wiktionary:neck|neck]] || 
|-
| 88 || [[wiktionary:back|back]] || 
|-
| 89 || [[wiktionary:breast|breast]] || 
|-
| 90 || [[wiktionary:heart|heart]] || 
|-
| 91 || [[wiktionary:liver|liver]] || 
|-
| 92 || [[wiktionary:drink|to drink]] || bivre, bivo, beve
|-
| 93 || [[wiktionary:eat|to eat]] || giadre, giado, gede
|-
| 94 || [[wiktionary:bite|to bite]] || 
|-
| 95 || [[wiktionary:suck|to suck]] || 
|-
| 96 || [[wiktionary:spit|to spit]] || 
|-
| 97 || [[wiktionary:vomit|to vomit]] || guamre, guamo, gome
|-
| 98 || [[wiktionary:blow|to blow]] || 
|-
| 99 || [[wiktionary:breathe|to breathe]] || 
|-
| 100 || [[wiktionary:laugh|to laugh]] || 
|-
| 101 || [[wiktionary:see|to see]] || guedere, guedio, guise
|-
| 102 || [[wiktionary:hear|to hear]] || odire, odio, odigue
|-
| 103 || [[wiktionary:know|to know]] || groscre, grosco, grogue
|-
| 104 || [[wiktionary:think|to think]] || 
|-
| 105 || [[wiktionary:smell|to smell]] || sentire, sianto, sentigue
|-
| 106 || [[wiktionary:fear|to fear]] || 
|-
| 107 || [[wiktionary:sleep|to sleep]] || 
|-
| 108 || [[wiktionary:live|to live]] || guigre, guigo, guige 
|-
| 109 || [[wiktionary:die|to die]] || 
|-
| 110 || [[wiktionary:kill|to kill]] || 
|-
| 111 || [[wiktionary:fight|to fight]] || 
|-
| 112 || [[wiktionary:hunt|to hunt]] || 
|-
| 113 || [[wiktionary:hit|to hit]] || 
|-
| 114 || [[wiktionary:cut|to cut]] || 
|-
| 115 || [[wiktionary:split|to split]] || 
|-
| 116 || [[wiktionary:stab|to stab]]
|-
| 117 || [[wiktionary:scratch|to scratch]] || 
|-
| 118 || [[wiktionary:dig|to dig]] || 
|-
| 119 || [[wiktionary:swim|to swim]] || 
|-
| 120 || [[wiktionary:fly|to fly]] || 
|-
| 121 || [[wiktionary:walk|to walk]] || 
|-
| 122 || [[wiktionary:come|to come]] || 
|-
| 123 || [[wiktionary:lie|to lie]] || 
|-
| 124 || [[wiktionary:sit|to sit]] || 
|-
| 125 || [[wiktionary:stand|to stand]] || 
|-
| 126 || [[wiktionary:turn|to turn]] || 
|-
| 127 || [[wiktionary:fall|to fall]] || 
|-
| 128 || [[wiktionary:give|to give]] || 
|-
| 129 || [[wiktionary:hold|to hold]] || 
|-
| 130 || [[wiktionary:squeeze|to squeeze]] || 
|-
| 131 || [[wiktionary:rub|to rub]] || 
|-
| 132 || [[wiktionary:wash|to wash]] || 
|-
| 133 || [[wiktionary:wipe|to wipe]] || 
|-
| 134 || [[wiktionary:pull|to pull]] || 
|-
| 135 || [[wiktionary:push|to push]] || 
|-
| 136 || [[wiktionary:throw|to throw]] || 
|-
| 137 || [[wiktionary:tie|to tie]] || 
|-
| 138 || [[wiktionary:sew|to sew]] || 
|-
| 139 || [[wiktionary:count|to count]] || 
|-
| 140 || [[wiktionary:say|to say]] || 
|-
| 141 || [[wiktionary:sing|to sing]] || 
|-
| 142 || [[wiktionary:play|to play]] || 
|-
| 143 || [[wiktionary:float|to float]] || 
|-
| 144 || [[wiktionary:flow|to flow]] || 
|-
| 145 || [[wiktionary:freeze|to freeze]] || 
|-
| 146 || [[wiktionary:swell|to swell]]
|-
| 147 || [[wiktionary:sun|sun]] || sol
|-
| 148 || [[wiktionary:moon|moon]] || lona
|-
| 149 || [[wiktionary:star|star]] || 
|-
| 150 || [[wiktionary:water|water]] || aqua
|-
| 151 || [[wiktionary:rain|rain]]
|-
| 152 || [[wiktionary:river|river]] || 
|-
| 153 || [[wiktionary:lake|lake]] || 
|-
| 154 || [[wiktionary:sea|sea]] || mare
|-
| 155 || [[wiktionary:salt|salt]] || 
|-
| 156 || [[wiktionary:stone|stone]] || 
|-
| 157 || [[wiktionary:sand|sand]] || 
|-
| 158 || [[wiktionary:dust|dust]] || 
|-
| 159 || [[wiktionary:earth|earth]] || tiarra
|-
| 160 || [[wiktionary:cloud|cloud]] || 
|-
| 161 || [[wiktionary:fog|fog]] || 
|-
| 162 || [[wiktionary:sky|sky]] || celo
|-
| 163 || [[wiktionary:wind|wind]] || ghianto
|-
| 164 || [[wiktionary:snow|snow]] || 
|-
| 165 || [[wiktionary:ice|ice]] || 
|-
| 166 || [[wiktionary:smoke|smoke]] || 
|-
| 167 || [[wiktionary:fire|fire]] || 
|-
| 168 || [[wiktionary:ash|ash]] ||
|-
| 169 || [[wiktionary:burn|burn]] || 
|-
| 170 || [[wiktionary:road|road]] || 
|-
| 171 || [[wiktionary:mountain|mountain]] || muante
|-
| 172 || [[wiktionary:red|red]] ||
|-
| 173 || [[wiktionary:green|green]] ||
|-
| 174 || [[wiktionary:yellow|yellow]] || 
|-
| 175 || [[wiktionary:white|white]] || albo
|-
| 176 || [[wiktionary:black|black]] || negro
|-
| 177 || [[wiktionary:night|night]] || noapte
|-
| 178 || [[wiktionary:day|day]] || día
|-
| 179 || [[wiktionary:year|year]] || anno
|-
| 180 || [[wiktionary:warm|warm]] || 
|-
| 181 || [[wiktionary:cold|cold]] || 
|-
| 182 || [[wiktionary:full|full]] || pleno
|-
| 183 || [[wiktionary:new|new]] || nogo
|-
| 184 || [[wiktionary:old|old]] || seno
|-
| 185 || [[wiktionary:good|good]] || dueno
|-
| 186 || [[wiktionary:bad|bad]] || malo
|-
| 187 || [[wiktionary:rotten|rotten]] || 
|-
| 188 || [[wiktionary:dirty|dirty]] || 
|-
| 189 || [[wiktionary:straight|straight]] || 
|-
| 190 || [[wiktionary:round|round]] || 
|-
| 191 || [[wiktionary:sharp|sharp]] || 
|-
| 192 || [[wiktionary:dull|dull]] || 
|-
| 193 || [[wiktionary:smooth|smooth]] || 
|-
| 194 || [[wiktionary:wet|wet]] || 
|-
| 195 || [[wiktionary:dry|dry]] || secco
|-
| 196 || [[wiktionary:correct|correct]] || 
|-
| 197 || [[wiktionary:near|near]] || 
|-
| 198 || [[wiktionary:far|far]] || 
|-
| 199 || [[wiktionary:right|right]] || 
|-
| 200 || [[wiktionary:left|left]] || 
|-
| 201 || [[wiktionary:at|at]] || a
|-
| 202 || [[wiktionary:in|in]] || en
|-
| 203 || [[wiktionary:with|with]] || con
|-
| 204 || [[wiktionary:and|and]] || e
|-
| 205 || [[wiktionary:if|if]] || 
|-
| 206 || [[wiktionary:because|because]] || 
|-
| 207 || [[wiktionary:name|name]] || nome
|}
 
==Blank Swadesh list==
<table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;">
<tr>
<th>'''No.'''</th>
<th>[[wikipedia:English language|English]]</th>
<th> </th>
</tr>
<tr><th>1</th><th>[[wiktionary:I|I]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>2</th><th>[[wiktionary:you|you (singular)]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>3</th><th>[[wiktionary:he|he]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>4</th><th>[[wiktionary:we|we]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>5</th><th>[[wiktionary:you|you (plural)]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>6</th><th>[[wiktionary:they|they]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>7</th><th>[[wiktionary:this|this]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>8</th><th>[[wiktionary:that|that]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>9</th><th>[[wiktionary:here|here]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>10</th><th>[[wiktionary:there|there]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>11</th><th>[[wiktionary:who|who]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>12</th><th>[[wiktionary:what|what]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>13</th><th>[[wiktionary:where|where]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>14</th><th>[[wiktionary:when|when]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>15</th><th>[[wiktionary:how|how]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>16</th><th>[[wiktionary:not|not]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>17</th><th>[[wiktionary:all|all]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>18</th><th>[[wiktionary:many|many]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>19</th><th>[[wiktionary:some|some]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>20</th><th>[[wiktionary:few|few]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>21</th><th>[[wiktionary:other|other]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>22</th><th>[[wiktionary:one|one]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>23</th><th>[[wiktionary:two|two]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>24</th><th>[[wiktionary:three|three]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>25</th><th>[[wiktionary:four|four]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>26</th><th>[[wiktionary:five|five]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>27</th><th>[[wiktionary:big|big]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>28</th><th>[[wiktionary:long|long]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>29</th><th>[[wiktionary:wide|wide]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>30</th><th>[[wiktionary:thick|thick]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>31</th><th>[[wiktionary:heavy|heavy]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>32</th><th>[[wiktionary:small|small]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>33</th><th>[[wiktionary:short|short]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>34</th><th>[[wiktionary:narrow|narrow]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>35</th><th>[[wiktionary:thin|thin]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>36</th><th>[[wiktionary:woman|woman]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>37</th><th>[[wiktionary:man|man (adult male)]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>38</th><th>[[wiktionary:man|man (human being)]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>39</th><th>[[wiktionary:child|child]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>40</th><th>[[wiktionary:wife|wife]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>41</th><th>[[wiktionary:husband|husband]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>42</th><th>[[wiktionary:mother|mother]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>43</th><th>[[wiktionary:father|father]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>44</th><th>[[wiktionary:animal|animal]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>45</th><th>[[wiktionary:fish|fish]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>46</th><th>[[wiktionary:bird|bird]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>47</th><th>[[wiktionary:dog|dog]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>48</th><th>[[wiktionary:louse|louse]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>49</th><th>[[wiktionary:snake|snake]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>50</th><th>[[wiktionary:worm|worm]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>51</th><th>[[wiktionary:tree|tree]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>52</th><th>[[wiktionary:forest|forest]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>53</th><th>[[wiktionary:stick|stick]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>54</th><th>[[wiktionary:fruit|fruit]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>55</th><th>[[wiktionary:seed|seed]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>56</th><th>[[wiktionary:leaf|leaf]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>57</th><th>[[wiktionary:root|root]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>58</th><th>[[wiktionary:bark|bark]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>59</th><th>[[wiktionary:flower|flower]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>60</th><th>[[wiktionary:grass|grass]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>61</th><th>[[wiktionary:rope|rope]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>62</th><th>[[wiktionary:skin|skin]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>63</th><th>[[wiktionary:meat|meat]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>64</th><th>[[wiktionary:blood|blood]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>65</th><th>[[wiktionary:bone|bone]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>66</th><th>[[wiktionary:fat#Noun|fat (noun)]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>67</th><th>[[wiktionary:egg|egg]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>68</th><th>[[wiktionary:horn|horn]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>69</th><th>[[wiktionary:tail|tail]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>70</th><th>[[wiktionary:feather|feather]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>71</th><th>[[wiktionary:hair|hair]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>72</th><th>[[wiktionary:head|head]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>73</th><th>[[wiktionary:ear|ear]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>74</th><th>[[wiktionary:eye|eye]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>75</th><th>[[wiktionary:nose|nose]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>76</th><th>[[wiktionary:mouth|mouth]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>77</th><th>[[wiktionary:tooth|tooth]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>78</th><th>[[wiktionary:tongue|tongue]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>79</th><th>[[wiktionary:fingernail|fingernail]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>80</th><th>[[wiktionary:foot|foot]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>81</th><th>[[wiktionary:leg|leg]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>82</th><th>[[wiktionary:knee|knee]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>83</th><th>[[wiktionary:hand|hand]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>84</th><th>[[wiktionary:wing|wing]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>85</th><th>[[wiktionary:belly|belly]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>86</th><th>[[wiktionary:guts|guts]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>87</th><th>[[wiktionary:neck|neck]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>88</th><th>[[wiktionary:back|back]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>89</th><th>[[wiktionary:breast|breast]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>90</th><th>[[wiktionary:heart|heart]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>91</th><th>[[wiktionary:liver|liver]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>92</th><th>[[wiktionary:drink|drink]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>93</th><th>[[wiktionary:eat|eat]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>94</th><th>[[wiktionary:bite|bite]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>95</th><th>[[wiktionary:suck|suck]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>96</th><th>[[wiktionary:spit|spit]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>97</th><th>[[wiktionary:vomit|vomit]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>98</th><th>[[wiktionary:blow|blow]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>99</th><th>[[wiktionary:breathe|breathe]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>100</th><th>[[wiktionary:laugh|laugh]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>101</th><th>[[wiktionary:see|see]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>102</th><th>[[wiktionary:hear|hear]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>103</th><th>[[wiktionary:know|know]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>104</th><th>[[wiktionary:think|think]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>105</th><th>[[wiktionary:smell|smell]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>106</th><th>[[wiktionary:fear|fear]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>107</th><th>[[wiktionary:sleep|sleep]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>108</th><th>[[wiktionary:live|live]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>109</th><th>[[wiktionary:die|die]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>110</th><th>[[wiktionary:kill|kill]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>111</th><th>[[wiktionary:fight|fight]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>112</th><th>[[wiktionary:hunt|hunt]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>113</th><th>[[wiktionary:hit|hit]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>114</th><th>[[wiktionary:cut|cut]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>115</th><th>[[wiktionary:split|split]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>116</th><th>[[wiktionary:stab|stab]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>117</th><th>[[wiktionary:scratch|scratch]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>118</th><th>[[wiktionary:dig|dig]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>119</th><th>[[wiktionary:swim|swim]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>120</th><th>[[wiktionary:fly|fly]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>121</th><th>[[wiktionary:walk|walk]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>122</th><th>[[wiktionary:come|come]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>123</th><th>[[wiktionary:lie|lie]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>124</th><th>[[wiktionary:sit|sit]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>125</th><th>[[wiktionary:stand|stand]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>126</th><th>[[wiktionary:turn|turn]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>127</th><th>[[wiktionary:fall|fall]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>128</th><th>[[wiktionary:give|give]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>129</th><th>[[wiktionary:hold|hold]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>130</th><th>[[wiktionary:squeeze|squeeze]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>131</th><th>[[wiktionary:rub|rub]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>132</th><th>[[wiktionary:wash|wash]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>133</th><th>[[wiktionary:wipe|wipe]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>134</th><th>[[wiktionary:pull|pull]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>135</th><th>[[wiktionary:push|push]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>136</th><th>[[wiktionary:throw|throw]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>137</th><th>[[wiktionary:tie|tie]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>138</th><th>[[wiktionary:sew|sew]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>139</th><th>[[wiktionary:count|count]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>140</th><th>[[wiktionary:say|say]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>141</th><th>[[wiktionary:sing|sing]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>142</th><th>[[wiktionary:play|play]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>143</th><th>[[wiktionary:float|float]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>144</th><th>[[wiktionary:flow|flow]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>145</th><th>[[wiktionary:freeze|freeze]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>146</th><th>[[wiktionary:swell|swell]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>147</th><th>[[wiktionary:sun|sun]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>148</th><th>[[wiktionary:moon|moon]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>149</th><th>[[wiktionary:star|star]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>150</th><th>[[wiktionary:water|water]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>151</th><th>[[wiktionary:rain|rain]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>152</th><th>[[wiktionary:river|river]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>153</th><th>[[wiktionary:lake|lake]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>154</th><th>[[wiktionary:sea|sea]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>155</th><th>[[wiktionary:salt|salt]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>156</th><th>[[wiktionary:stone|stone]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>157</th><th>[[wiktionary:sand|sand]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>158</th><th>[[wiktionary:dust|dust]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>159</th><th>[[wiktionary:earth|earth]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>160</th><th>[[wiktionary:cloud|cloud]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>161</th><th>[[wiktionary:fog|fog]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>162</th><th>[[wiktionary:sky|sky]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>163</th><th>[[wiktionary:wind|wind]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>164</th><th>[[wiktionary:snow|snow]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>165</th><th>[[wiktionary:ice|ice]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>166</th><th>[[wiktionary:smoke|smoke]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>167</th><th>[[wiktionary:fire|fire]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>168</th><th>[[wiktionary:ash|ash]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>169</th><th>[[wiktionary:burn|burn]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>170</th><th>[[wiktionary:road|road]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>171</th><th>[[wiktionary:mountain|mountain]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>172</th><th>[[wiktionary:red|red]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>173</th><th>[[wiktionary:green|green]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>174</th><th>[[wiktionary:yellow|yellow]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>175</th><th>[[wiktionary:white|white]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>176</th><th>[[wiktionary:black|black]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>177</th><th>[[wiktionary:night|night]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>178</th><th>[[wiktionary:day|day]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>179</th><th>[[wiktionary:year|year]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>180</th><th>[[wiktionary:warm|warm]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>181</th><th>[[wiktionary:cold|cold]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>182</th><th>[[wiktionary:full|full]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>183</th><th>[[wiktionary:new|new]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>184</th><th>[[wiktionary:old|old]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>185</th><th>[[wiktionary:good|good]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>186</th><th>[[wiktionary:bad|bad]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>187</th><th>[[wiktionary:rotten|rotten]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>188</th><th>[[wiktionary:dirty|dirty]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>189</th><th>[[wiktionary:straight|straight]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>190</th><th>[[wiktionary:round|round]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>191</th><th>[[wiktionary:sharp|sharp]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>192</th><th>[[wiktionary:dull|dull]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>193</th><th>[[wiktionary:smooth|smooth]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>194</th><th>[[wiktionary:wet|wet]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>195</th><th>[[wiktionary:dry|dry]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>196</th><th>[[wiktionary:correct|correct]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>197</th><th>[[wiktionary:near|near]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>198</th><th>[[wiktionary:far|far]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>199</th><th>[[wiktionary:right|right]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>200</th><th>[[wiktionary:left|left]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>201</th><th>[[wiktionary:at|at]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>202</th><th>[[wiktionary:in|in]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>203</th><th>[[wiktionary:with|with]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>204</th><th>[[wiktionary:and|and]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>205</th><th>[[wiktionary:if|if]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>206</th><th>[[wiktionary:because|because]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>207</th><th>[[wiktionary:name|name]]</th><td> </td></tr>
</table>
 
==Blank Swadesh list==
<table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;">
<tr>
<th>'''No.'''</th>
<th>[[wikipedia:English language|English]]</th>
<th> </th>
</tr>
<tr><th>1</th><th>[[wiktionary:I|I]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>2</th><th>[[wiktionary:you|you (singular)]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>3</th><th>[[wiktionary:he|he]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>4</th><th>[[wiktionary:we|we]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>5</th><th>[[wiktionary:you|you (plural)]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>6</th><th>[[wiktionary:they|they]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>7</th><th>[[wiktionary:this|this]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>8</th><th>[[wiktionary:that|that]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>9</th><th>[[wiktionary:here|here]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>10</th><th>[[wiktionary:there|there]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>11</th><th>[[wiktionary:who|who]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>12</th><th>[[wiktionary:what|what]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>13</th><th>[[wiktionary:where|where]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>14</th><th>[[wiktionary:when|when]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>15</th><th>[[wiktionary:how|how]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>16</th><th>[[wiktionary:not|not]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>17</th><th>[[wiktionary:all|all]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>18</th><th>[[wiktionary:many|many]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>19</th><th>[[wiktionary:some|some]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>20</th><th>[[wiktionary:few|few]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>21</th><th>[[wiktionary:other|other]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>22</th><th>[[wiktionary:one|one]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>23</th><th>[[wiktionary:two|two]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>24</th><th>[[wiktionary:three|three]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>25</th><th>[[wiktionary:four|four]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>26</th><th>[[wiktionary:five|five]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>27</th><th>[[wiktionary:big|big]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>28</th><th>[[wiktionary:long|long]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>29</th><th>[[wiktionary:wide|wide]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>30</th><th>[[wiktionary:thick|thick]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>31</th><th>[[wiktionary:heavy|heavy]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>32</th><th>[[wiktionary:small|small]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>33</th><th>[[wiktionary:short|short]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>34</th><th>[[wiktionary:narrow|narrow]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>35</th><th>[[wiktionary:thin|thin]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>36</th><th>[[wiktionary:woman|woman]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>37</th><th>[[wiktionary:man|man (adult male)]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>38</th><th>[[wiktionary:man|man (human being)]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>39</th><th>[[wiktionary:child|child]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>40</th><th>[[wiktionary:wife|wife]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>41</th><th>[[wiktionary:husband|husband]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>42</th><th>[[wiktionary:mother|mother]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>43</th><th>[[wiktionary:father|father]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>44</th><th>[[wiktionary:animal|animal]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>45</th><th>[[wiktionary:fish|fish]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>46</th><th>[[wiktionary:bird|bird]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>47</th><th>[[wiktionary:dog|dog]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>48</th><th>[[wiktionary:louse|louse]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>49</th><th>[[wiktionary:snake|snake]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>50</th><th>[[wiktionary:worm|worm]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>51</th><th>[[wiktionary:tree|tree]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>52</th><th>[[wiktionary:forest|forest]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>53</th><th>[[wiktionary:stick|stick]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>54</th><th>[[wiktionary:fruit|fruit]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>55</th><th>[[wiktionary:seed|seed]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>56</th><th>[[wiktionary:leaf|leaf]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>57</th><th>[[wiktionary:root|root]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>58</th><th>[[wiktionary:bark|bark]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>59</th><th>[[wiktionary:flower|flower]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>60</th><th>[[wiktionary:grass|grass]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>61</th><th>[[wiktionary:rope|rope]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>62</th><th>[[wiktionary:skin|skin]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>63</th><th>[[wiktionary:meat|meat]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>64</th><th>[[wiktionary:blood|blood]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>65</th><th>[[wiktionary:bone|bone]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>66</th><th>[[wiktionary:fat#Noun|fat (noun)]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>67</th><th>[[wiktionary:egg|egg]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>68</th><th>[[wiktionary:horn|horn]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>69</th><th>[[wiktionary:tail|tail]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>70</th><th>[[wiktionary:feather|feather]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>71</th><th>[[wiktionary:hair|hair]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>72</th><th>[[wiktionary:head|head]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>73</th><th>[[wiktionary:ear|ear]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>74</th><th>[[wiktionary:eye|eye]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>75</th><th>[[wiktionary:nose|nose]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>76</th><th>[[wiktionary:mouth|mouth]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>77</th><th>[[wiktionary:tooth|tooth]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>78</th><th>[[wiktionary:tongue|tongue]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>79</th><th>[[wiktionary:fingernail|fingernail]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>80</th><th>[[wiktionary:foot|foot]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>81</th><th>[[wiktionary:leg|leg]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>82</th><th>[[wiktionary:knee|knee]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>83</th><th>[[wiktionary:hand|hand]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>84</th><th>[[wiktionary:wing|wing]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>85</th><th>[[wiktionary:belly|belly]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>86</th><th>[[wiktionary:guts|guts]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>87</th><th>[[wiktionary:neck|neck]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>88</th><th>[[wiktionary:back|back]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>89</th><th>[[wiktionary:breast|breast]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>90</th><th>[[wiktionary:heart|heart]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>91</th><th>[[wiktionary:liver|liver]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>92</th><th>[[wiktionary:drink|to drink]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>93</th><th>[[wiktionary:eat|to eat]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>94</th><th>[[wiktionary:bite|to bite]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>95</th><th>[[wiktionary:suck|to suck]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>96</th><th>[[wiktionary:spit|to spit]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>97</th><th>[[wiktionary:vomit|to vomit]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>98</th><th>[[wiktionary:blow|to blow]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>99</th><th>[[wiktionary:breathe|to breathe]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>100</th><th>[[wiktionary:laugh|to laugh]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>101</th><th>[[wiktionary:see|to see]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>102</th><th>[[wiktionary:hear|to hear]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>103</th><th>[[wiktionary:know|to know]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>104</th><th>[[wiktionary:think|to think]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>105</th><th>[[wiktionary:smell|to smell]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>106</th><th>[[wiktionary:fear|to fear]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>107</th><th>[[wiktionary:sleep|to sleep]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>108</th><th>[[wiktionary:live|to live]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>109</th><th>[[wiktionary:die|to die]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>110</th><th>[[wiktionary:kill|to kill]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>111</th><th>[[wiktionary:fight|to fight]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>112</th><th>[[wiktionary:hunt|to hunt]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>113</th><th>[[wiktionary:hit|to hit]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>114</th><th>[[wiktionary:cut|to cut]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>115</th><th>[[wiktionary:split|to split]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>116</th><th>[[wiktionary:stab|to stab]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>117</th><th>[[wiktionary:scratch|to scratch]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>118</th><th>[[wiktionary:dig|to dig]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>119</th><th>[[wiktionary:swim|to swim]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>120</th><th>[[wiktionary:fly|to fly]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>121</th><th>[[wiktionary:walk|to walk]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>122</th><th>[[wiktionary:come|to come]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>123</th><th>[[wiktionary:lie|to lie]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>124</th><th>[[wiktionary:sit|to sit]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>125</th><th>[[wiktionary:stand|to stand]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>126</th><th>[[wiktionary:turn|to turn]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>127</th><th>[[wiktionary:fall|to fall]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>128</th><th>[[wiktionary:give|to give]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>129</th><th>[[wiktionary:hold|to hold]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>130</th><th>[[wiktionary:squeeze|to squeeze]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>131</th><th>[[wiktionary:rub|to rub]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>132</th><th>[[wiktionary:wash|to wash]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>133</th><th>[[wiktionary:wipe|to wipe]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>134</th><th>[[wiktionary:pull|to pull]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>135</th><th>[[wiktionary:push|to push]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>136</th><th>[[wiktionary:throw|to throw]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>137</th><th>[[wiktionary:tie|to tie]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>138</th><th>[[wiktionary:sew|to sew]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>139</th><th>[[wiktionary:count|to count]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>140</th><th>[[wiktionary:say|to say]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>141</th><th>[[wiktionary:sing|to sing]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>142</th><th>[[wiktionary:play|to play]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>143</th><th>[[wiktionary:float|to float]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>144</th><th>[[wiktionary:flow|to flow]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>145</th><th>[[wiktionary:freeze|to freeze]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>146</th><th>[[wiktionary:swell|to swell]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>147</th><th>[[wiktionary:sun|sun]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>148</th><th>[[wiktionary:moon|moon]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>149</th><th>[[wiktionary:star|star]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>150</th><th>[[wiktionary:water|water]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>151</th><th>[[wiktionary:rain|rain]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>152</th><th>[[wiktionary:river|river]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>153</th><th>[[wiktionary:lake|lake]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>154</th><th>[[wiktionary:sea|sea]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>155</th><th>[[wiktionary:salt|salt]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>156</th><th>[[wiktionary:stone|stone]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>157</th><th>[[wiktionary:sand|sand]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>158</th><th>[[wiktionary:dust|dust]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>159</th><th>[[wiktionary:earth|earth]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>160</th><th>[[wiktionary:cloud|cloud]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>161</th><th>[[wiktionary:fog|fog]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>162</th><th>[[wiktionary:sky|sky]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>163</th><th>[[wiktionary:wind|wind]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>164</th><th>[[wiktionary:snow|snow]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>165</th><th>[[wiktionary:ice|ice]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>166</th><th>[[wiktionary:smoke|smoke]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>167</th><th>[[wiktionary:fire|fire]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>168</th><th>[[wiktionary:ash|ash]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>169</th><th>[[wiktionary:burn|burn]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>170</th><th>[[wiktionary:road|road]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>171</th><th>[[wiktionary:mountain|mountain]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>172</th><th>[[wiktionary:red|red]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>173</th><th>[[wiktionary:green|green]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>174</th><th>[[wiktionary:yellow|yellow]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>175</th><th>[[wiktionary:white|white]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>176</th><th>[[wiktionary:black|black]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>177</th><th>[[wiktionary:night|night]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>178</th><th>[[wiktionary:day|day]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>179</th><th>[[wiktionary:year|year]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>180</th><th>[[wiktionary:warm|warm]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>181</th><th>[[wiktionary:cold|cold]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>182</th><th>[[wiktionary:full|full]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>183</th><th>[[wiktionary:new|new]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>184</th><th>[[wiktionary:old|old]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>185</th><th>[[wiktionary:good|good]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>186</th><th>[[wiktionary:bad|bad]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>187</th><th>[[wiktionary:rotten|rotten]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>188</th><th>[[wiktionary:dirty|dirty]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>189</th><th>[[wiktionary:straight|straight]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>190</th><th>[[wiktionary:round|round]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>191</th><th>[[wiktionary:sharp|sharp]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>192</th><th>[[wiktionary:dull|dull]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>193</th><th>[[wiktionary:smooth|smooth]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>194</th><th>[[wiktionary:wet|wet]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>195</th><th>[[wiktionary:dry|dry]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>196</th><th>[[wiktionary:correct|correct]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>197</th><th>[[wiktionary:near|near]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>198</th><th>[[wiktionary:far|far]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>199</th><th>[[wiktionary:right|right]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>200</th><th>[[wiktionary:left|left]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>201</th><th>[[wiktionary:at|at]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>202</th><th>[[wiktionary:in|in]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>203</th><th>[[wiktionary:with|with]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>204</th><th>[[wiktionary:and|and]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>205</th><th>[[wiktionary:if|if]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>206</th><th>[[wiktionary:because|because]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>207</th><th>[[wiktionary:name|name]]</th><td> </td></tr>
</table>
==Blank Swadesh List (WikiMedia Format)==
{| class="wikitable"
! '''No.''' !! [[wikipedia:English language|English]] !! 
|-
| 1 || [[wiktionary:I|I]] || 
|-
| 2 || [[wiktionary:you|you (singular)]] || 
|-
| 3 || [[wiktionary:he|he]] || 
|-
| 4 || [[wiktionary:we|we]] || 
|-
| 5 || [[wiktionary:you|you (plural)]] || 
|-
| 6 || [[wiktionary:they|they]] || 
|-
| 7 || [[wiktionary:this|this]] || 
|-
| 8 || [[wiktionary:that|that]] || 
|-
| 9 || [[wiktionary:here|here]] || 
|-
| 10 || [[wiktionary:there|there]] || 
|-
| 11 || [[wiktionary:who|who]] || 
|-
| 12 || [[wiktionary:what|what]] || 
|-
| 13 || [[wiktionary:where|where]] || 
|-
| 14 || [[wiktionary:when|when]] || 
|-
| 15 || [[wiktionary:how|how]] || 
|-
| 16 || [[wiktionary:not|not]] || 
|-
| 17 || [[wiktionary:all|all]] || 
|-
| 18 || [[wiktionary:many|many]] || 
|-
| 19 || [[wiktionary:some|some]] || 
|-
| 20 || [[wiktionary:few|few]] || 
|-
| 21 || [[wiktionary:other|other]] || 
|-
| 22 || [[wiktionary:one|one]] || 
|-
| 23 || [[wiktionary:two|two]] || 
|-
| 24 || [[wiktionary:three|three]] || 
|-
| 25 || [[wiktionary:four|four]] || 
|-
| 26 || [[wiktionary:five|five]] || 
|-
| 27 || [[wiktionary:big|big]] || 
|-
| 28 || [[wiktionary:long|long]] || 
|-
| 29 || [[wiktionary:wide|wide]] || 
|-
| 30 || [[wiktionary:thick|thick]] || 
|-
| 31 || [[wiktionary:heavy|heavy]] || 
|-
| 32 || [[wiktionary:small|small]] || 
|-
| 33 || [[wiktionary:short|short]] || 
|-
| 34 || [[wiktionary:narrow|narrow]] || 
|-
| 35 || [[wiktionary:thin|thin]] || 
|-
| 36 || [[wiktionary:woman|woman]] || 
|-
| 37 || [[wiktionary:man|man (adult male)]] || 
|-
| 38 || [[wiktionary:man|man (human being)]] || 
|-
| 39 || [[wiktionary:child|child]] || 
|-
| 40 || [[wiktionary:wife|wife]] || 
|-
| 41 || [[wiktionary:husband|husband]] || 
|-
| 42 || [[wiktionary:mother|mother]] || 
|-
| 43 || [[wiktionary:father|father]] || 
|-
| 44 || [[wiktionary:animal|animal]] || 
|-
| 45 || [[wiktionary:fish|fish]] || 
|-
| 46 || [[wiktionary:bird|bird]] || 
|-
| 47 || [[wiktionary:dog|dog]] || 
|-
| 48 || [[wiktionary:louse|louse]] || 
|-
| 49 || [[wiktionary:snake|snake]] || 
|-
| 50 || [[wiktionary:worm|worm]] || 
|-
| 51 || [[wiktionary:tree|tree]] || 
|-
| 52 || [[wiktionary:forest|forest]] || 
|-
| 53 || [[wiktionary:stick|stick]] || 
|-
| 54 || [[wiktionary:fruit|fruit]] || 
|-
| 55 || [[wiktionary:seed|seed]] || 
|-
| 56 || [[wiktionary:leaf|leaf]] || 
|-
| 57 || [[wiktionary:root|root]] || 
|-
| 58 || [[wiktionary:bark|bark]] || 
|-
| 59 || [[wiktionary:flower|flower]] || 
|-
| 60 || [[wiktionary:grass|grass]] || 
|-
| 61 || [[wiktionary:rope|rope]] || 
|-
| 62 || [[wiktionary:skin|skin]] || 
|-
| 63 || [[wiktionary:meat|meat]] || 
|-
| 64 || [[wiktionary:blood|blood]] || 
|-
| 65 || [[wiktionary:bone|bone]] || 
|-
| 66 || [[wiktionary:fat#Noun|fat (noun)]] || 
|-
| 67 || [[wiktionary:egg|egg]] || 
|-
| 68 || [[wiktionary:horn|horn]] || 
|-
| 69 || [[wiktionary:tail|tail]] || 
|-
| 70 || [[wiktionary:feather|feather]] || 
|-
| 71 || [[wiktionary:hair|hair]] || 
|-
| 72 || [[wiktionary:head|head]] || 
|-
| 73 || [[wiktionary:ear|ear]] || 
|-
| 74 || [[wiktionary:eye|eye]] || 
|-
| 75 || [[wiktionary:nose|nose]] || 
|-
| 76 || [[wiktionary:mouth|mouth]] || 
|-
| 77 || [[wiktionary:tooth|tooth]] || 
|-
| 78 || [[wiktionary:tongue|tongue]] || 
|-
| 79 || [[wiktionary:fingernail|fingernail]] || 
|-
| 80 || [[wiktionary:foot|foot]] || 
|-
| 81 || [[wiktionary:leg|leg]] || 
|-
| 82 || [[wiktionary:knee|knee]] || 
|-
| 83 || [[wiktionary:hand|hand]] || 
|-
| 84 || [[wiktionary:wing|wing]] || 
|-
| 85 || [[wiktionary:belly|belly]] || 
|-
| 86 || [[wiktionary:guts|guts]] || 
|-
| 87 || [[wiktionary:neck|neck]] || 
|-
| 88 || [[wiktionary:back|back]] || 
|-
| 89 || [[wiktionary:breast|breast]] || 
|-
| 90 || [[wiktionary:heart|heart]] || 
|-
| 91 || [[wiktionary:liver|liver]] || 
|-
| 92 || [[wiktionary:drink|to drink]] || 
|-
| 93 || [[wiktionary:eat|to eat]] || 
|-
| 94 || [[wiktionary:bite|to bite]] || 
|-
| 95 || [[wiktionary:suck|to suck]] || 
|-
| 96 || [[wiktionary:spit|to spit]] || 
|-
| 97 || [[wiktionary:vomit|to vomit]] || 
|-
| 98 || [[wiktionary:blow|to blow]] || 
|-
| 99 || [[wiktionary:breathe|to breathe]] || 
|-
| 100 || [[wiktionary:laugh|to laugh]] || 
|-
| 101 || [[wiktionary:see|to see]] || 
|-
| 102 || [[wiktionary:hear|to hear]] || 
|-
| 103 || [[wiktionary:know|to know]] || 
|-
| 104 || [[wiktionary:think|to think]] || 
|-
| 105 || [[wiktionary:smell|to smell]] || 
|-
| 106 || [[wiktionary:fear|to fear]] || 
|-
| 107 || [[wiktionary:sleep|to sleep]] || 
|-
| 108 || [[wiktionary:live|to live]] || 
|-
| 109 || [[wiktionary:die|to die]] || 
|-
| 110 || [[wiktionary:kill|to kill]] || 
|-
| 111 || [[wiktionary:fight|to fight]] || 
|-
| 112 || [[wiktionary:hunt|to hunt]] || 
|-
| 113 || [[wiktionary:hit|to hit]] || 
|-
| 114 || [[wiktionary:cut|to cut]] || 
|-
| 115 || [[wiktionary:split|to split]] || 
|-
| 116 || [[wiktionary:stab|to stab]]
|-
| 117 || [[wiktionary:scratch|to scratch]] || 
|-
| 118 || [[wiktionary:dig|to dig]] || 
|-
| 119 || [[wiktionary:swim|to swim]] || 
|-
| 120 || [[wiktionary:fly|to fly]] || 
|-
| 121 || [[wiktionary:walk|to walk]] || 
|-
| 122 || [[wiktionary:come|to come]] || 
|-
| 123 || [[wiktionary:lie|to lie]] || 
|-
| 124 || [[wiktionary:sit|to sit]] || 
|-
| 125 || [[wiktionary:stand|to stand]] || 
|-
| 126 || [[wiktionary:turn|to turn]] || 
|-
| 127 || [[wiktionary:fall|to fall]] || 
|-
| 128 || [[wiktionary:give|to give]] || 
|-
| 129 || [[wiktionary:hold|to hold]] || 
|-
| 130 || [[wiktionary:squeeze|to squeeze]] || 
|-
| 131 || [[wiktionary:rub|to rub]] || 
|-
| 132 || [[wiktionary:wash|to wash]] || 
|-
| 133 || [[wiktionary:wipe|to wipe]] || 
|-
| 134 || [[wiktionary:pull|to pull]] || 
|-
| 135 || [[wiktionary:push|to push]] || 
|-
| 136 || [[wiktionary:throw|to throw]] || 
|-
| 137 || [[wiktionary:tie|to tie]] || 
|-
| 138 || [[wiktionary:sew|to sew]] || 
|-
| 139 || [[wiktionary:count|to count]] || 
|-
| 140 || [[wiktionary:say|to say]] || 
|-
| 141 || [[wiktionary:sing|to sing]] || 
|-
| 142 || [[wiktionary:play|to play]] || 
|-
| 143 || [[wiktionary:float|to float]] || 
|-
| 144 || [[wiktionary:flow|to flow]] || 
|-
| 145 || [[wiktionary:freeze|to freeze]] || 
|-
| 146 || [[wiktionary:swell|to swell]]
|-
| 147 || [[wiktionary:sun|sun]] || 
|-
| 148 || [[wiktionary:moon|moon]] || 
|-
| 149 || [[wiktionary:star|star]] || 
|-
| 150 || [[wiktionary:water|water]] || 
|-
| 151 || [[wiktionary:rain|rain]]
|-
| 152 || [[wiktionary:river|river]] || 
|-
| 153 || [[wiktionary:lake|lake]] || 
|-
| 154 || [[wiktionary:sea|sea]] || 
|-
| 155 || [[wiktionary:salt|salt]] || 
|-
| 156 || [[wiktionary:stone|stone]] || 
|-
| 157 || [[wiktionary:sand|sand]] || 
|-
| 158 || [[wiktionary:dust|dust]] || 
|-
| 159 || [[wiktionary:earth|earth]] || 
|-
| 160 || [[wiktionary:cloud|cloud]] || 
|-
| 161 || [[wiktionary:fog|fog]] || 
|-
| 162 || [[wiktionary:sky|sky]] || 
|-
| 163 || [[wiktionary:wind|wind]] || 
|-
| 164 || [[wiktionary:snow|snow]] || 
|-
| 165 || [[wiktionary:ice|ice]] || 
|-
| 166 || [[wiktionary:smoke|smoke]] || 
|-
| 167 || [[wiktionary:fire|fire]] || 
|-
| 168 || [[wiktionary:ash|ash]]
|-
| 169 || [[wiktionary:burn|burn]] || 
|-
| 170 || [[wiktionary:road|road]] || 
|-
| 171 || [[wiktionary:mountain|mountain]] || 
|-
| 172 || [[wiktionary:red|red]] || 
|-
| 173 || [[wiktionary:green|green]]
|-
| 174 || [[wiktionary:yellow|yellow]] || 
|-
| 175 || [[wiktionary:white|white]] || 
|-
| 176 || [[wiktionary:black|black]] || 
|-
| 177 || [[wiktionary:night|night]] || 
|-
| 178 || [[wiktionary:day|day]] || 
|-
| 179 || [[wiktionary:year|year]]
|-
| 180 || [[wiktionary:warm|warm]] || 
|-
| 181 || [[wiktionary:cold|cold]] || 
|-
| 182 || [[wiktionary:full|full]] || 
|-
| 183 || [[wiktionary:new|new]] || 
|-
| 184 || [[wiktionary:old|old]] || 
|-
| 185 || [[wiktionary:good|good]] || 
|-
| 186 || [[wiktionary:bad|bad]] || 
|-
| 187 || [[wiktionary:rotten|rotten]] || 
|-
| 188 || [[wiktionary:dirty|dirty]] || 
|-
| 189 || [[wiktionary:straight|straight]] || 
|-
| 190 || [[wiktionary:round|round]] || 
|-
| 191 || [[wiktionary:sharp|sharp]] || 
|-
| 192 || [[wiktionary:dull|dull]] || 
|-
| 193 || [[wiktionary:smooth|smooth]] || 
|-
| 194 || [[wiktionary:wet|wet]] || 
|-
| 195 || [[wiktionary:dry|dry]] || 
|-
| 196 || [[wiktionary:correct|correct]] || 
|-
| 197 || [[wiktionary:near|near]] || 
|-
| 198 || [[wiktionary:far|far]] || 
|-
| 199 || [[wiktionary:right|right]] || 
|-
| 200 || [[wiktionary:left|left]] || 
|-
| 201 || [[wiktionary:at|at]] || 
|-
| 202 || [[wiktionary:in|in]] || 
|-
| 203 || [[wiktionary:with|with]] || 
|-
| 204 || [[wiktionary:and|and]] || 
|-
| 205 || [[wiktionary:if|if]] || 
|-
| 206 || [[wiktionary:because|because]] || 
|-
| 207 || [[wiktionary:name|name]] || 
|}
 
==Vocab template==
===Time - '' ''===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Seasons - '' ''
! English !!
|-
| spring ||
|-
| summer ||
|-
| fall ||
|-
| winter ||
|-
|}
 
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Gregorian months - '' ''
! English !!
|-
| January ||
|-
| February ||
|-
| March ||
|-
| April ||
|-
| May ||
|-
| June ||
|-
| July ||
|-
| August ||
|-
| September ||
|-
| October ||
|-
| November ||
|-
| December ||
|-
|}
 
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Days of the week - '' ''
! English !!
|-
| Sunday ||
|-
| Monday ||
|-
| Tuesday ||
|-
| Wednesday ||
|-
| Thursday ||
|-
| Friday ||
|-
| Saturday ||
|-
|}
 
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Parts of the day - '' ''
! English !!
|-
| day ||
|-
| dawn ||
|-
| morning ||
|-
| noon ||
|-
| afternoon ||
|-
| evening ||
|-
| dusk ||
|-
| night ||
|-
| midnight ||
|}


{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
! Item !! Meaning !! Etymology
|+ Units of time - '' ''
! English !!  
|-
| second ||
|-
| minute ||
|-
| hour ||
|-
| day ||
|-
| week ||
|-
| month ||
|-
| season ||
|-
| year ||
|-
|}
 
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Time adverbs - '' ''
! English !!
|-
| now ||
|-
| then ||
|-
| recently, a short time ago ||
|-
| earlier ||
|-
| soon, shortly ||
|-
|-
| tāl- || all || Romance ''<b>t</b>ot-'' and Germanic '''''all-'''''. Influenced by Arabic ''kull-''.
| later ||  
|-
|-
| -u- || ''masculine singular'' || Latin ''-<b>u</b>s''. Influenced by Arabic nominative singular ending ''-u(n)''. The singular nature of this word is influenced by Arabic usage.
| always ||  
|-
|-
| -∅ || ''construct form'' || Arabic.
| often ||  
|-
|-
| khōm- || person || Arabic '''''qawm''''' "people". The lack of a definite article after the determiner "all" is influenced by Germanic.
| sometimes ||  
|-
|-
| -ī- || ''masculine plural'' || Latin '''''-ī''''', Arabic ''-<b>ī</b>n''. Considered to come from an earlier form ''*-uy-'', where ''-u-'' is the masculine vowel and ''*-y-'' is the original plural marker. This hypothetical ''*-y-'' is a backformation from the plural endings and is additionally influenced by Esperanto ''-j''.
| rarely ||  
|-
|-
| -n || ''genitive'' || Repurposing of Arabic tanween, particularly in the triptote genitive ending ''-i<b>n</b>''. Also influenced by oblique endings in ''-n'' in various languages, such as the Amharic and Esperanto accusatives, German dative plural, etc. The placement of this word in the genitive is influenced by Arabic.
| never ||  
|-
|-
| fār- || free || German '''''frei''''' and Arabic ''ħurr-'' (and its Portuguese descendant ''forro'').
| ever ||  
|-
|-
| -u- || ''masculine singular'' || See above.
| still, yet ||  
|-
|-
| -m || ''accusative'' || Latin '''''-m''''' (in ''-um, -am, -em''). This usage of the accusative is influenced by Arabic.
| already ||  
|-
|-
| ya || and || Gothic ''jah''. Influenced by Persian ''yā'' "or".
| today ||  
|-
|-
| qōn- || equal || Proto-Germanic '''''*ebn-''''' (through a hypothetical development ''*ebn- > *eun- > *ōn-, with a sporadic ''ʕ-'' inserted).
| tonight ||  
|-
|-
| -u- || ''masculine singular'' || See above.
| yesterday ||  
|-
|-
| -m || ''accusative'' || See above.
| last night ||
|-
| tomorrow ||
|-
| before yesterday ||
|-
| two nights ago ||
|-
| after tomorrow ||
|-
| this week ||
|-
| last week ||
|-
| next week ||  
|-
|-
|}
|}
===Colours - '' ''===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Colours - '' ''
! English !!
|-
| white ||
|-
| grey ||
|-
| black ||
|-
| red ||
|-
| orange ||
|-
| brown ||
|-
| yellow ||
|-
| green ||
|-
| blue ||
|-
| pink ||
|-
| purple ||
|-
| golden ||
|-
|}
<!--
==Mayal/Makaahiil==
In 1932, ''Mahammad 'Abdi Makaahiil'' (Somali: ''Maxamed Cabdi Makaahiil''), a Somali scholar who studied at Al-Azhar University, published a short book titled "Inšāʾ al makātibāt al ʿarabiyyah fīl-luġah as-Sūmāliyyah" (Arabic: إنشاء المكاتبات العربية في اللغة الصوماليّة; ''Creating of Arabic correspondences in the Somali language'') in which he printed Somali orthographic conventions as well as several sample letters and many sample proverbs. He built upon earlier work by ''Ibraahim Cabdullaahi Mayal''. In this book, he also argues against those who at the time favored adopting Arabic language as the sole official language of Somalia, and he argued strongly for adopting Arabic Script for Somali language.<ref name="AhmadSheikh">Sheikh, Ahmed. “Somali with Arabic Script – a Linguistic Historical Study (Somaliska Med Arabisk Skrift – En Språkhistorisk Studie).” Gothenburg University Publications Electronic Archive, Winter 2019.
[https://web.archive.org/web/20230601144624/https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/handle/2077/63249/gupea_2077_63249_1.pdf]</ref>
Makaahiil's proposed orthography uses the same letters as in Arabic, with only two additional letters, ڎ for /ɖ/ and  گ for /g/. On the other hand, there are 8 consonants in Arabic alphabet that do not exist in Somali language (except for writing Arabic loanwords), which include the letters thāʼ (ث), dhal (ذ), zāy (ز), ṣād (ص), ḍād (ض), ṭāʾ (ط), ẓāʾ (ظ), and ghayn (غ).
This writing convention relies on [[w:Arabic diacritics|vowel diacritics]].
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+Somali Arabic Alphabet
! rowspan="2" |Name
! colspan="4" |Forms
! rowspan="2" |Sound represented
! rowspan="2" |[[w:Somali Latin alphabet|Latin]] equivalent
! rowspan="2" |Notes
|-
!Isolated
!Final
!Medial
!Initial
|-
|ʾalif<br>الف
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ا</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـا</span>
|
|
| - / /a/
| -
| ''ʾalif'' has two functions, first as vowel carrier for vowels at the beginning of words. Second for showing long vowel ''"aa"''.
|-
| bāʾ<br>باء
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ب</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـب</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـبـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">بـ</span>
|/b/
|b
|
|-
| tāʾ<br>تاء
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ت</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـت</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـتـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">تـ</span>
|/t/
|t
|
|-
|thāʼ <br>ثاء
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ث</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـث</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـثـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ثـ</span>
|/s/
|s
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.
|-
|jīm<br>جيم
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ج</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـج</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـجـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">جـ</span>
|/d͡ʒ/
|j
|
|-
|ḥāʾ<br>حاء
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ح</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـح</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـحـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">حـ</span>
|/ħ/
|x
|
|-
|khāʾ<br>خاء
|<span style="font-size:160%;">خ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـخ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـخـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">خـ</span>
|/χ/
|kh
|
|-
|dāl<br>دال
|<span style="font-size:160%;">د</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـد</span>
|
|
|/d/
|d
|
|-
|dhāl<br>ذال
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ذ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـذ</span>
|
|
|/d/
|d
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.
|-
|dhā<br>ڎا
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ڎ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـڎ</span>
|
|
|/ɖ/
|dh
|Additional letter not present in Arabic<br>Also historically represented by ط
|-
|rāʾ<br>راء
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ر</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـر</span>
|
|
|/r/
|r
|
|-
|zāʾ<br>زاي
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ز</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـز</span>
|
|
|/z/
|z
|
|-
|sīn<br>سين
|<span style="font-size:160%;">س</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـس</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـسـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">سـ</span>
|/s/
|s
|
|-
|shīn<br>شين
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ش</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـش</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـشـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">شـ</span>
|/ʃ/
|sh
|
|-
|ṣād<br>صاد
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ص</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـص</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـصـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">صـ</span>
|/s/
|s
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.
|-
|ḍād <br>ضاد
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ض</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـض</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـضـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ضـ</span>
|/d/
|d
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.
|-
|ṭāʾ<br>طاء
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ط</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـط</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـطـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">طـ</span>
|/t/, /ɖ/
|t, dh
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.<br>Also historically used for representing "dh" instead of ڎ
|-
|ẓāʾ <br>ظاء
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ظ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـظ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـظـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ظـ</span>
|/d/~/z/
|d, z
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords. Some such loan words are written in Latin with "z", others with "d".
|-
|ʿayn<br>عين
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ع</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـع</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـعـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">عـ</span>
|/ʕ/
| c
|
|-
|ghayn<br>غين
|<span style="font-size:160%;">غ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـغ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـغـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">غـ</span>
|/ɣ/~/g/
|g
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.
|-
|fāʾ<br>فاء
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ف</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـف</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـفـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">فـ</span>
|/f/
|f
|
|-
|qāf<br>قاف
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ق</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـق</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـقـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">قـ</span>
|/q/
|q
|
|-
|kāf<br>كاف
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ك</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـك</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـكـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">كـ</span>
|/k/
|k
|
|-
|gāʾ<br>گاء
|<span style="font-size:160%;">گ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـگ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـگـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">گـ</span>
|/ɡ/
|g
|Additional letter not present in Arabic.
|-
|lām<br>لام
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ل</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـل</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـلـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">لـ</span>
|/l/
|l
|
|-
|mīm<br>ميم
|<span style="font-size:160%;">م</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـم</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـمـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">مـ</span>
|/m/
|m
|
|-
|nūn<br>نون
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ن</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـن</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـنـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">نـ</span>
|/n/
|n
|
|-
|wāw<br>واو
|<span style="font-size:160%;">و</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـو</span>
|
|
|/w/<Br>/ɞ:/, /ɔ:/, /ʉ:/, /u:/
|w and oo, uu
|The letter ''wāw'' serves two functions. First is as a vowel, with a sound [w]. Second is in writing of long vowels "oo" and "uu".
|-
|hāʾ<br>هاء
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ه</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـه</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـهـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">هـ</span>
|/h/
|h
|
|-
|yāʾ<br>ياء
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ي</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـي</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـيـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">يـ</span>
|/j/<Br>/e:/, /ɛ:/, /i:/, /ɪ:/
| y, ee, ii
| The letter ''yāʾ'' serves two functions. First is as a vowel, with a sound [j]. Second is in writing of long vowels "ee" and "ii".
|-
|hamzah<br>همزة
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ء</span>
|
|
|
|/ʔ/
| ’
|
|}
As for vowels, in [[w:Somali phonology|Somali]], there are five vowel articulations. These vowel articulations can either be [[Vowel length|short or long]]. Each vowel also has a harmonic counterpart, expressed either at the front or at the back of the mouth. Somali words follow a vowel harmony rule. However, Somali orthography, neither [[w:Somali Latin alphabet|Somali Latin alphabet]], nor Arabic alphabet, nor [[w:Osmanya alphabet|Osmanya alphabet]] distinguish between the two vowel harmony sets.
A shortcoming of the Arabic script for Somali language, is that while Somali has 5 vowels, Arabic has 3. This was where, Galaal got the most creative, coming up with brand new letters to represent vowels. In the 1961 Somali Language Committee Report, several other Arabic proposals were also listed, where other solutions were proposed for showing the 5 short vowels and 5 long vowels. None of these other proposals gained traction.<ref name="Qutbi1961">Qutbi, A. Sh. A. “The Report of the Somali Language Committee, 1961.” Internet Archive, May 15, 1961. [https://archive.org/details/LinguisticReport1961 https://archive.org/details/LinguisticReport1961].</ref>
In Mahammad 'Abdi Makaahiil's orthographic convention, he added two new diacritics. For short vowel sounds [a], [u], and [i], [[Arabic diacritics]] are used. For long vowel sounds [a:], [u:], and [i:], similar to Arabic, the letters ''alif'' (ا), ''wāw'' (و), and ''yāʾ'' (ي) respectively.
For the short vowel sound [e], Makaahil interpreted the sound to be in between [a] and [i], thus he proposed to combine "◌َ " (''Fatha'', [a]) and "◌ِ" and (''Dhamma'', [i]), and write "◌َِ". As for long vowel sound [e:], it'd be written as "◌َِ" followed by ''yāʾ'' (ي).<ref name="AhmadSheikh"/>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Vowel diacritics in Somali Arabic Alphabet
|-
! -a || -e || -i || -o || -u
|-dir="rtl"
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌َ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌َِ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ِ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ٗ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ُ</span>
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Long vowels in Somali Arabic Alphabet
|-
! -aa || -ee || -ii || -oo || -uu
|-dir="rtl"
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـا</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌َِيـ / ◌َِي</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">يـ / ي</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ٗو</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">و / ـو</span>
|}
Vowels, when occurring at the beginning of words, are placed on top of ''alif'' (ا). Long vowels are written as they would in the middle of the word, except that ''wāw'' (و), and ''yāʾ'' (ي) would be preceded by ''alif'' instead of another consonant.The exception to this convention is long vowel [aa], where similar to Arabic, ''[[w:Arabic_diacritics#Maddah|alif madda]]'' (آ) is used.<ref name="AhmadSheikh"/>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Vowel in the beginning of words in Somali Arabic Alphabet
|-
! colspan = "5" | Short vowels
! colspan = "5" | Long vowels
|-
! A || E || I || O || U || Aa || Ee || Ii || Oo || Uu
|-dir="rtl"
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اَ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اَِ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اِ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اٗ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اُ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">آ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اَِيـ / اَِي</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اي</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اٝو</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">او</span>
|}
-->
==My Somali Arabic alphabet==
===Letters===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+Somali Arabic Alphabet
! colspan="2" |Name
! colspan="4" |Forms
! rowspan="2" |Sound represented
! rowspan="2" |[[w:Somali Latin alphabet|Latin]] equivalent
! rowspan="2" |Notes
|-
! Arabicized
! Traditional Somali
!Isolated
!Final
!Medial
!Initial
|-
| alif<br>الف
| alif<br>الف
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ا</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـا</span>
|
|
| /aː/
| aa
| ''alif'' has two functions: firstly, as a carrier for ''hamzah'' (which may not be written, especially at the beginning of words). Secondly, for showing the long vowel "aa".
|-
| baa'<br>باء
| ba'<br>بأ
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ب</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـب</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـبـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">بـ</span>
|/b/
|b
|
|-
| paa'<br>پاء
| pa'<br>پأ
|<span style="font-size:160%;">پ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـپ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـپـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">پـ</span>
|[β] (weak allophone of /b/); /p/ (loanwords, Af Maay)
|b; p (Af Maay)
| This is an extra letter that is not normally used. It can be used for intervocalic /b/ pronounced as /β/, especially in Af Maay. It can also be used for /p/ in foreign words (where it is usually replaced with ''b'') and initially in some Af Maay words.
|-
| taa'<br>تاء
| ta'<br>تأ
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ت</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـت</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـتـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">تـ</span>
|/t/
|t
|
|-
|<u>th</u>aaʼ <br>ثاء
|<u>th</u>a' <br>ثأ
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ث</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـث</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـثـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ثـ</span>
|/θ/ (loanwords)
|s
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords. Usually pronounced as ''s'' or ''t'' (or sometimes ''d'').
|-
|jiim<br>جيم
|jiim<br>جيم
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ج</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـج</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـجـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">جـ</span>
|/d͡ʒ ~ t͡ʃ/
|j
|
|-
|jhiim<br>ڃيم
|jhiim<br>ڃيم
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ڃ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـڃ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـڃـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ڃـ</span>
|/ʄ/
|jh (Af Maay)
| Used in Af Maay. Generally corresponds to ''dh'' or ''j'' in Af Maxaa.
|-
|chiim<br>چيم
|chiim<br>چيم
|<span style="font-size:160%;">چ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـچ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـچـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">چـ</span>
|/t͡ʃ/
| (ch)
| Exclusively for foreign words (almost always replaced with ''jiim'').
|-
|xaa'<br>حاء
|xa'<br>حأ
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ح</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـح</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـحـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">حـ</span>
|/ħ/
|x
|
|-
|khaa'<br>خاء
| kha'<br>خأ
|<span style="font-size:160%;">خ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـخ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـخـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">خـ</span>
|/χ/
|kh
|
|-
|daal<br>دال
| deel<br>ديل
|<span style="font-size:160%;">د</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـد</span>
|
|
|/d/
|d
|
|-
|thaal<br>ذال
| theel<br>ذيل
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ذ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـذ</span>
|
|
|/ð/ (foreign); [ð] (weak allophone of /d/)
|d; th (Af Maay)
|Mainly used in Arabic loanwords. It can also be used in native Sonali words for [ð], especially in Af Maay.
|-
|dhaal<br>ڎال
| dheel
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ڎ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـڎ</span>
|
|
|/ɖ/
|dh
|Additional letter not present in Arabic. Can be used as a less common alternative of ڟ. Alternatively, it can be used for /ɖ/ in "''dh''-dialects" in positions where it is replaced with /r/ in "''r''-dialects".
|-
|raaʾ<br>راء
| ra'<br>رأ
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ر</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـر</span>
|
|
|/r/
|r
|
|-
|zaay<br>زاي
| za'<br>زأ
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ز</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـز</span>
|
|
|/z/ (foreign)
|s
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords. Usually pronounced as ''s''.
|-
|siin<br>سين
| siin<br>سين
|<span style="font-size:160%;">س</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـس</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـسـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">سـ</span>
|/s/
|s
|
|-
|shiin<br>شين
| shiin<br>شين
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ش</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـش</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـشـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">شـ</span>
|/ʃ/
|sh
|
|-
|ṣaad<br>صاد
| ṣaad<br>صاد
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ص</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـص</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـصـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">صـ</span>
|/sˁ/ (Arabic)
| s
| Mainly used in Arabic loanwords. Usually pronounced as ''s''.
|-
|ḍaad <br>ضاد
| ḍaad<br>ضاد
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ض</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـض</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـضـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ضـ</span>
|/d͡ɮˁ/ (Arabic)
|l, d
|Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords. Usually pronounced as ''d'' or ''l''.
|-
|ṭaa'<br>طاء
| ṭa'<br>طأ
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ط</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـط</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـطـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">طـ</span>
|/tˁ/ (Arabic); /d/ (back harmony)
|d
|Mainly used in Arabic loanwords. Used (optionally) in some Somali words for /d/ near back harmony vowels.
|-
|ṭhaa' <br>ظاء
| ṭha'<br>ظأ
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ظ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـظ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـظـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ظـ</span>
|/ðˁ/; [ð] (weak allophone of /d/, back harmony)
|d, th (Af Maay)
|Mainly used in Arabic loanwords. Can be used in Somali words for the [ð] allophone of /d/ near back harmony vowels.
|-
|dhaaʾ<br>ڟاء
| dha'<br>ڟأ
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ڟ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـڟ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـڟـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ڟـ</span>
|/ɖ/
|dh
|Additional letter not present in Arabic.<!-- Properly used for initial, post-consonantal, and geminated /ɖ/ (which is not replaced with /r/ in any dialect).-->
|-
|cayn<br>عين
| cayn<br>عين
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ع</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـع</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـعـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">عـ</span>
|/ʕ/
| c
|
|-
|ghayn<br>غين
| ɣayn<br>غين
|<span style="font-size:160%;">غ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـغ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـغـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">غـ</span>
|/ɣ/ (Arabic); [ɣ] (weak allophone of /ɡ/)
|q; gh (Af Maay)
|Mainly used in Arabic loanwords. It can also be used for the [ɣ] allophone of ''g'', especially in Af Maay.
|-
|faaʾ<br>فاء
| fa'<br>فأ
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ف</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـف</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـفـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">فـ</span>
|/f/
|f
|
|-
|vaaʾ<br>ڤاء
| va'<br>ڤأ
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ف</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـف</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـفـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">فـ</span>
|/v/
|v (foreign)
| Exclusively for foreign words (almost always replaced with <i>faa'</i>).
|-
|qaaf<br>قاف
| qaaf<br>قاف
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ق</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـق</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـقـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">قـ</span>
|/q/; /ɠ~ʛ/ (Af Maay)
|q
|
|-
|kaaf<br>كاف
| kaaf<br>كاف
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ك</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـك</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـكـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">كـ</span>
|/k/
|k
|
|-
|gaaf<br>ڭاف
| gaaf<br>ڭاف
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ڭ‎</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـڭ‎</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـڭـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ڭـ</span>
|/ɡ/
|g
|Additional letter not present in Arabic.
<!--
|-
|gaaf<br>ڬاف
| gaaf<br>ڬاف
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ڬ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـڬ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـڬـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ڬـ</span>
|/ɡ/
|g
|Additional letter not present in Arabic.-->
|-
|laam<br>لام
| laam<br>لام
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ل</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـل</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـلـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">لـ</span>
|/l/
|l
|
|-
|miim<br>ميم
| miim<br>ميم
|<span style="font-size:160%;">م</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـم</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـمـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">مـ</span>
|/m/
|m, -n
| Often represents /n/ when unvowelled word-finally.
|-
|ngiim<br>ݦيم
| ngiim<br>ݦيم
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ݦ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـݦ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـݦـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ݦـ</span>
|/ŋ/
|ng
| Used in Af Maay. Equivalent to final or pre-consonantal ''-n'' in Af Maxaa. Can instead be written with ''nuun''.
|-
|nuun<br>نون
| nuun<br>نون
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ن</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـن</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـنـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">نـ</span>
|/n/
|n
|
|-
|nyuun<br>ݧون
| nyuun<br>ݧون
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ݧ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـݧ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـݧـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ݧـ</span>
|/ɲ/
|ny (also written "y‘" in Af Maay)
| Mainly used in Af Maay. It can also be used in Af Maxaa, but it is usually replaced with ''y'' or else written as ''ny''.
|-
|waaw<br>واو
| woow<br>وو
|<span style="font-size:160%;">و</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـو</span>
|
|
|/w/<Br>/ɞ: ~ ɔ:/, /ʉ: ~ u:/
|w<br>oo, uu
|The letter ''waaw'' serves three functions. Firstly, is as a consonant, with a sound /w/. Secondly, it is used to write the long vowels /oː/ and /uː/. Finally, it is used as a carrier for ''hamzah''.
|-
|haa'<br>هاء
| ha'<br>هأ
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ه<br>ة</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـه<br>ـة</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـهـ<br></span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">هـ<br></span>
|/h/
|h
| <i>Haa'</i> is also used silently at the end of nouns ending in /e/, /o/, (in Af Maay) /ə/. Such a silent <i>haa'</i> may be replaced with ''taa' marbuuṭah'' (ـَة، ة) in some words (generally feminine words and/or words that end in it in Arabic).
|-
|yaa'<br>ياء
| ya'<br>يأ
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ي</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـي</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ـيـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">يـ</span>
|/j/<Br>/eː ~ ɛ:/, /i: ~ ɪ:/
| y<br>ee, ii
| The letter <i>yaa'</i> serves three functions. Firstly, it is used as a consonant, with a sound /j/. Secondly, it is used to write the long vowels /eː/ and /iː/. Finally, it is used as a carrier for ''hamzah''. It can also be used silently at the ends of words ending in ''-e'' as an alternative to <i>haa'</i>.
|-
|hamzah<br>همزة
| hamse/firgin<br>همزه\فرڭن
|<span style="font-size:160%;">ء<br>أ<br>ؤ<br>ئ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;"><br>ـأ<br>ـؤ<br>ـئ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;"><br><br><br>ـئـ</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;"><br><br><br>ئـ</span>
|/ʔ/
| ’
| It may be written on its own (ء) or with a carrier (أ، ؤ، ئ) depending on the environment.
|}
===Diacritics===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Diacritics in Somali Arabic Alphabet
|-
! colspan="2"| Name
! rowspan="2"| Diacritic
! rowspan="2"|Sound represented
! rowspan="2"|Latin equivalent
! rowspan="2"|Remarks
|-
! Arabized !! Traditional (adjective)
|-
| فتحة<br>fatxah
| كرڟبن<br>kordhaban
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌َ</span>
| /a/
| a
|
|-
| <br>
| <br>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ٖ</span>
| /e/
| e
|
|-
| كسرة<br>kasrah
| هوسڟبن<br>hoosdhaban
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ِ</span>
| /i/
| i
|
|-
|
|
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ٗ</span>
| /o/
| o
|
|-
| ضمة<br>ḍammah
| ڭدن<br>godan
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ُ</span>
| /u/
| u
|
|-
|-
| <br>
| <br>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌٘</span>
| /ə(ʰ)/
| y (Af Maay)
| Used in Af Maay.
|-
| مدة<br>maddah
| مدن<br>madan
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ٓ</span>
| (aː)
| (aa)
| Only used on ''alif'' to represent the long vowel [aː].
|-
| سكون<br>sukuun
| ريبن<br>reebban
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ْ</span>
| colspan="2"| (absence of vowel)
| Used to show that a consonant is not followed by a vowel. It is also used on the second element of diphthongs, and optionally on the long vowel letter of long vowels.
|-
| شدة<br>shaddah
| شدن<br>shadan
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ّ</span>
| colspan="2"| (geminated consonant)
| Used to show that a consonant is geminated.
|-
| <!--الف خنجرية<br>‘alif khanjariyyah-->
| <br>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ٰ</span>
| /aː/
| aa
| Used for /aː/ in a few words as an alternative to ـَا.
|-
| فتحتين\فتحة تنوين<br>fatxatayn/fatxah tanwiin
| لب كرڟبن<br>laba kordhaban
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ً</span>
| /an/
| an
| rowspan="3"| In Arabic phrases only.
|-
| كسرتين\كسرة تنوين<br>kasratayn/kasrah tanwiin
| لب هوسڟبن<br>laba hoosdhaban
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ٍ</span>
| /in/
| in
|-
| ضمتين\ضمة تنوين<br>ḍammatayn/ḍammah tanwiin
| لب ڭدن<br>laba godan
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ٌ</span>
| /un/
| un
|-
|}
Long vowels are written as the short vowel followed by the corresponding long vowel letter.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Long vowels in the Somali Arabic Alphabet
|-
! aa || ee || ii || oo || uu
|-dir="rtl"
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـَا</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٖي</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـِي</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٗو</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـُو</span>
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Diphthongs in the Somali Arabic Alphabet
|-
! aw || ay || ey || ow || oy || aaw || aay || eey || oow || ooy
|-dir="rtl"
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـَوْ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـَيْ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٖيْ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٗوْ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٗيْ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـَاوْ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـَايْ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٖيّْ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٗوّْ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٗويْ</span>
<!--
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـَا</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٖي</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـِي</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٗو</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـُو</span>
-->
|}
Vowels, when occurring at the beginning of words, are placed on top of ''alif'' (ا). This ''alif'' actually has a ''hamzah'' on it; however, this ''hamzah'' is often left unwritten. However, /(ʔ)aː/ is written with ''maddah'' on ''alif'' (آ). <!--Long vowels are written as they would be in the middle of the word, except that ''waaw'' (و), and <i>yaa'</i> (ي) would be preceded by ''alif'' instead of another consonant.The exception to this convention is long vowel [aa], where similar to Arabic, ''[[w:Arabic_diacritics#Maddah|alif maddah]]'' (آ) is used.-->
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Vowels at the beginning of words in the Somali Arabic Alphabet
|-
! colspan = "5" | Short vowels
! colspan = "5" | Long vowels
|-
! a || e || i || o || u || aa || ee || ii || oo || uu
|-dir="rtl"
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اَ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اٖ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اِ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اٗ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اُ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">آ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اٖي</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اِي</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اٗو</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اُو</span>
|}
<!--
Like in Arabic, ''sukūn'' (◌ْ) and ''shaddah'' (◌ّ) are used to indicate an unvowelled consonant and a geminate consonant respectively. They can also be used on the consonant letter of long vowels; however, they are more often dropped.-->
===Adapted for other languages===
====Oromo====
Similar to Somali, but with the following changes:
*ڀ for /pʼ/.
*ڇ or ڃ for /tʃʼ/.
*ط for /tʼ/ in native Oromo words.
*ڠ‎ for /ɡ/ instead of ڭ‎ (though ڭ‎ can alternatively be used).
*ق for /kʼ/ in native Oromo words.
*There is no ݦ.
<!--
====Afar====
Similar to Somali.
-->
====Amharic and Tigrigna====
Similar to Oromo, with the following changes:
*پ is exclusively used for /p/.
** /β/ is represented identically to /v/: ڤ.
*ژ for /ʒ/.
*ڞ for /(t)sʼ/.
*There is no ڟ. <!--Alternatively, it can be used for /tʃʼ/ instead of ڇ or ڃ.-->
*څ for /xʼ/ (exclusive to Tigrigna).
*Vowels:
**/e/ and /o/ are written as Somali /eː/ and /oː/ respectively.
**/ə/ is written as Somali /a/.
**/a/ is written as Somali /aː/ (though it may be written as /a/ after guttural consonants).
**/i/ and /u/ are written as Somali /i(ː)/ and /u(ː)/ respectively. They are most often written as the long variants except in Arabic loanwords.
**/ɨ/ is written as Af Maay /ə/.
**Labialized consonants are written either as a combination of consinant plus /w/, or with a ''ḍammah'' as follows (with /kʷ/ as an example):
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Representation of labialized consonants
|-
! kʷə || kʷi || kʷa || kʷe || kʷ(ɨ)
|-dir="rtl"
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">كَُ</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">كُِي</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">كَُا</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">كُٖي</span>
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">كُ</span>
|}
====Additional letters for other languages spoken in Ethiopia====
When needed, the following additional letters are used:
*ݝ for /ŋ/.
*ڮ‎ for /kʼ/ when distinguished from /q/.
*Gurage palatalized velars:<!-- are represented with ۦ (small <i>yaa'</i>) under the letter.-->
**ك࣮ for /kʲ/.
**عٔ for /ɡʲ/.
**ٯٔ for /kʲʼ/.
**حٔ for /xʲ/.
*Retroflex:
**ٿ for /ʈʂ/.
**ڟ for /ʈʂʼ/ (instead of /ɖ/).
**ݜ for /ʂ/.
**ڙ for /ʐ/.
*Implosives:
**ڀ for /ɓ/ (instead of /pʼ/).
**ڎ for /ɗ/.
==Deslavic==
Basically, a Slavic language that lost all (or most) distinctive Slavic features.
Note: It's not that these features did not develop, but rather they did develop and then were lost.
====Phonology====
*Palatalization:
**Palatalized consonants are lost, either merging with their plain counterparts or become a different consonant altogether.
**When a root would have alterations between palatalized and non-palatalized consonants, one of these variants is selected and extended to all forms.
*Voiced fricatives are devoiced.
*Maximum syllable structure is CVC.
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"}
|+ Fate of consonants
|-
! Proto-Slavic !! Unpalatalized !! Palatalized
|-
| m || m || m
|-
| p || p || p
|-
| b || w || w
|-
| v || f || f
|-
| n || n || n
|-
| t || t || s
|-
| d || l || s
|-
| c || s || s
|-
| dz || s || s
|-
| s || s || s
|-
| z || s || s
|-
| r || r || r
|-
| l || w || l
|-
| ň || — || y
|-
| ť || — || k
|-
| ď || — || y
|-
| č || — || s
|-
| šč || — || s
|-
| ždž || — || s
|-
| š || — || s
|-
| ś || s || s
|-
| ž || — || s
|-
| ř || — || r
|-
| ľ || — || y
|-
| j || — || y
|-
| k || k || —
|-
| g || h || —
|-
| x || h || —
|}
====Swadesh list====
{| class="wikitable"
! '''No.''' !! [[wikipedia:English language|English]] !! Deslavic
|-
| 1 || [[wiktionary:I|I]] || ya
|-
| 2 || [[wiktionary:you|you (singular)]] || ti
|-
| 3 || [[wiktionary:he|he]] || un
|-
| 4 || [[wiktionary:we|we]] || mi
|-
| 5 || [[wiktionary:you|you (plural)]] ||  fi
|-
| 6 || [[wiktionary:they|they]] || ni
|-
| 7 || [[wiktionary:this|this]] || se, uf
|-
| 8 || [[wiktionary:that|that]] || tun
|-
| 9 || [[wiktionary:here|here]] || sim
|-
| 10 || [[wiktionary:there|there]] || tam
|-
| 11 || [[wiktionary:who|who]] || kit
|-
| 12 || [[wiktionary:what|what]] || sit
|-
| 13 || [[wiktionary:where|where]] || kis
|-
| 14 || [[wiktionary:when|when]] || kuhul
|-
| 15 || [[wiktionary:how|how]] || yak
|-
| 16 || [[wiktionary:not|not]] || ne
|-
| 17 || [[wiktionary:all|all]] || fis
|-
| 18 || [[wiktionary:many|many]] || munuh
|-
| 19 || [[wiktionary:some|some]] || 
|-
| 20 || [[wiktionary:few|few]] || mawk
|-
| 21 || [[wiktionary:other|other]] || yin
|-
| 22 || [[wiktionary:one|one]] || yisin
|-
| 23 || [[wiktionary:two|two]] || lif
|-
| 24 || [[wiktionary:three|three]] || tiri
|-
| 25 || [[wiktionary:four|four]] || sitir
|-
| 26 || [[wiktionary:five|five]] || pes
|-
| 27 || [[wiktionary:big|big]] || filik
|-
| 28 || [[wiktionary:long|long]] || luf
|-
| 29 || [[wiktionary:wide|wide]] || suruk
|-
| 30 || [[wiktionary:thick|thick]] || tilis 
|-
| 31 || [[wiktionary:heavy|heavy]] || sesek
|-
| 32 || [[wiktionary:small|small]] || maw
|-
| 33 || [[wiktionary:short|short]] || kurtuk
|-
| 34 || [[wiktionary:narrow|narrow]] || usuk 
|-
| 35 || [[wiktionary:thin|thin]] || sinik
|-
| 36 || [[wiktionary:woman|woman]] || sen
|-
| 37 || [[wiktionary:man|man (adult male)]] || mus
|-
| 38 || [[wiktionary:man|man (human being)]] || soofek
|-
| 39 || [[wiktionary:child|child]] || ses
|-
| 40 || [[wiktionary:wife|wife]] || sen
|-
| 41 || [[wiktionary:husband|husband]] || mus
|-
| 42 || [[wiktionary:mother|mother]] || mas 
|-
| 43 || [[wiktionary:father|father]] || wak 
|-
| 44 || [[wiktionary:animal|animal]] || sefer 
|-
| 45 || [[wiktionary:fish|fish]] || ruu
|-
| 46 || [[wiktionary:bird|bird]] || pisis
|-
| 47 || [[wiktionary:dog|dog]] || pis
|-
| 48 || [[wiktionary:louse|louse]] || fis
|-
| 49 || [[wiktionary:snake|snake]] || us
|-
| 50 || [[wiktionary:worm|worm]] || sirif
|-
| 51 || [[wiktionary:tree|tree]] || leref
|-
| 52 || [[wiktionary:forest|forest]] || les 
|-
| 53 || [[wiktionary:stick|stick]] || peles
|-
| 54 || [[wiktionary:fruit|fruit]] || ufuk
|-
| 55 || [[wiktionary:seed|seed]] || sem
|-
| 56 || [[wiktionary:leaf|leaf]] || lis
|-
| 57 || [[wiktionary:root|root]] || kirin
|-
| 58 || [[wiktionary:bark|bark]] || kur
|-
| 59 || [[wiktionary:flower|flower]] || kefet
|-
| 60 || [[wiktionary:grass|grass]] || taraf
|-
| 61 || [[wiktionary:rope|rope]] || fus
|-
| 62 || [[wiktionary:skin|skin]] || kurup
|-
| 63 || [[wiktionary:meat|meat]] || mes
|-
| 64 || [[wiktionary:blood|blood]] || kirif
|-
| 65 || [[wiktionary:bone|bone]] || kus
|-
| 66 || [[wiktionary:fat#Noun|fat (noun)]] || salu
|-
| 67 || [[wiktionary:egg|egg]] ||  yays
|-
| 68 || [[wiktionary:horn|horn]] || ruh
|-
| 69 || [[wiktionary:tail|tail]] || hufus
|-
| 70 || [[wiktionary:feather|feather]] || per
|-
| 71 || [[wiktionary:hair|hair]] || fulus
|-
| 72 || [[wiktionary:head|head]] || huluf
|-
| 73 || [[wiktionary:ear|ear]] || uh
|-
| 74 || [[wiktionary:eye|eye]] || uk
|-
| 75 || [[wiktionary:nose|nose]] || nus
|-
| 76 || [[wiktionary:mouth|mouth]] || us
|-
| 77 || [[wiktionary:tooth|tooth]] || suu
|-
| 78 || [[wiktionary:tongue|tongue]] || 
|-
| 79 || [[wiktionary:fingernail|fingernail]] || nuhus 
|-
| 80 || [[wiktionary:foot|foot]] || nuh
|-
| 81 || [[wiktionary:leg|leg]] || nuh
|-
| 82 || [[wiktionary:knee|knee]] || kelen
|-
| 83 || [[wiktionary:hand|hand]] || ruk
|-
| 84 || [[wiktionary:wing|wing]] || kirilu
|-
| 85 || [[wiktionary:belly|belly]] || wuruh
|-
| 86 || [[wiktionary:guts|guts]] || urtuu
|-
| 87 || [[wiktionary:neck|neck]] || kirik
|-
| 88 || [[wiktionary:back|back]] || hirwit
|-
| 89 || [[wiktionary:breast|breast]] || piris 
|-
| 90 || [[wiktionary:heart|heart]] || sillis
|-
| 91 || [[wiktionary:liver|liver]] || eter
|-
| 92 || [[wiktionary:drink|to drink]] || pis
|-
| 93 || [[wiktionary:eat|to eat]] || yes
|-
| 94 || [[wiktionary:bite|to bite]] || kus 
|-
| 95 || [[wiktionary:suck|to suck]] || sis 
|-
| 96 || [[wiktionary:spit|to spit]] || pifas
|-
| 97 || [[wiktionary:vomit|to vomit]] || wifas
|-
| 98 || [[wiktionary:blow|to blow]] || dohos
|-
| 99 || [[wiktionary:breathe|to breathe]] || 
|-
| 100 || [[wiktionary:laugh|to laugh]] || 
|-
| 101 || [[wiktionary:see|to see]] || 
|-
| 102 || [[wiktionary:hear|to hear]] || 
|-
| 103 || [[wiktionary:know|to know]] || 
|-
| 104 || [[wiktionary:think|to think]] || 
|-
| 105 || [[wiktionary:smell|to smell]] || 
|-
| 106 || [[wiktionary:fear|to fear]] || 
|-
| 107 || [[wiktionary:sleep|to sleep]] || 
|-
| 108 || [[wiktionary:live|to live]] || 
|-
| 109 || [[wiktionary:die|to die]] || 
|-
| 110 || [[wiktionary:kill|to kill]] || 
|-
| 111 || [[wiktionary:fight|to fight]] || 
|-
| 112 || [[wiktionary:hunt|to hunt]] || 
|-
| 113 || [[wiktionary:hit|to hit]] || 
|-
| 114 || [[wiktionary:cut|to cut]] || 
|-
| 115 || [[wiktionary:split|to split]] || 
|-
| 116 || [[wiktionary:stab|to stab]]
|-
| 117 || [[wiktionary:scratch|to scratch]] || 
|-
| 118 || [[wiktionary:dig|to dig]] || 
|-
| 119 || [[wiktionary:swim|to swim]] || 
|-
| 120 || [[wiktionary:fly|to fly]] || 
|-
| 121 || [[wiktionary:walk|to walk]] || 
|-
| 122 || [[wiktionary:come|to come]] || 
|-
| 123 || [[wiktionary:lie|to lie]] || 
|-
| 124 || [[wiktionary:sit|to sit]] || 
|-
| 125 || [[wiktionary:stand|to stand]] || 
|-
| 126 || [[wiktionary:turn|to turn]] || 
|-
| 127 || [[wiktionary:fall|to fall]] || 
|-
| 128 || [[wiktionary:give|to give]] || 
|-
| 129 || [[wiktionary:hold|to hold]] || 
|-
| 130 || [[wiktionary:squeeze|to squeeze]] || 
|-
| 131 || [[wiktionary:rub|to rub]] || 
|-
| 132 || [[wiktionary:wash|to wash]] || 
|-
| 133 || [[wiktionary:wipe|to wipe]] || 
|-
| 134 || [[wiktionary:pull|to pull]] || 
|-
| 135 || [[wiktionary:push|to push]] || 
|-
| 136 || [[wiktionary:throw|to throw]] || 
|-
| 137 || [[wiktionary:tie|to tie]] || 
|-
| 138 || [[wiktionary:sew|to sew]] || 
|-
| 139 || [[wiktionary:count|to count]] || 
|-
| 140 || [[wiktionary:say|to say]] || 
|-
| 141 || [[wiktionary:sing|to sing]] || 
|-
| 142 || [[wiktionary:play|to play]] || 
|-
| 143 || [[wiktionary:float|to float]] || 
|-
| 144 || [[wiktionary:flow|to flow]] || 
|-
| 145 || [[wiktionary:freeze|to freeze]] || 
|-
| 146 || [[wiktionary:swell|to swell]]
|-
| 147 || [[wiktionary:sun|sun]] || 
|-
| 148 || [[wiktionary:moon|moon]] || 
|-
| 149 || [[wiktionary:star|star]] || 
|-
| 150 || [[wiktionary:water|water]] || 
|-
| 151 || [[wiktionary:rain|rain]]
|-
| 152 || [[wiktionary:river|river]] || 
|-
| 153 || [[wiktionary:lake|lake]] || 
|-
| 154 || [[wiktionary:sea|sea]] || 
|-
| 155 || [[wiktionary:salt|salt]] || 
|-
| 156 || [[wiktionary:stone|stone]] || 
|-
| 157 || [[wiktionary:sand|sand]] || 
|-
| 158 || [[wiktionary:dust|dust]] || 
|-
| 159 || [[wiktionary:earth|earth]] || 
|-
| 160 || [[wiktionary:cloud|cloud]] || 
|-
| 161 || [[wiktionary:fog|fog]] || 
|-
| 162 || [[wiktionary:sky|sky]] || 
|-
| 163 || [[wiktionary:wind|wind]] || 
|-
| 164 || [[wiktionary:snow|snow]] || 
|-
| 165 || [[wiktionary:ice|ice]] || 
|-
| 166 || [[wiktionary:smoke|smoke]] || 
|-
| 167 || [[wiktionary:fire|fire]] || 
|-
| 168 || [[wiktionary:ash|ash]]
|-
| 169 || [[wiktionary:burn|burn]] || 
|-
| 170 || [[wiktionary:road|road]] || 
|-
| 171 || [[wiktionary:mountain|mountain]] || 
|-
| 172 || [[wiktionary:red|red]] || 
|-
| 173 || [[wiktionary:green|green]]
|-
| 174 || [[wiktionary:yellow|yellow]] || 
|-
| 175 || [[wiktionary:white|white]] || 
|-
| 176 || [[wiktionary:black|black]] || 
|-
| 177 || [[wiktionary:night|night]] || 
|-
| 178 || [[wiktionary:day|day]] || 
|-
| 179 || [[wiktionary:year|year]]
|-
| 180 || [[wiktionary:warm|warm]] || 
|-
| 181 || [[wiktionary:cold|cold]] || 
|-
| 182 || [[wiktionary:full|full]] || 
|-
| 183 || [[wiktionary:new|new]] || 
|-
| 184 || [[wiktionary:old|old]] || 
|-
| 185 || [[wiktionary:good|good]] || 
|-
| 186 || [[wiktionary:bad|bad]] || 
|-
| 187 || [[wiktionary:rotten|rotten]] || 
|-
| 188 || [[wiktionary:dirty|dirty]] || 
|-
| 189 || [[wiktionary:straight|straight]] || 
|-
| 190 || [[wiktionary:round|round]] || 
|-
| 191 || [[wiktionary:sharp|sharp]] || 
|-
| 192 || [[wiktionary:dull|dull]] || 
|-
| 193 || [[wiktionary:smooth|smooth]] || 
|-
| 194 || [[wiktionary:wet|wet]] || 
|-
| 195 || [[wiktionary:dry|dry]] || 
|-
| 196 || [[wiktionary:correct|correct]] || 
|-
| 197 || [[wiktionary:near|near]] || 
|-
| 198 || [[wiktionary:far|far]] || 
|-
| 199 || [[wiktionary:right|right]] || 
|-
| 200 || [[wiktionary:left|left]] || 
|-
| 201 || [[wiktionary:at|at]] || 
|-
| 202 || [[wiktionary:in|in]] || 
|-
| 203 || [[wiktionary:with|with]] || 
|-
| 204 || [[wiktionary:and|and]] || 
|-
| 205 || [[wiktionary:if|if]] || 
|-
| 206 || [[wiktionary:because|because]] || 
|-
| 207 || [[wiktionary:name|name]] || 
|}
==Germanicized Balto-Slavic==
From Proto-Balto-Slavic
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"}
|+ Fate of phonemes
|-
! Proto-Balto-Slavic !! Germano-Balto-Slavic
|-
| m || m
|-
| p || f, b
|-
| b || p
|-
| w || w
|-
| n || n
|-
| t || þ, d
|-
| d || t
|-
| s || s, z
|-
| z || z
|-
| r || r
|-
| l || l
|-
| ś || s, z
|-
| š || s, z
|-
| ź || z
|-
| j || j
|-
| k || h, g
|-
| g || k
|-
|}
====Swadesh list====
{| class="wikitable"
! '''No.''' !! [[wikipedia:English language|English]] !! Proto-Germano-Balto-Slavic
|-
| 1 || [[wiktionary:I|I]] || *ēzų
|-
| 2 || [[wiktionary:you|you (singular)]] || *þū
|-
| 3 || [[wiktionary:he|he]] || *iz; *anaz
|-
| 4 || [[wiktionary:we|we]] || *mez, *miz
|-
| 5 || [[wiktionary:you|you (plural)]] || *jūz, *juz
|-
| 6 || [[wiktionary:they|they]] || *īz
|-
| 7 || [[wiktionary:this|this]] || *siz
|-
| 8 || [[wiktionary:that|that]] || *þaz; *anaz
|-
| 9 || [[wiktionary:here|here]] || *sī
|-
| 10 || [[wiktionary:there|there]] || *þut
|-
| 11 || [[wiktionary:who|who]] || *haz
|-
| 12 || [[wiktionary:what|what]] || *hą
|-
| 13 || [[wiktionary:where|where]] || *hut
|-
| 14 || [[wiktionary:when|when]] || *hatō
|-
| 15 || [[wiktionary:how|how]] || *hōhaz
|-
| 16 || [[wiktionary:not|not]] || ne
|-
| 17 || [[wiktionary:all|all]] || *wisaz
|-
| 18 || [[wiktionary:many|many]] || *manakaz
|-
| 19 || [[wiktionary:some|some]] || *hiliz
|-
| 20 || [[wiktionary:few|few]] ||
|-
| 21 || [[wiktionary:other|other]] ||
|-
| 22 || [[wiktionary:one|one]] || *ainaz
|-
| 23 || [[wiktionary:two|two]] || *twō
|-
| 24 || [[wiktionary:three|three]] || *þrīz
|-
| 25 || [[wiktionary:four|four]] || *heduriz
|-
| 26 || [[wiktionary:five|five]] || *finh
|-
| 27 || [[wiktionary:big|big]] ||
|-
| 28 || [[wiktionary:long|long]] || *tilkaz
|-
| 29 || [[wiktionary:wide|wide]] || *fladuz
|-
| 30 || [[wiktionary:thick|thick]] || *stōraz
|-
| 31 || [[wiktionary:heavy|heavy]] || *þinguz
|-
| 32 || [[wiktionary:small|small]] || *smalaz
|-
| 33 || [[wiktionary:short|short]] || *kartuz
|-
| 34 || [[wiktionary:narrow|narrow]] || *anguz
|-
| 35 || [[wiktionary:thin|thin]] || *þinnaz
|-
| 36 || [[wiktionary:woman|woman]] || *kenō
|-
| 37 || [[wiktionary:man|man (adult male)]] || *wīraz
|-
| 38 || [[wiktionary:man|man (human being)]] || *zumô
|-
| 39 || [[wiktionary:child|child]] || *tēdiz; *waigaz
|-
| 40 || [[wiktionary:wife|wife]] || *kenō
|-
| 41 || [[wiktionary:husband|husband]] || *mankijaz
|-
| 42 || [[wiktionary:mother|mother]] || *mōþê (*mōþer-)
|-
| 43 || [[wiktionary:father|father]] || *þewaz
|-
| 44 || [[wiktionary:animal|animal]] || *dwēriz
|-
| 45 || [[wiktionary:fish|fish]] ||*gūz (*guw-)
|-
| 46 || [[wiktionary:bird|bird]] || *fudō
|-
| 47 || [[wiktionary:dog|dog]] || *hwô (*hun-)
|-
| 48 || [[wiktionary:louse|louse]] ||
|-
| 49 || [[wiktionary:snake|snake]] || *ankiz
|-
| 50 || [[wiktionary:worm|worm]] || *hirmiz
|-
| 51 || [[wiktionary:tree|tree]] || *terwą
|-
| 52 || [[wiktionary:forest|forest]] || *lēsuz
|-
| 53 || [[wiktionary:stick|stick]] || *haugaz
|-
| 54 || [[wiktionary:fruit|fruit]] ||
|-
| 55 || [[wiktionary:seed|seed]] || *sēmį
|-
| 56 || [[wiktionary:leaf|leaf]] || *lafaz
|-
| 57 || [[wiktionary:root|root]] || *harô
|-
| 58 || [[wiktionary:bark|bark]] || *harō
|-
| 59 || [[wiktionary:flower|flower]] || *hwaidaz
|-
| 60 || [[wiktionary:grass|grass]] || *þrōwō
|-
| 61 || [[wiktionary:rope|rope]] || *wirwiz
|-
| 62 || [[wiktionary:skin|skin]] || *ōtō
|-
| 63 || [[wiktionary:meat|meat]] || *minzō
|-
| 64 || [[wiktionary:blood|blood]] || *hrawją
|-
| 65 || [[wiktionary:bone|bone]] || *haulaz
|-
| 66 || [[wiktionary:fat#Noun|fat (noun)]] || *þaugaz
|-
| 67 || [[wiktionary:egg|egg]] || *ōjją
|-
| 68 || [[wiktionary:horn|horn]] || *rakaz
|-
| 69 || [[wiktionary:tail|tail]] ||
|-
| 70 || [[wiktionary:feather|feather]] || *flunhsnō
|-
| 71 || [[wiktionary:hair|hair]] ||
|-
| 72 || [[wiktionary:head|head]] || *kalwō
|-
| 73 || [[wiktionary:ear|ear]] || *ausiz
|-
| 74 || [[wiktionary:eye|eye]] ||
|-
| 75 || [[wiktionary:nose|nose]] ||
|-
| 76 || [[wiktionary:mouth|mouth]] ||
|-
| 77 || [[wiktionary:tooth|tooth]] || *tandiz; *gampaz
|-
| 78 || [[wiktionary:tongue|tongue]] || *inzūz
|-
| 79 || [[wiktionary:fingernail|fingernail]] ||
|-
| 80 || [[wiktionary:foot|foot]] || *fēdō
|-
| 81 || [[wiktionary:leg|leg]] ||
|-
| 82 || [[wiktionary:knee|knee]] ||
|-
| 83 || [[wiktionary:hand|hand]] || *ranhō
|-
| 84 || [[wiktionary:wing|wing]] || *sparnaz
|-
| 85 || [[wiktionary:belly|belly]] || *indrą
|-
| 86 || [[wiktionary:guts|guts]] || *wēterō
|-
| 87 || [[wiktionary:neck|neck]] ||
|-
| 88 || [[wiktionary:back|back]] ||
|-
| 89 || [[wiktionary:breast|breast]] || *firsiz
|-
| 90 || [[wiktionary:heart|heart]] || *sirtiz
|-
| 91 || [[wiktionary:liver|liver]] || *jahnō
|-
| 92 || [[wiktionary:drink|to drink]] ||
|-
| 93 || [[wiktionary:eat|to eat]] || *ēstī
|-
| 94 || [[wiktionary:bite|to bite]] || *kanstī
|-
| 95 || [[wiktionary:suck|to suck]] ||
|-
| 96 || [[wiktionary:spit|to spit]] || *speuþī
|-
| 97 || [[wiktionary:vomit|to vomit]] ||
|-
| 98 || [[wiktionary:blow|to blow]] || *wēþī
|-
| 99 || [[wiktionary:breathe|to breathe]] || *gūzōþī
|-
| 100 || [[wiktionary:laugh|to laugh]] || smijēþī
|-
| 101 || [[wiktionary:see|to see]] || *wītēþī
|-
| 102 || [[wiktionary:hear|to hear]] || *hlauziþī 
|-
| 103 || [[wiktionary:know|to know]] || *dunōþī 
|-
| 104 || [[wiktionary:think|to think]] || *minēþī
|-
| 105 || [[wiktionary:smell|to smell]] || *ōstī
|-
| 106 || [[wiktionary:fear|to fear]] || *bōþī 
|-
| 107 || [[wiktionary:sleep|to sleep]] || 
|-
| 108 || [[wiktionary:live|to live]] || 
|-
| 109 || [[wiktionary:die|to die]] || 
|-
| 110 || [[wiktionary:kill|to kill]] || 
|-
| 111 || [[wiktionary:fight|to fight]] || 
|-
| 112 || [[wiktionary:hunt|to hunt]] || 
|-
| 113 || [[wiktionary:hit|to hit]] || 
|-
| 114 || [[wiktionary:cut|to cut]] || 
|-
| 115 || [[wiktionary:split|to split]] || 
|-
| 116 || [[wiktionary:stab|to stab]]
|-
| 117 || [[wiktionary:scratch|to scratch]] || 
|-
| 118 || [[wiktionary:dig|to dig]] || 
|-
| 119 || [[wiktionary:swim|to swim]] || 
|-
| 120 || [[wiktionary:fly|to fly]] || 
|-
| 121 || [[wiktionary:walk|to walk]] || 
|-
| 122 || [[wiktionary:come|to come]] || 
|-
| 123 || [[wiktionary:lie|to lie]] || 
|-
| 124 || [[wiktionary:sit|to sit]] || 
|-
| 125 || [[wiktionary:stand|to stand]] || 
|-
| 126 || [[wiktionary:turn|to turn]] || 
|-
| 127 || [[wiktionary:fall|to fall]] || 
|-
| 128 || [[wiktionary:give|to give]] || 
|-
| 129 || [[wiktionary:hold|to hold]] || 
|-
| 130 || [[wiktionary:squeeze|to squeeze]] || 
|-
| 131 || [[wiktionary:rub|to rub]] || 
|-
| 132 || [[wiktionary:wash|to wash]] || 
|-
| 133 || [[wiktionary:wipe|to wipe]] || 
|-
| 134 || [[wiktionary:pull|to pull]] || 
|-
| 135 || [[wiktionary:push|to push]] || 
|-
| 136 || [[wiktionary:throw|to throw]] || 
|-
| 137 || [[wiktionary:tie|to tie]] || 
|-
| 138 || [[wiktionary:sew|to sew]] || 
|-
| 139 || [[wiktionary:count|to count]] || 
|-
| 140 || [[wiktionary:say|to say]] || 
|-
| 141 || [[wiktionary:sing|to sing]] || 
|-
| 142 || [[wiktionary:play|to play]] || 
|-
| 143 || [[wiktionary:float|to float]] || 
|-
| 144 || [[wiktionary:flow|to flow]] || 
|-
| 145 || [[wiktionary:freeze|to freeze]] || 
|-
| 146 || [[wiktionary:swell|to swell]]
|-
| 147 || [[wiktionary:sun|sun]] || *saulijō; *sulliz
|-
| 148 || [[wiktionary:moon|moon]] || *mēnô
|-
| 149 || [[wiktionary:star|star]] || *kwaistō
|-
| 150 || [[wiktionary:water|water]] || *wantô 
|-
| 151 || [[wiktionary:rain|rain]]
|-
| 152 || [[wiktionary:river|river]] || *afō
|-
| 153 || [[wiktionary:lake|lake]] || *ezerą
|-
| 154 || [[wiktionary:sea|sea]] || *mari
|-
| 155 || [[wiktionary:salt|salt]] || 
|-
| 156 || [[wiktionary:stone|stone]] || *ahmô
|-
| 157 || [[wiktionary:sand|sand]] || 
|-
| 158 || [[wiktionary:dust|dust]] || 
|-
| 159 || [[wiktionary:earth|earth]] || *demê
|-
| 160 || [[wiktionary:cloud|cloud]] || *nepaz
|-
| 161 || [[wiktionary:fog|fog]] || *miklō
|-
| 162 || [[wiktionary:sky|sky]] ||
|-
| 163 || [[wiktionary:wind|wind]] ||  *wēþrō
|-
| 164 || [[wiktionary:snow|snow]] || *snaikaz
|-
| 165 || [[wiktionary:ice|ice]] || *letuz
|-
| 166 || [[wiktionary:smoke|smoke]] || *tūmaz 
|-
| 167 || [[wiktionary:fire|fire]] || *unkniz
|-
| 168 || [[wiktionary:ash|ash]]
|-
| 169 || [[wiktionary:burn|to burn]] || *tihtī
|-
| 170 || [[wiktionary:road|road]] || *fanþiz
|-
| 171 || [[wiktionary:mountain|mountain]] || 
|-
| 172 || [[wiktionary:red|red]] || *rautaz
|-
| 173 || [[wiktionary:green|green]] || *diliz
|-
| 174 || [[wiktionary:yellow|yellow]] || *kilþaz
|-
| 175 || [[wiktionary:white|white]] || *palþaz 
|-
| 176 || [[wiktionary:black|black]] || 
|-
| 177 || [[wiktionary:night|night]] || *nahtiz
|-
| 178 || [[wiktionary:day|day]] || *tīnaz
|-
| 179 || [[wiktionary:year|year]]
|-
| 180 || [[wiktionary:warm|warm]] || 
|-
| 181 || [[wiktionary:cold|cold]] || 
|-
| 182 || [[wiktionary:full|full]] || *fillaz
|-
| 183 || [[wiktionary:new|new]] || *nawjaz
|-
| 184 || [[wiktionary:old|old]] || *senaz
|-
| 185 || [[wiktionary:good|good]] || 
|-
| 186 || [[wiktionary:bad|bad]] || 
|-
| 187 || [[wiktionary:rotten|rotten]] || 
|-
| 188 || [[wiktionary:dirty|dirty]] || 
|-
| 189 || [[wiktionary:straight|straight]] || 
|-
| 190 || [[wiktionary:round|round]] || 
|-
| 191 || [[wiktionary:sharp|sharp]] || *agraz 
|-
| 192 || [[wiktionary:dull|dull]] || 
|-
| 193 || [[wiktionary:smooth|smooth]] || *klōtuz
|-
| 194 || [[wiktionary:wet|wet]] || 
|-
| 195 || [[wiktionary:dry|dry]] || *sauzaz
|-
| 196 || [[wiktionary:correct|correct]] || 
|-
| 197 || [[wiktionary:near|near]] || 
|-
| 198 || [[wiktionary:far|far]] || 
|-
| 199 || [[wiktionary:right|right]] || *tisinaz
|-
| 200 || [[wiktionary:left|left]] || *laiwaz
|-
| 201 || [[wiktionary:at|at]] || *frī
|-
| 202 || [[wiktionary:in|in]] || *in
|-
| 203 || [[wiktionary:with|with]] || *hun
|-
| 204 || [[wiktionary:and|and]] || *ō; *ir; *ī
|-
| 205 || [[wiktionary:if|if]] || 
|-
| 206 || [[wiktionary:because|because]] || 
|-
| 207 || [[wiktionary:name|name]] || *immį
|}
==Spanish-sounding Slavic==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Slavic languages
|-
! rowspan="2" | Translation
! rowspan="2" | Late [[Proto-Slavic]]
! rowspan="2" | class
! colspan="2" | [[Russian language|Russian]]
! colspan="2" | [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]
! colspan="2" | [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Czech language|Czech]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Slovak language|Slovak]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Polish language|Polish]]
! colspan="2" | [[Serbo-Croatian language|Serbo-Croatian]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Slovene language|Slovene]]
! colspan="2" | [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]]
! colspan="3" | Spanish-sounding Slavic
|-
! [[Russian orthography|''Cyrillic'']] || ''Latin''
! [[Ukrainian alphabet|''Cyrillic'']] || ''Latin''
! [[Bulgarian alphabet|''Cyrillic'']] || ''Latin''
! ''standard''<br>([[Shtokavian dialect|Shtokavian]]) || ''[[Chakavian dialect|Chakavian]]''
! [[Macedonian alphabet|''Cyrillic'']] || ''Latin''
! Slavicky Latin || Spanishy Latin || Cyrillic
|-
! I
|*(j)azъ, (j)ā<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| prn.
| я || ja <!--Russian-->
| я || ja <!--Ukrainian-->
| аз/я(dial.) || az/ja(dial.)<!--Bulgarian-->
| já <!--Czech-->
| ja <!--Slovak-->
| ja <!--Polish-->
| jȃ || jå̃ <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| jàz <!--Slovenian-->
| јас || jas <!--Macedonian-->
| ja || ya
|-
! you (singular)
|*ty<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| prn.
| ты || ty <!--Russian-->
| ти || ty <!--Ukrainian-->
| ти || ti <!--Bulgarian-->
| ty <!--Czech-->
| ty <!--Slovak-->
| ty <!--Polish-->
| tȋ || tĩ <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| tȋ <!--Slovenian-->
| ти || ti <!--Macedonian-->
| ti || ti
|-
! he, she, it
|*onъ<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| prn.
| он, она, оно || on, oná, onó <!--Russian-->
| він, вона, воно || vin, voná, vonó <!--Ukrainian-->
| той, тя, то|| toj, tya, to<!--Bulgarian-->
| colspan=3|on, ona, ono <!--Czech, Slovak, Polish -->
| ȍn/ȏn, òna, òno || õn, onȁ, onȍ <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| òn, óna, onọ̑/óno <!--Slovenian-->
| тој/оној || toj/onoj <!--Macedonian-->
| on, ona, ono || on, ona, ono
|-
! we
|*my<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| prn.
| мы || my <!--Russian-->
| ми || my <!--Ukrainian-->
| ни́е || níe <!--Bulgarian-->
| my <!--Czech-->
| my <!--Slovak-->
| my <!--Polish-->
| mȋ || mĩ <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| mȋ <!--Slovenian-->
| ние || nie <!--Macedonian-->
| mi || mi
|-
! you (plural)
|*vy<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| prn.
| вы || vy <!--Russian-->
| ви || vy <!--Ukrainian-->
| ви́е || víe <!--Bulgarian-->
| vy <!--Czech-->
| vy <!--Slovak-->
| wy<!--Polish-->
| vȋ || vĩ <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| vȋ <!--Slovenian-->
| вие || vie <!--Macedonian-->
| vi || vi
|-
! they
|*oni, *ony, *ona<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| prn.
| они́ || on'í <!--Russian-->
| вони́ || vony <!--Ukrainian-->
| те || te <!--Bulgarian-->
| oni, ony, ona <!--Czech-->
| oni, ony, ona <!--Slovak-->
| oni, one <!--Polish-->
| oni, one, ona || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| oni, one, ona <!--Slovenian-->
| тие/оние || tie/onie <!--Macedonian-->
| oni
|-
! this, that
|*tъ<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| prn.
| то || tot, ta, to <!--Russian-->
| той, та, то || toj, ta, to <!--Ukrainian-->
| (това́) || (tová) <!--Bulgarian-->
| ten, ta, to <!--Czech-->
| ten, tá, to <!--Slovak-->
| ten, ta, to <!--Polish-->
| tȃj, tȃ, tȏ || tȁ, tȃ, tȏ/tȍ <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| tȃ, tȃ, tọ̑ <!--Slovenian-->
| ова/она || ova/ona <!--Macedonian-->
| to, ta, to
|-
! here
|*sьde, *tu <!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| здесь, тут || zd'es', tut <!--Russian-->
| тут || tut <!--Ukrainan-->
| тук, тука || tuk, tuka <!--Bulgarian-->
| zde, tu <!--Czech-->
| tu <!--Slovak-->
| tu, tutaj <!--Polish-->
| tu || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| tù, túkaj, zde <!--Slovenian-->
| овде, тука || ovde, tuka <!--Macedonian-->
| tu
|-
! there
|*tamъ<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| там || tam <!--Russian-->
| там || tam <!--Ukrainan-->
| там || tam <!--Bulgarian-->
| tam <!--Czech-->
| tam <!--Slovak-->
| tam <!--Polish-->
| tamo || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| tam <!--Slovenian-->
| таму || tamu <!--Macedonian-->
| tamo
|-
! who
|*kъto<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| prn.
| кто || kto <!--Russian-->
| хто || khto <!--Ukrainian-->
| ((кой)) || ((koi)) <!--Bulgarian-->
| kdo <!--Czech-->
| kto <!--Slovak-->
| kto <!--Polish-->
| (t)kȍ; ki || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| kdọ́ <!--Slovenian-->
| кој || koj <!--Macedonian-->
| ko || co
|-
! what
|*čьto, *čь<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| prn.
| что || čto /što/ <!--Russian-->
| що || ščo <!--Ukrainian-->
| що (dial.) || shto <!--Bulgarian-->
| co <!--Czech-->
| čo <!--Slovak-->
| co <!--Polish-->
| štȍ/šta || (Vrg.) ča (<*čь) <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| kaj <!--Slovenian-->
| што || što <!--Macedonian-->
| čo || cho
|-
! where
|*kъde<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| prn.
| где || gd'e <!--Russian-->
| де || de <!--Ukrainian-->
| къде || kəde <!--Bulgarian-->
| kde <!--Czech-->
| kde <!--Slovak-->
| gdzie <!--Polish-->
| gd(j)ȅ || kadȅ (Orb.) <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| kjẹ́ <!--Slovenian-->
| каде || kade <!--Macedonian-->
| kedé || quedé
|-
! when
|*kogъda; *kogъdy<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| adv./conj.
| когда́ || kogdá <!--Russian-->
| коли́ || kolý <!--Ukrainian-->
| кога́ || kogá <!--Bulgarian-->
| (kdy); OCz. kehdy <!--Czech-->
| kedy <!--Slovak-->
| kiedy, gdy <!--Polish-->
| kàda || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| kdáj <!--Slovenian-->
| кога || koga <!--Macedonian-->
| koda
|-
! how; what (kind of)
| kakъ<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| adv.; prn.
| как || kak; kakój <!--Russian-->
| як || jak <!--Ukrainian-->
| как, какъв|| kak, kakɤv <!--Bulgarian-->
| (jak) (OCz. jaký) <!--Czech-->
| ako (OSk. aký) <!--Slovak-->
| (jak), jaki/jaka/jakie (arch. jako, jakowy/jakowa/jakowe) <!--Polish-->
| kàko, kakav/kakva/kakvo || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| kakọ̑, kakšen/kakšna/kakšno <!--Slovenian-->
| како, каков/каква/какво || kako, kakov/kakva/kakvo <!--Macedonian-->
| kako || caco
|-
! not
|*ne<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| adv.
| не || ne <!--Russian-->
| ні || ni <!--Ukrainian-->
| не || ne <!--Bulgarian-->
| ne <!--Czech-->
| nie <!--Slovak-->
| nie <!--Polish-->
| ne || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| nè <!--Slovenian-->
| не || ne <!--Macedonian-->
| ne
|-
! all
|*vьśь, *vьśja, vьśe<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| prn.
| весь, вся, всё || v'es', vs'a, vs'o <!--Russian-->
| весь, вся, вcе || ves', vsja, vse <!--Ukrainian-->
| (вси́чки)/вси || (vsíčki)/vsi <!--Bulgarian-->
| (všichni); OCz. veš, všě, vše <!--Czech-->
| (všetci); OSk. vše <!--Slovak-->
| (wszyscy); OPl. wszy, wsza, wsze <!--Polish-->
| sȁv, svȁ, svȅ || svȁs, svȁ, svȅ <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| vǝ̀s, vsà, vsè <!--Slovenian-->
| се/сето || se/seto <!--Macedonian-->
| vese, vesa, vese
|-
! many
|*mъnogъ<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| adj. o
| мно́гий || mnógij <!--Russian-->
| бага́то || baháto <!--Ukrainian-->
| мно́го || mnógo (adv.) <!--Bulgarian-->
| mnohý <!--Czech-->
| mnohí <!--Slovak-->
| mnogi <!--Polish-->
| mnȍgī || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| mnọ̑gi <!--Slovenian-->
| многу || mnogu <!--Macedonian-->
| menogo || menogo
|-
! some
|*ne + *koliko<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| не́сколько || n'éskol'ko <!--Russian-->
| де́кілька || dékil'ka <!--Ukrainian-->
| ня́колко || njákolko <!--Bulgarian-->
| několik <!--Czech-->
| niekoľko <!--Slovak-->
| kilka <!--Polish-->
| nekoliko || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| nekọ̑liko, nẹ́kaj <!--Slovenian-->
| неколку || nekolku<!--Macedonian-->
| nekolko
|-
! few
|*malъ<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| ма́ло || málo <!--Russian-->
| ма́ло || málo <!--Ukrainian-->
| ма́лко || málko <!--Bulgarian-->
| málo <!--Czech-->
| málo <!--Slovak-->
| mało <!--Polish-->
| malo || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| malo <!--Slovenian-->
| малку || malku <!--Macedonian-->
| malo
|-
! other/second
|*drȗgъ<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| adj. o (c)
| друго́й || drugój <!--Russian-->
| дру́гий || drúhyj <!--Ukrainian-->
| друг (today -"other") || drug <!--Bulgarian-->
| druhý <!--Czech-->
| druhý <!--Slovak-->
| drugi, (arch.. wtóry) <!--Polish-->
| drȗg || drȕgī <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| drȗgi <!--Slovenian-->
| друг (today -"other") || drug <!--Macedonian-->
| drugo || drugo
|-
! other
|*jь̀nь<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| prn. (a)
| ино́й || inój <!--Russian-->
| і́нший || ínšyj <!--Ukrainian-->
| инак || inak<!--Bulgarian-->
| jiný <!--Czech-->
| iný, inakší <!--Slovak-->
| inny <!--Polish-->
| drugi/ini || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| drȗg <!--Slovenian-->
| инаку || inaku<!--Macedonian-->
| ino
|-
! one
|*(j)edìnъ, *(j)edьnъ<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| num. o
| оди́н, одна́ || od'ín, odná <!--Russian-->
| оди́н || odýn <!--Ukrainian-->
| еди́н || edín <!--Bulgarian-->
| jeden <!--Czech-->
| jeden, jedna <!--Slovak-->
| jeden <!--Polish-->
| jèdan, jȅdna || jedå̃n, jednȁ, jednȍ <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| eden, en, ena, eno <!--Slovenian-->
| еден || eden<!--Macedonian-->
| eden (en), édena (ena)
|-
! two
|*d(ъ)va<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| num.
| два || dva, dve, dva <!--Russian-->
| два || dva <!--Ukrainian-->
| двa || dva <!--Bulgarian-->
| dva, dvě, dvě <!--Czech-->
| dva, dve <!--Slovak-->
| dwa, dwie, dwa <!--Polish-->
| dvȃ, dv(ȉj)e, dvȃ || dvå̑, dvȋ, dvå̑ <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| dvȃ, dvẹ́, dvȃ <!--Slovenian-->
| два || dva <!--Macedonian-->
| dva, dve
|-
! three
|*trьje, *tri<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| num.
| три || tr'i <!--Russian-->
| три || try <!--Ukrainian-->
| три || tri <!--Bulgarian-->
| tři <!--Czech-->
| tri <!--Slovak-->
| trzy <!--Polish-->
| trȋ || trȋ <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| trȋje, trȋ, trȋ <!--Slovenian-->
| три || tri <!--Macedonian-->
| tri
|-
! four
|*četỳre<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| num. (a)
| четы́ре || č'etýr'e <!--Russian-->
| чоти́ри || čotýry <!--Ukrainian-->
| че́ти́ри || čétíri <!--Bulgarian-->
| čtyři <!--Czech-->
| štyri <!--Slovak-->
| cztery <!--Polish-->
| čètiri || četȉri <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| štirje, štiri, štiri <!--Slovenian-->
| четири || četiri <!--Macedonian-->
| četire
|-
! five
| pę̑tь<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| num. i (c)
| пять || p'at' <!--Russian-->
| п’ять || pjat' <!--Ukrainian-->
| пет || pet <!--Bulgarian-->
| pět <!--Czech-->
| päť <!--Slovak-->
| pięć <!--Polish-->
| pȇt || pȇt <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| pẹ̑t <!--Slovenian-->
| пет || pet <!--Macedonian-->
| pete
|-
! big, great
|*velìkъ; velьkъ<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| adj. o
| вели́кий || v'el'ík'ij <!--Russian-->
| вели́кий || velýkyj <!--Ukrainian-->
| ((голям)), вели́к || ((goljam)), velík <!--Bulgarian-->
| velký <!--Czech-->
| veľký <!--Slovak-->
| wielki <!--Polish-->
| vȅlikī, vȅlikā, vȅlikō || vȅlik, velikȁ, velikȍ <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| vélik, velíka <!--Slovenian-->
| голем, велики || golem, veliki <!--Macedonian-->
| velke
|-
! small
|*màlъ<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| adj. o (a)
| ма́лый || mályj <!--Russian-->
| мали́й || malýj <!--Ukrainian-->
| (ма́лък); мал || (málǝk); mal <!--Bulgarian-->
| malý <!--Czech-->
| malý <!--Slovak-->
| mały <!--Polish-->
| mȁli || må̃lī <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| mȃli, majhen <!--Slovenian-->
| малечoк/а/ки/ко, мал, мало/а/и. || malećok/a/ki/ko, mal, malo/a/i <!--Macedonian-->
| male
|-
! long
|*dь̀lgъ<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| adj. o (a)
| до́лгий || dólg'ij <!--Russian-->
| до́вгий || dóvhyj<!--Ukrainian-->
| дъ́лъг || dǝ́lǝg <!--Bulgarian-->
| dlouhý <!--Czech-->
| dlhý <!--Slovak-->
| długi <!--Polish-->
| dȕg || dȕg <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| dȏļg, dȏļga, dȏļgo <!--Slovenian-->
| долг/долго || dolg/dolgo <!--Macedonian-->
| duege
|-
! short
|*kortъ̀kъ<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| adj. o (b)
| коро́ткий || korótk'ij <!--Russian-->
| коро́ткий|| korótkyj <!--Ukrainian-->
| кра́тък || krátǝk <!--Bulgarian-->
| krátký <!--Czech-->
| krátky <!--Slovak-->
| krótki <!--Polish-->
| krátak, krátka || krå̑tak, krå̄tkȁ, krå̑tko;<br />krãtak, krãtka, krãtko <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| krátǝk <!--Slovenian-->
| кратко/а/и, краток || kratko/a/i, kratok <!--Macedonian-->
| krake
|-
! wide
|*širokъ<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| широ́кий || širók'ij <!--Russian-->
| широ́кий || šyrókyj <!--Ukrainian-->
| широ́к || širók <!--Bulgarian-->
| široký <!--Czech-->
| široký <!--Slovak-->
| szeroki <!--Polish-->
| širok || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| širók <!--Slovenian-->
| широк, широко/а/и || širok, široko/a/i <!--Macedonian-->
| siroke
|-
! narrow
|*ǫzъkъ<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| adj. o
| у́зкий || úzk'ij; úzok, uzká, úzko <!--Russian-->
| вузьки́й || vuz'kýj <!--Ukrainian-->
| у́зък || úzǎk <!--Bulgarian-->
| úzký <!--Czech-->
| úzky <!--Slovak-->
| wąski <!--Polish-->
| ȕzak, ȕska/uskȁ || ȕsak, uskȁ, ȕsko <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| ọ́zǝk, ọ́zka <!--Slovenian-->
| тесно/на/ни/ен || tesno/na/ni/en, teško/a/i <!--Macedonian-->
|-
| uske
! thick
|*tъlstъ<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| то́лстый || tólstyj <!--Russian-->
| товсти́й || towstýj <!--Ukrainian-->
| тлъст || tlǝst <!--Bulgarian-->
| tlustý <!--Czech-->
| tlstý, hrubý <!--Slovak-->
| tłusty <!--Polish-->
| debeli || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| debel, debẹ́l, tọ̑lst <!--Slovenian-->
| дебел, дебело/а/и || debel, debelo/a/i <!--Macedonian-->
| debele
|-
! thin
|*tь̏nъkъ<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| adj. o (c)
| то́нкий || tónk'ij; tónok, tanká, tónko <!--Russian-->
| тонки́й || tonkýj <!--Ukrainian-->
| т'ънък|| tǝ́nǝk <!--Bulgarian-->
| tenký <!--Czech-->
| tenký <!--Slovak-->
| cienki <!--Polish-->
| tȁnak, tànka/tánka || tȁnak, tankȁ, tȃnko <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| tǝnǝ́k, tǝnkà <!--Slovenian-->
| тенок, тенко/а/и || tenok, tenko/a/i <!--Macedonian-->
| tenke
|-
! heavy
| *tęžъkъ<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| adj. o
| тя́жкий || t'ážkij <!--Russian-->
| тяжки́й || tjažkýj <!--Ukrainian-->
| те́жък || téžǝk <!--Bulgarian-->
| těžký <!--Czech-->
| ťažký <!--Slovak-->
| ciężki <!--Polish-->
| téžak, téška || tȅžak, tēškȁ <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| téžǝk téžka, téžko; težȃk <!--Slovenian-->
| тежок, тешко/а/и || težok, teško/a/i <!--Macedonian-->
| tieske
|-
! woman/wife
|*ženà<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| f. ā (b)
| жена́ || ž'ená /žená/ <!--Russian-->
|дружина||družýna <!--Ukrainian-->
| жена́ || žená <!--Bulgarian-->
| žena <!--Czech-->
| žena, manželka <!--Slovak-->
| żona <!--Polish-->
| žèna (acc. žènu), supruga || ženȁ (acc. ženȕ) <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| žéna (wife), žẹ́nska (woman) <!--Slovenian-->
| жена|| ženа <!--Macedonian-->
| rena
|-
! husband, man
|*mǫ̑žь<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| m. jo (c)
| муж || muž <!--Russian-->
| муж || muž <!--Ukrainian-->
| мъж || mǝž <!--Bulgarian-->
| muž <!--Czech-->
| muž, manžel <!--Slovak-->
| mąż <!--Polish-->
| || mȗž (mȗža) <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| mọ̑ž (možȃ) <!--Slovenian-->
| маж || maž <!--Macedonian-->
| mur
|-
! man (''human'')
|*čelověkъ<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| m. o
| челове́к || č'elov'ék <!--Russian-->
| чоловік || čolovík (husband) <!--Ukrainian-->
| чове́к || čovék <!--Bulgarian-->
| člověk <!--Czech-->
| človek <!--Slovak-->
| człowiek <!--Polish-->
| čòv(j)ek (čòv(j)eka); čȍv(j)ek (čov(j)èka) || čovȉk (čovȉka) <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| člóvek (človẹ́ka) <!--Slovenian-->
| човек || čovek <!--Macedonian-->
| čoke
|-
! child
|*dětę<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| дитя́ || d'it'á <!--Russian-->
| дитина || dytýna<!--Ukrainian-->
| дете́ || deté <!--Bulgarian-->
| dítě <!--Czech-->
| dieťa <!--Slovak-->
| dziecko, dziecię <!--Polish-->
| d(ij)ete || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| otrók, dẹ́te <!--Slovenian-->
| дете || dete <!--Macedonian-->
| diete
|-
! mother
| *mati<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| мать || mat' <!--Russian-->
| мати || máty <!--Ukrainian-->
| ма́йка || májka <!--Bulgarian-->
| matka <!--Czech-->
| matka, mama <!--Slovak-->
| matka (arch. mać) <!--Polish-->
| majka, mater, mati || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| mati <!--Slovenian-->
| мајка || majka <!--Macedonian-->
| mate
|-
! father
| *otьcь<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| оте́ц || ot'éc <!--Russian-->
| батько || bát'ko <!--Ukrainian-->
| оте́ц || otе́c <!--Bulgarian-->
| otec <!--Czech-->
| otec <!--Slovak-->
| ojciec <!--Polish-->
| otac || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| oče <!--Slovenian-->
| татко, отец || tatko, otec <!--Macedonian-->
| oche
|-
! wild animal
|*zvě̑rь<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| m. i (c)
| зверь || zv'er' <!--Russian-->
| звір || zvir <!--Ukrainian-->
| звяр || zvjar <!--Bulgarian-->
| zvěř <!--Czech-->
| zviera, zver <!--Slovak-->
| zwierz, zwierzę <!--Polish-->
| zv(ȉj)er f. (i) || zvȋr (zvȋri) f. (i) <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| zvẹ̑r (zverȋ) <!--Slovenian-->
| ѕвер || dzver <!--Macedonian-->
| cuvier
|-
! fish
| *ryba<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| ры́ба || rýba <!--Russian-->
| риба || rýba <!--Ukrainian-->
| ри́ба || ríba <!--Bulgarian-->
| ryba <!--Czech-->
| ryba <!--Slovak-->
| ryba <!--Polish-->
| riba || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| riba <!--Slovenian-->
| риба || riba <!--Macedonian-->
| riba
|-
! bird
|*pъtica, *pъtъka<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| пти́ца || pt'íca <!--Russian-->
| птах || ptax <!--Ukrainian-->
| пти́ца || ptíca <!--Bulgarian-->
| pták <!--Czech-->
| vták <!--Slovak-->
| ptak <!--Polish-->
| ptica || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| ptič, ptica <!--Slovenian-->
| птица || ptica <!--Macedonian-->
| tica
|-
! dog
|*pьsъ<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| соба́ка, пёс || sobáka, p'os <!--Russian-->
| собака, пес || sobáka, pes<!--Ukrainian-->
| пес, ку́че || pes, kúče <!--Bulgarian-->
| pes <!--Czech-->
| pes <!--Slovak-->
| pies <!--Polish-->
| pas || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| pəs <!--Slovenian-->
| куче, пес || kuče, pes <!--Macedonian-->
| pes
|-
! louse
|*vъ̏šь<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| f. i (c)
| вошь || voš' /voš/ (vš'i) <!--Russian-->
| воша || vóša <!--Ukrainian-->
| въ́шка || vǝ́ška <!--Bulgarian-->
| veš <!--Czech-->
| voš <!--Slovak-->
| wesz <!--Polish-->
| vȃš (vȁši); ȗš (ȕši) || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| ùš (ušȋ); ȗš <!--Slovenian-->
| вошка || voška <!--Macedonian-->
| vos
|-
! snake
|*zmьjà<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| f. iā
| змея́ || zm'ejá <!--Russian-->
| змія || zmijá <!--Ukrainian-->
| змия́ || zmijá <!--Bulgarian-->
| zmije<ref group=table>"adder"</ref> <!--Czech-->
| had, zmija (venomous) <!--Slovak-->
| żmija<ref group=table>"venomous snake, adder"</ref> <!--Polish-->
| zmìja || zmijȁ <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| kača <!--Slovenian-->
| змија || zmija <!--Macedonian-->
| cemija
|-
! worm
|*čьrvь<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| червь || č'erv' <!--Russian-->
| черв'як ||červják <!--Ukrainian-->
| че́рвей || čérvej <!--Bulgarian-->
| červ <!--Czech-->
| červ <!--Slovak-->
| czerw, robak <!--Polish-->
| crv || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| črv <!--Slovenian-->
| црв || crv <!--Macedonian-->
| čero
|-
! tree
|*dervo, *dьrvo<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| де́рево || d'ér'evo <!--Russian-->
| дерево || dérevo <!--Ukrainian-->
| дърво́ || dǝrvó <!--Bulgarian-->
| dřevo <ref group=table>"wood (material). ''Tree'' is ''strom'' instead."</ref> <!--Czech-->
| strom, drevo <ref group=table>"archaic- nowadays used as ''timber''"</ref> <!--Slovak-->
| drzewo <!--Polish-->
| drvo || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| drevọ̑ <!--Slovenian-->
| дрво || drvo <!--Macedonian-->
| dero
|-
! forest
|*lěsъ<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| лес || l'es <!--Russian-->
| ліс || lis<!--Ukrainian-->
| лес || les <!--Bulgarian-->
| les <!--Czech-->
| les, hora <!--Slovak-->
| las <!--Polish-->
| lȇs, lijȇs || <!--Serbo-Croatian-->
| gozd, lẹ́s, šuma, họ̑sta, mẹ́ja <!--Slovenian-->
| шума || šuma <!--Macedonian-->
| lies
|-
! stick
|*palica, *palъka<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| па́лка || pálka <!--Russian-->
| палиця || pályc'a<!--Ukrainian-->
| пáлка || pálka <!--Bulgarian-->
| hůl <!--Czech-->
| palica <!--Slovak-->
| laska / pałka / kij <!--Polish-->
| štap, palica || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| palica <!--Slovenian-->
| палка || palka <!--Macedonian-->
| palka
|-
! fruit
|*plodъ<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| плод || plod <!--Russian-->
| плід || plid <!--Ukrainian-->
| плод, овошка || plod, ovoška <!--Bulgarian-->
| ovoce (plod) <!--Czech-->
| ovocie <!--Slovak-->
| owoc (płód) <!--Polish-->
| plod || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| plọ̑d <!--Slovenian-->
| плод|| plod <!--Macedonian-->
| plod
|-
! seed
|*sěmę<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| се́мя || s'ém'a <!--Russian-->
| насіння || nasínn'a <!--Ukrainian-->
| се́ме || séme <!--Bulgarian-->
| semeno <!--Czech-->
| semeno, semä (archaic)<!--Slovak-->
| nasiono/nasienie, ziarno, siemię <!--Polish-->
| s(j)eme || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| sẹ́me <!--Slovenian-->
| семе, семенка || seme, semenka <!--Macedonian-->
| sieme
|-
! leaf
|*listъ<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| лист || l'ist <!--Russian-->
| лист || lyst <!--Ukrainian-->
| листо́, лист || listó, list <!--Bulgarian-->
| list <!--Czech-->
| list <!--Slovak-->
| liść <!--Polish-->
| list || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| list <!--Slovenian-->
| лист || list <!--Macedonian-->
| listo
|-
! root
|*korenь<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| ко́рень || kór'en' <!--Russian-->
| корінь || kórin'<!--Ukrainian-->
| ко́рен || kóren <!--Bulgarian-->
| kořen <!--Czech-->
| koreň <!--Slovak-->
| korzeń <!--Polish-->
| kor(ij)en || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| korẹ́n, korenína <!--Slovenian-->
| корен || koren <!--Macedonian-->
| koren
|-
! bark (''of a tree'')
|*kora<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| кора́ || korá <!--Russian-->
| кора || korá <!--Ukrainian-->
| кора́ || korá <!--Bulgarian-->
| kůra <!--Czech-->
| kôra <!--Slovak-->
| kora <!--Polish-->
| kora || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| skọ̑rja <!--Slovenian-->
| кора || kora <!--Macedonian-->
| kora
|-
! flower
|*květъ<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| цвето́к || cv'etók <!--Russian-->
| квітка || kvítka <!--Ukrainian-->
| цве́те || cvéte <!--Bulgarian-->
| květ <!--Czech-->
| kvet <!--Slovak-->
| kwiat, kwiecie <!--Polish-->
| cv(ij)et || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| rọ̑ža, cvẹ́t, cvetlíca <!--Slovenian-->
| цвеќе || cvekje <!--Macedonian-->
| cuvieto
|-
! grass
|*trava<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| трава́ || travá <!--Russian-->
| трава || travá <!--Ukrainian-->
| трева́ || trevá <!--Bulgarian-->
| tráva <!--Czech-->
| tráva <!--Slovak-->
| trawa <!--Polish-->
| trava || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| trava <!--Slovenian-->
| трева || treva <!--Macedonian-->
| treva
|-
! rope
|*ǫže<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| верёвка || v'er'óvka <!--Russian-->
| мотузка || motúzka<!--Ukrainian-->
| въже́ || vǝžé <!--Bulgarian-->
| provaz, houžev <!--Czech-->
| povraz, šnúra, lano <!--Slovak-->
| sznur, lina, powróz <!--Polish-->
| uže || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| vrv, konópec <!--Slovenian-->
| јаже || jaže <!--Macedonian-->
|
|-
! skin
|*koža<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| ко́жа || kóža <!--Russian-->
| шкіра || škíra <!--Ukrainian-->
| ко́жа || kóža <!--Bulgarian-->
| kůže <!--Czech-->
| koža <!--Slovak-->
| kożuch,<ref group=table>"sheepskin coat"</ref> skóra <!--Polish-->
| koža || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| kọ̑ža <!--Slovenian-->
| кожа || koža <!--Macedonian-->
| kora
|-
! meat
|*męso<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| мя́со || m'áso <!--Russian-->
| м'ясо || mjáso<!--Ukrainian-->
| ме́со || méso <!--Bulgarian-->
| maso <!--Czech-->
| mäso <!--Slovak-->
| mięso <!--Polish-->
| meso || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| mesọ̑ <!--Slovenian-->
| месо || meso <!--Macedonian-->
| mieso
|-
! blood
| *kry<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| кровь || krov' <!--Russian-->
| кров || krov <!--Ukrainian-->
| кръв || krǝv <!--Bulgarian-->
| krev <!--Czech-->
| krv <!--Slovak-->
| krew <!--Polish-->
| krv || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| kri <!--Slovenian-->
| крв || krv <!--Macedonian-->
| kreo
|-
! bone
|*kostь<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| кость || kost' <!--Russian-->
| кістка || kístka <!--Ukrainian-->
| кост, ко́кал || kost, kókal <!--Bulgarian-->
| kost <!--Czech-->
| kosť <!--Slovak-->
| kość, kostka(deminutive) <!--Polish-->
| kost || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| kọ̑st <!--Slovenian-->
| коска || koska <!--Macedonian-->
| kosto
|-
! fat (''noun'')
|*sadlo<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| са́ло || sálo <!--Russian-->
| жир || žyr <!--Ukrainian-->
| сало (dial.) || salo <!--Bulgarian-->
| sádlo, tuk <!--Czech-->
| tuk, sadlo <!--Slovak-->
| tłuszcz, sadło<!--Polish-->
| masnoća, mast, salo || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| mast, tọ̑lšča, maščóba, salo <!--Slovenian-->
| сало || salo <!--Macedonian-->
| salo
|-
! egg
| *ȃje; *ajьce<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| n. jo (c); n. jo
| яйцо́ || jajcó <!--Russian-->
| яйце || jajcé <!--Ukrainian-->
| яйце́ || jajcé <!--Bulgarian-->
| vejce <!--Czech-->
| vajce, vajco (regional)<!--Slovak-->
| jajo; jajko, jajco <!--Polish-->
| jáje; jájce || jå̑je <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| jájce <!--Slovenian-->
| јајце || jajce <!--Macedonian-->
| jajce
|-
! horn
| *rȍgъ m. o (c) <!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| рог || rog <!--Russian-->
| ріг || rih <!--Ukrainian-->
| рог || rog <!--Bulgarian-->
| roh <!--Czech-->
| roh <!--Slovak-->
| róg (rogu) <!--Polish-->
| colspan=2|rȏg (rȍga) <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| rọ̑g (rọ̑ga/rogȃ) <!--Slovenian-->
| рог || rog <!--Macedonian-->
| rogo
|-
! tail
| *xvȍstъ <!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| хвост || hvost <!--Russian-->
| хвіст || xvist <!--Ukrainian-->
| опа́шка || opáška <!--Bulgarian-->
| chvost <!--Czech-->
| chvost <!--Slovak-->
| chwost <!--Polish-->
| rȇp || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| rȅp <!--Slovenian-->
| о́пашка || ópaška <!--Macedonian-->
| opaska
|-
! feather
|*però<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| n. o (b)
| перо́ || p'eró <!--Russian-->
| перо || peró <!--Ukrainian-->
| перо́ || peró <!--Bulgarian-->
| péro <!--Czech-->
| pero, pierko <!--Slovak-->
| pióro <!--Polish-->
| pèro || perȍ <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| perọ̑ (perẹ́sa) <!--Slovenian-->
| перо || pero <!--Macedonian-->
| pero
|-
! hair
| *vȏlsъ<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| m. o (c)
| во́лос || vólos (vólosa) <!--Russian-->
|  волосина, волосся || volosýna, volóss'a<!--Ukrainian-->
| влакнó || vlaknó <!--Bulgarian-->
| vlas <!--Czech-->
| vlas <!--Slovak-->
| włos, kosmyk<ref group=table>"tuft of hair"</ref> <!--Polish-->
| vlȃs (vlȃsa) || vlå̑s (vlå̑sa) <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| lȃs (lȃsa/lasȗ) <!--Slovenian-->
| влакно || vlakno <!--Macedonian-->
| los
|-
! hair, braided hair
| *kosà<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| f. ā (c)
| || kosá (kósu)<ref group=table>"braid, plait"</ref> <!--Russian-->
| коса || kosá <!--Ukrainian-->
| коса́ || kosá <!--Bulgarian-->
| vlasy OCz. kosa <!--Czech-->
| vlasy, vrkoče OSk. kosa  <!--Slovak-->
| OPl. kosa<ref group=table>"braid, mane"</ref> <!--Polish-->
| kòsa (acc. kȍsu) || (Novi) kosȁ (acc. kosȕ/kȍsu) <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| lasjẹ́ <!--Slovenian-->
| косa || kosa <!--Macedonian-->
| kosa
|-
! head
| *golvà<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| f. ā (c)
| голова́ || golová (acc. gólovu) <!--Russian-->
| голова || holová <!--Ukrainian-->
| глава́ || glavá <!--Bulgarian-->
| hlava <!--Czech-->
| hlava  <!--Slovak-->
| głowa <!--Polish-->
| gláva (acc. glȃvu) || glå̄vȁ (acc. glå̑vu) <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| gláva <!--Slovenian-->
| глава || glava <!--Macedonian-->
| glava
|-
! ear
|*ȗxo<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| n. o (c)
| у́хо || úxo, pl. úš'i /úšy/ <!--Russian-->
| вухо || vúxo <!--Ukrainian-->
| ухо́ || uhó <!--Bulgarian-->
| ucho <!--Czech-->
| ucho <!--Slovak-->
| ucho <!--Polish-->
| ȕho/ȕvo, pl. f. ȕši || ȕho (ȕha), pl. m. ȕši <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| uhọ̑ (ušẹ̑sa) <!--Slovenian-->
| уво, уше || uvo, uše <!--Macedonian-->
| ucho
|-
! eye
| *ȍko<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| n. o (c)
| глаз, о́ко || óko (poet.)<!--Russian-->
| око || о́ko<!--Ukrainian-->
| око́ || okó <!--Bulgarian-->
| colspan=3|oko <!--Czech, Slovak, Polish-->
| colspan=2|ȍko <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| okọ̑ (očẹ̑sa) <!--Slovenian-->
| око || oko <!--Macedonian-->
| oko
|-
! nose
|*nȍsъ<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| m. o (c)
| нос || nos <!--Russian-->
| ніс || nis <!--Ukrainian-->
| нос || nos <!--Bulgarian-->
| colspan=3|nos <!--Czech, Slovak, Polish-->
| colspan=2|nȏs (nȍsa) <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| nọ̑s (nọ̑sa/nosȃ/nosȗ) <!--Slovenian-->
| нос || nos <!--Macedonian-->
| nos
|-
! mouth
|*ūstà<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| pl. n. o (b)
| рот || rot <!--Russian-->
| вуста || vustá<!--Ukrainian-->
| уста́ || ustá <!--Bulgarian-->
| colspan=2|ústa <!--Czech, Slovak-->
| usta <!--Polish-->
| ústa || ũstå̄; ũsta <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| ústa <!--Slovenian-->
| уста || usta <!--Macedonian-->
| usta
|-
! tooth
|*zǫ̑bъ<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| m. o (c)
| зуб || zub <!--Russian-->
| зуб || zub <!--Ukrainian-->
| зъб || zǝb <!--Bulgarian-->
| zub <!--Czech-->
| zub <!--Slovak-->
| ząb <!--Polish-->
| colspan=2|zȗb (zȗba) <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| zọ̑b (zọ̑ba) <!--Slovenian-->
| заб || zab <!--Macedonian-->
| zuebo
|-
! tongue/language
|*ęzỳkъ<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| m. o (a)
| язы́к || jazýk <!--Russian-->
| язик, мова || jazýk, móva <!--Ukrainian-->
| ези́к || ezík <!--Bulgarian-->
| jazyk <!--Czech-->
| jazyk <!--Slovak-->
| język <!--Polish-->
| jèzik || jazȉk <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| jézik (jezíka) <!--Slovenian-->
| јазик || jazik <!--Macedonian-->
| jecko
|-
! nail (of finger/toe), claw
|*nȍgъtь<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| m. i/io (c)
| но́готь || nógot' (nógt'a) <!--Russian-->
| ніготь || níhot' <!--Ukrainian-->
| но́кът || nókǝt <!--Bulgarian-->
| nehet <!--Czech-->
| necht  <!--Slovak-->
| paznokieć (OPl. paznogiedź), pazur <!--Polish-->
| nȍkat (nȍkta); nogat (nokta) || nȍhat (nȍhta) <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| nọ̑ht (nọ̑hta)<!--Slovenian-->
| нокт, канџа || nokt, kandža<!--Macedonian-->
|-
! foot, leg
|*noga<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| f. ā (c)
| нога́ || nogá <!--Russian-->
| ногá || nohá <!--Ukrainian-->
| крак, нога|| krak, nogá <!--Bulgarian-->
| noha <!--Czech-->
| noha  <!--Slovak-->
| noga <!--Polish-->
| nòga (nȍgu) || nogȁ (nȍgu) <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| nóga <!--Slovenian-->
| нога || noga <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! knee
|*kolě̀no<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| n. o (a)
| коле́но || kol'éno <!--Russian-->
| коліно || kolíno <!--Ukrainian-->
| коля́но || kolyáno <!--Bulgarian-->
| koleno <!--Czech-->
| koleno <!--Slovak-->
| kolano <!--Polish-->
| kòl(j)eno || kolȉno <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| kolẹ́no <!--Slovenian-->
| колено/ница || koleno/nica <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! hand
| *rǭkà<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| f. ā (c)
| рука́ || ruká <!--Russian-->
| рука || ruká <!--Ukrainian-->
| ръка́ || rǝká <!--Bulgarian-->
| ruka <!--Czech-->
| ruka <!--Slovak-->
| ręka <!--Polish-->
| rúka (rȗku) || rūkȁ (rȗku) <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| róka <!--Slovenian-->
| рака || raka <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! wing
|*krīdlò<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| n. o (b)
| крыло́ || kryló <!--Russian-->
| крило || kryló <!--Ukrainian-->
| крило́ || kriló <!--Bulgarian-->
| křídlo <!--Czech-->
| krídlo <!--Slovak-->
| skrzydło <!--Polish-->
| krílo || (Orb.) krīlȍ <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| krílo <!--Slovenian-->
| крило || krilo <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! belly
|*bŗȗxo, *bŗȗxъ<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| m./n. o (c)
| живот || žyvot <!--Russian-->
| живіт || žyvít <!--Ukrainian-->
| корем, стомах, търбух || korem, stomah, tǝrbuh <!--Bulgarian-->
| břicho <!--Czech-->
| brucho  <!--Slovak-->
| brzuch <!--Polish-->
| trbuh || --- <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| trẹ́buh (trebúha) <!--Slovenian-->
| стомак, желудник || stomak, želudnik <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! guts
|*červo<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| кишки́ || k'išk'í <!--Russian-->
| кишки́ || kyšký <!--Ukrainian-->
| черва́ || červá <!--Bulgarian-->
| střeva <!--Czech-->
| črevá <!--Slovak-->
| trzewia (ścierwo<ref group=table>"carcass"</ref>) <!--Polish-->
| cr(ij)evo || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| črevo, črevẹ́sje <!--Slovenian-->
| црева || creva <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! neck
|*šija, *šьja<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| ше́я || š'éja /šéja/ <!--Russian-->
| шия || šýja <!--Ukrainian-->
| врат, ши́я || vrat, šíja <!--Bulgarian-->
| krk <!--Czech-->
| krk <!--Slovak-->
| szyja, kark <!--Polish-->
| vrat, šija || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| vrat <!--Slovenian-->
| шија || šija <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! back
|*xrьbьtъ <!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| спина́ || spiná <!--Russian-->
| спи́на || spýna <!--Ukrainian-->
| гръб || grǝb <!--Bulgarian-->
| záda, hřbet <!--Czech-->
| chbát <!--Slovak-->
| grzbiet <!--Polish-->
| leđa || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| hrbet <!--Slovenian-->
| грб || grb <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! shoulder
|*pletjè<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| n. jo (b)
| плечó || plečó <!--Russian-->
| плече || plečé  <!--Ukrainian-->
| плещи (pl.)|| pleští pl. <!--Bulgarian-->
| rameno, pleco <!--Czech-->
| plece, rameno <!--Slovak-->
| plecy pl.,<ref group=table>"back"</ref> ramię <ref group=table>"arm(limb)"</ref> <!--Polish-->
| pléće, rame || (Novi) plećȅ <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| rama, plẹ́ča <!--Slovenian-->
| плеќи|| plékji <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! breast
|*grǫ̑dь<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| f. i (c)
| грудь || grud' <!--Russian-->
| груди || hrúdy <!--Ukrainian-->
| гръд || grǝd <!--Bulgarian-->
| prsa, hruď <!--Czech-->
| prsia, hruď  <!--Slovak-->
| pierś; OPl. grędzi (pl.) <!--Polish-->
| grȗd, prsa || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| prsi, grudi, nẹ́drje <!--Slovenian-->
| града || grada <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! heart
|*sь̏rdьce<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| n. jo (c)
| се́рдце || s'érdc'e /s'érce/ <!--Russian-->
| серце || sérce <!--Ukrainian-->
| сърце́ || sǝrcé <!--Bulgarian-->
| srdce <!--Czech-->
| srdce <!--Slovak-->
| serce (OPl. serdce) <!--Polish-->
| colspan=2|sȑce (sȑca) <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| srcẹ̑ (srcá) <!--Slovenian-->
| срце || srce <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! liver
|*ę̄trò, *pečenь <!--Proto-Slavic-->
| n. o (b)
| || játro/jatró<ref group=table>"entrails, eggs"</ref> <!--Russian-->
| печінка || pečínka<!--Ukrainian-->
| черен дроб, джигер || cheren drob, džiger <!--Bulgarian-->
| játra (pl.) <!--Czech-->
| pečeň <!--Slovak-->
| (wątroba) <!--Polish-->
| jȅtra (pl.) || (Orb.) j<sup>i</sup>ẽtra (pl.) <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| jẹ́tra (pl.) <!--Slovenian-->
| џигер, црн дроб || džiger, crn drob <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! to drink
|*pìti<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| v.
| пить || p'it' <!--Russian-->
| пити || pýty <!--Ukrainian-->
| да пи́я || da píja <!--Bulgarian-->
| píti <!--Czech-->
| piť  <!--Slovak-->
| pić <!--Polish-->
| pȉti (pȉjēm) || pȉti (pījȅš) <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| píti (píjem) <!--Slovenian-->
| да пие || da pie <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! to eat
|*ě̀sti<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| v.
| есть || jest' <!--Russian-->
| їсти || jísty <!--Ukrainian-->
| да ям || da jam <!--Bulgarian-->
| jísti <!--Czech-->
| jesť <!--Slovak-->
| jeść <!--Polish-->
| jȅsti (jȅdem) || ȉsti/ĩsti (3sg. idẽ) <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| jẹ́sti (jẹ́m) <!--Slovenian-->
| да јаде || da jade <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! to gnaw
|*grỳzti<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| v. (c)
| грызть || gryzt' <!--Russian-->
| гризти || hrýzty <!--Ukrainian-->
| да гризя || da grize <!--Bulgarian-->
| hryzat <!--Czech-->
| hrýzť <!--Slovak-->
| gryźć <!--Polish-->
| grȉsti (grízēm) || grȉsti (2sg. grīzȅš) <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| grísti (grízem) <!--Slovenian-->
| да гризе || da grize <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! to suck
|*sъsàti<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| v.
| соса́ть || sosát' (sosú, sos'ót) <!--Russian-->
| смоктати || smoktáty <!--Ukrainian-->
| (су́ча) || (súča) <!--Bulgarian-->
| sát (saji) <!--Czech-->
| cicať, sať <!--Slovak-->
| ssać (ssę) <!--Polish-->
| sisati || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| sesáti (sesȃm) <!--Slovenian-->
| да цица || da cica <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! to spit
|*pjь̀vati<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| v. (a)
| плева́ть || pl'evát' (pljujú, plujót) <!--Russian-->
| плювати || pl'uváty <!--Ukrainian-->
| плю́я || pljúja; pljúvam <!--Bulgarian-->
| plivat (plivu) <!--Czech-->
| pľuť (pľujem) <!--Slovak-->
| pluć (pluję), (arch. plwać) <!--Polish-->
| pljùvati (pljȕjēm) || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| pljúvati (pljúvam) <!--Slovenian-->
| да плука || da pluka <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! to vomit
|*bljьvàti<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| v.
| блева́ть || bl'evát' <!--Russian-->
| блювати || bl'uváty <!--Ukrainian-->
| повръщам, бълвам|| povrǝ́shtam, bǝ́lvam <!--Bulgarian-->
| blít (bliju) <!--Czech-->
| zvracať, OSk. bľuť, bľuvať <!--Slovak-->
| wymiotować, zwracać, rzygać; OPl. bluć (bluj̨ę) <!--Polish-->
| bljùvati (bljȕjēm), povraćati || (Orb.) bljȕvat (3sg. bljȗje/bljȕva)  <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| brùhati, bljuváti (bljúvam/bljújem) <!--Slovenian-->
| да повраќа || da povrakja <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! to blow
|*dǫ̀ti<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| v.
| дуть, ве́ять || dut', v'éjat' <!--Russian-->
| ду́ти, ві́яти, дму́хати ||  dúty, víjaty, dmúxaty <!--Ukrainian-->
| ду́хам, ве́я || dúham, véja <!--Bulgarian-->
| vát, vanout, foukat <!--Czech-->
| duť, fúkať, vanúť <!--Slovak-->
| dmuchać, dąć, wiać <!--Polish-->
| dúvati, dúhati || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| pihati <!--Slovenian-->
| да дува || da duva <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! to breathe
|*dyxati<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| v.
| дышать || dyshat' <!--Russian-->
| дихати ||  dýxaty <!--Ukrainian-->
| ди́шам || díšam <!--Bulgarian-->
| dýchat (dýchám) <!--Czech-->
| dýchať (dýcham) <!--Slovak-->
| oddychać; dychać (colloq.), dyszeć<ref group=table>"pant, gasp"</ref> <!--Polish-->
| dísati (dȋšēm/dȋhām) || dȉhati (2sg. dȉšeš) <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| díhati (dȋham) <!--Slovenian-->
| да дише || da diše <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! to laugh
|*smьjàti sę<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| v. (c)
| смея́ться || sm'eját's'a <!--Russian-->
| сміятись || smijátys' <!--Ukrainian-->
| сме́я се || sméja se <!--Bulgarian-->
| smát se (směju se) <!--Czech-->
| smiať sa (smejem sa) <!--Slovak-->
| śmiać się (śmieję się) <!--Polish-->
| smìjati se (smìjēm se) || (Vrg.) smījȁti se (smijȅš se) <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| smejáti se (smẹ́jem se/smejím se) <!--Slovenian-->
| да се смее || da se smee <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! to see
|*vìděti<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| v. (a)
| ви́деть || v'íd'et'  <!--Russian-->
| бачити || báčyty <!--Ukrainian-->
| ви́ждам || vídja, víždam <!--Bulgarian-->
| vidět (vidím) <!--Czech-->
| vidieť (vidím) <!--Slovak-->
| widzieć <!--Polish-->
| vȉd(j)eti (vȉdīm) || vìti (2sg. vȉdīš) <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| vídeti (vȋdim) <!--Slovenian-->
| да види || da vidi <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! to hear
|*slušati<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| слу́шать || slúšat' <!--Russian-->
| слухати || slúxaty <!--Ukrainian-->
| слу́шам, чу́вам || slúšam, čúvam <!--Bulgarian-->
| slyšet (slyším) <!--Czech-->
| počuť (počujem) <!--Slovak-->
| słyszeć <!--Polish-->
| slušati || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| slišati (slišim) <!--Slovenian-->
| да слушне || da slušne <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! to know, be familiar with
|*znàti<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| v. (a)
| знать || znat' <!--Russian-->
| знати || znáty <!--Ukrainian-->
| зна́я; знам || znája; znam <!--Bulgarian-->
| znát (znám) <!--Czech-->
| vedieť, poznať <!--Slovak-->
| znać <!--Polish-->
| znȁti (znȃm) || znȁti (2sg. znå̑š) <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| poznáti (poznȃm) <!--Slovenian-->
| да знае, да познава || da znae, da poznava <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! to know, have knowledge
|*věděti<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| v.
| ведать || v'édat'<ref group=table>"manage"; "know" (obs.)</ref> <!--Russian-->
| відати|| vídaty <!--Ukrainian-->
| вям || vjam <!--Bulgarian-->
| vědět (vím) <!--Czech-->
| vedieť (viem) <!--Slovak-->
| wiedzieć (wiem) <!--Polish-->
| znati || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| vẹ́deti (vẹ́m)<!--Slovenian-->
| || <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! to understand
|*orzuměti<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| v.
| понимать || ponimatʹ <!--Russian-->
| розуміти|| rozumíty <!--Ukrainian-->
| разбирам || razbiram <!--Bulgarian-->
| rozumět (rozumím) <!--Czech-->
| rozumieť (rozumiem) <!--Slovak-->
| rozumieć (rozumiem) <!--Polish-->
| razùm(j)eti || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| razumẹ́ti <!--Slovenian-->
| да разбира || da razbira <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! to think
|*mysliti<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| мы́слить || mýsl'it' <!--Russian-->
| думати, мислити || dúmaty, mýslyty <!--Ukrainian-->
| ми́сля || míslja <!--Bulgarian-->
| myslet (myslím) <!--Czech-->
| myslieť (myslím) <!--Slovak-->
| myśleć <!--Polish-->
| misliti || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| misliti (mislim) <!--Slovenian-->
| да мисли || da misli <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! to smell
|*ňuxati<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| ню́хать, чу́ять || n'úkhat', čújat' <!--Russian-->
| нюхати, відчувати || n'úxaty, vidčuváty <!--Ukrainian-->
| мири́ша, ду́ша || miríša, dúša <!--Bulgarian-->
| vonět (voním), čichat (čichám) <!--Czech-->
| voniať (voniam), čuchať (čuchám) <!--Slovak-->
| czuć, wąchać,<ref group=table>"to smell", transitive</ref> wonieć<ref group=table>"to smell, intransitive"</ref> <!--Polish-->
| mirisati || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| vọ̑hati, vọ̑njati, duhati <!--Slovenian-->
| да мирисне || da mirisne <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! to fear
|*bojati sę<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| боя́ться || boját's'a <!--Russian-->
| боятись || bojátys' <!--Ukrainian-->
| страху́вам се, боя се || straxúvam se, boja se <!--Bulgarian-->
| bát se <!--Czech-->
| báť sa (bojím sa) <!--Slovak-->
| bać się (boję się), płoszyć się, strachać się(arch.), lękać się <!--Polish-->
| bojati se || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| bati se <!--Slovenian-->
| да се плаши || da se plaši <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! to sleep
|*sъpati<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| спать || spat' <!--Russian-->
| спати || spáty <!--Ukrainian-->
| спя || spja <!--Bulgarian-->
| spát <!--Czech-->
| spať <!--Slovak-->
| spać <!--Polish-->
| spavati || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| spati <!--Slovenian-->
| да спие || da spie <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! to live
|*žìti<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| v. (c)
| жить || ž'it' /žyt'/ <!--Russian-->
| жити || žúty <!--Ukrainian-->
| живе́я || živéja <!--Bulgarian-->
| žít <!--Czech-->
| žiť <!--Slovak-->
| żyć <!--Polish-->
| žív(j)eti, 1sg. žívīm || žīvȉti, 2sg. žīvȅš <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| živẹ́ti <!--Slovenian-->
| да живее || da živee <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! to die
|*merti<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| умира́ть || um'irát' <!--Russian-->
| вмирати || vmyráty <!--Ukrainian-->
| уми́рам || umíram <!--Bulgarian-->
| umírat <!--Czech-->
| umierať, zomierať <!--Slovak-->
| umierać, mrzeć <!--Polish-->
| umr(ij)eti, umriti || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| umrẹ́ti <!--Slovenian-->
| да умре || da umre <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! to kill
|*ubiti<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| убива́ть || ub'ivát' <!--Russian-->
| вбивати || vbyváty <!--Ukrainian-->
| уби́вам || ubívam <!--Bulgarian-->
| zabíjet <!--Czech-->
| zabíjať, zabiť <!--Slovak-->
| zabijać, ubijać <!--Polish-->
| ubiti || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| ubíti <!--Slovenian-->
| да убие || da ubie <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! to fight
|*boriti sę<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| боро́ться || borót's'a <!--Russian-->
| боротись || borótys' <!--Ukrainian-->
| бо́ря се, би́я се || bórja se, bíja se <!--Bulgarian-->
| bojovat <!--Czech-->
| bojovať, biť sa <!--Slovak-->
| walczyć, bić się, wojować, zmagać się <!--Polish-->
| boriti se, tući se || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| boríti se, bojeváti se <!--Slovenian-->
| да се бори, да се тепа || da se bori, da se tepa <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! to hunt
|*loviti<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| охо́титься || oxót'it's'a <!--Russian-->
| полювати || pol'uváty <!--Ukrainian-->
| лову́вам, ловя || lovúvam, lovja <!--Bulgarian-->
| lovit <!--Czech-->
| loviť <!--Slovak-->
| polować,<ref group=table>"hunt, chase, prowl, course"</ref> łowić<ref group=table>"hunt, fish, catch, snare"</ref> <!--Polish-->
| loviti || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| lovíti <!--Slovenian-->
| да лови || da lovi <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! to hit
|*udariti<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| v.
| ударя́ть || udar'át' <!--Russian-->
| вдаряти || vdar'áty <!--Ukrainian-->
| у́дрям || údrjam <!--Bulgarian-->
| udeřit <!--Czech-->
| udrieť <!--Slovak-->
| uderzać <!--Polish-->
| ùdariti, 1sg. ùdarīm || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| udáriti <!--Slovenian-->
| да удри || da udri <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! to cut
|*sěkti, *strigti, *rězati<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| ре́зать, руби́ть || r'ézat', rub'ít' <!--Russian-->
| секти, стригти, різати || sektý, strýhty, rízaty <!--Ukrainian-->
| ре́жа, сека́ || réža, seká <!--Bulgarian-->
| řezat <!--Czech-->
| rezať, sekať, rúbať <!--Slovak-->
| ciąć,<ref group=table>"cut, slice, chop"</ref> strzyc,<ref group=table>"cut, mow, trim, shear"</ref> siec OPl. rzezać (arch.) <!--Polish-->
| rezati || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| rẹ́zati <!--Slovenian-->
| да сече || da seće <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! to split
| <!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| разделя́ть || razd'el'át' <!--Russian-->
| розділяти || rozdil'áty <!--Ukrainian-->
| разде́лям || razdéljam <!--Bulgarian-->
| rozdělit <!--Czech-->
| rozdeliť (sa) <!--Slovak-->
| podzielić,<ref group=table>"split, divide, separate, share, distribute"</ref> rozdzielić<ref group=table>"split (up), (divide up), disunite, pull apart, separate, parcel, give away, share, distribute, provide, disperse"</ref> <!--Polish-->
| pod(ij)eliti, razd(ij)eliti || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| razdelíti <!--Slovenian-->
| да подели, да раздели || da podeli, da razdeli <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! to stab
|*bosti, *kolti<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| коло́ть || kolót' <!--Russian-->
| колоти || kolóty <!--Ukrainian-->
| буча́, прому́швам, пробо́ждам || bučá, promúšvam, probóždam <!--Bulgarian-->
| píchnout <!--Czech-->
| pichnúť. bodnúť <!--Slovak-->
| pchnąć,<ref group=table>"push"</ref> bóść<ref group=table>"stab, spike, prick, butt"</ref> (coll. kolnąć) <!--Polish-->
| bosti, ubosti, klati || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| zabósti, prebósti <!--Slovenian-->
| да убоде || da ubode <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! to scratch
|*česati, *drapati<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| цара́пать || carápat' <!--Russian-->
| чесати, дерти || česáty, dérty <!--Ukrainian-->
| че́ша, дра́скам || čéša, dráskam <!--Bulgarian-->
| škrábat <!--Czech-->
| škrabať, škrabnúť <!--Slovak-->
| drapać,<ref group=table>"scratch, scrape, irritate, rub"</ref> skrobać,<ref group=table>"scratch, scrape, rasp, scrub, grate, scribble"</ref> czesać,<ref group=table>"comb, brush"</ref> grzebać<ref group=table>"to rummage, to dig"</ref> <!--Polish-->
| češati, grebati, drapati || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| praskati <!--Slovenian-->
| да гребе, драска, чеша, драпа || da grebe, draska, ćeša, drapa <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! to dig
|*kopati<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| копа́ть || kopát' <!--Russian-->
| копати || kopáty <!--Ukrainian-->
| копа́я || kopája <!--Bulgarian-->
| kopat <!--Czech-->
| kopať <!--Slovak-->
| kopać <!--Polish-->
| kopati || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| kopáti <!--Slovenian-->
| да копа || da kopa <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! to sail
|*pluti; *plỳti<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| v.; v. (a)
| плыть || plyt' (plyvú, plyv'ót) <!--Russian-->
| плити || plyty <!--Ukrainian-->
| плу́вам || plúvam <!--Bulgarian-->
| plout (pluju) <!--Czech-->
| plaviť sa, plávať <!--Slovak-->
| (pływać), pluć<ref group=table>"spit, sputter"</ref> <!--Polish-->
| ploviti || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| plúti (plújem/plóvem) <!--Slovenian-->
| да плива, да едри || da pliva, da edri <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! to swim, float
|*plàvati<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| v. (a)
| пла́вать || plávat' <!--Russian-->
| плавати || plávaty <!--Ukrainian-->
| пла́вам || plávam <!--Bulgarian-->
| plavat <!--Czech-->
| plávať <!--Slovak-->
| pływać, pławić się,<ref group=table>"wallow"</ref> OPl. pławać <!--Polish-->
| plȉvati || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| plávati (plȃvam) <!--Slovenian-->
| да плива, да едри || da pliva, da edri <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! to fly
|*letěti<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| лета́ть || l'etát' <!--Russian-->
| літати || litáty <!--Ukrainian-->
| летя́ || letjá <!--Bulgarian-->
| létat <!--Czech-->
| lietať, letieť <!--Slovak-->
| latać, lecieć <!--Polish-->
| let(j)eti || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| letẹ́ti (letím) <!--Slovenian-->
| да лета || da leta <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! to walk
|*xoditi<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| v.
| ходи́ть || xod'ít' <!--Russian-->
| ходити || xodýty <!--Ukrainian-->
| хо́дя || xódja <!--Bulgarian-->
| chodit <!--Czech-->
| chodiť, kráčať <!--Slovak-->
| chodzić <!--Polish-->
| hòdati || hodȉti <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| hodíti (hǫ́dim) <!--Slovenian-->
| да оди || da odi <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! to go
|*jьti<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| v.
| идти́ || idt'í (idú, id'ót) <!--Russian-->
| йти || jty <!--Ukrainian-->
| вървя, отивам || vǝ́rvja, otivam <!--Bulgarian-->
| jít (jdu) <!--Czech-->
| ísť (idem) <!--Slovak-->
| iść (idę) <!--Polish-->
| ìći (ȉdēm) || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| íti (grem) <!--Slovenian-->
| да замине || da замине <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! to come
| <!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| приходи́ть || pr'ixod'ít' <!--Russian-->
| приходити || pryxódyty <!--Ukrainian-->
| и́двам, ида, дохождам || ídvam, ida, dohoždam <!--Bulgarian-->
| přicházet, přijít <!--Czech-->
| prichádzať, prísť <!--Slovak-->
| przychodzić, przyjść, dojść <!--Polish-->
| doći, prići || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| priti <!--Slovenian-->
| да дојде || da dojde <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! to lie (''as in a bed'')
|*ležati<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| лежа́ть || l'ežát' <!--Russian-->
| лежати || ležáty <!--Ukrainian-->
| лежа́ || ležá <!--Bulgarian-->
| ležet <!--Czech-->
| ležať <!--Slovak-->
| leżeć <!--Polish-->
| ležati, lijegati || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| ležáti (ležím) <!--Slovenian-->
| лежам || ležam <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! to sit
| *sěsti<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| сиде́ть || s'id'ét' <!--Russian-->
| сидіти || sydíty <!--Ukrainian-->
| седя́ || sedjá <!--Bulgarian-->
| sedět <!--Czech-->
| sedieť <!--Slovak-->
| siedzieć <!--Polish-->
| s(j)esti || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| sedẹ́ti (sedím) <!--Slovenian-->
| да седне || da sedne <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! to stand
|*stati<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| стоя́ть || stoját' <!--Russian-->
| стояти || stojáty <!--Ukrainian-->
| стоя́, ставам || stojá, stavam <!--Bulgarian-->
| stát <!--Czech-->
| stáť <!--Slovak-->
| stać, stawać, stojeć(arch./dial.) <!--Polish-->
| stati, stajati || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| vstáti <!--Slovenian-->
| да стане || da stane <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! to turn
|*vьrtě̀ti<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| v. (c)
| верте́ть || v'ert'ét'  <!--Russian-->
| крутити || krutýty <!--Ukrainian-->
| въртя́ || vǝrtjá <!--Bulgarian-->
| vrtět <!--Czech-->
| obracať, zvrtnúť sa <!--Slovak-->
| (obracać), wiercić <!--Polish-->
| vŕt(j)eti (vŕtīm) || vrtȉti (2sg. vrtĩš) <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| vrtẹ́ti (vrtím) <!--Slovenian-->
| да врти, да заврти || da vrti, da zavrti <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! to turn, return
|*vortìti<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| v. (b)
| вернуть || vernut' <!--Russian-->
| повернути, вертати || povernúty, vertáty <!--Ukrainian-->
| връщам || vrǝshtam <!--Bulgarian-->
| vrátit <!--Czech-->
| vrátiť sa <!--Slovak-->
| wrócić <!--Polish-->
| vrátiti (1sg. vrȃtīm) || vrå̄tȉti (2sg. vrå̃tīš) <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| vrníti <!--Slovenian-->
| да се врати || da se vrati <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! to fall
|*pasti<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| па́дать || pádat' <!--Russian-->
| падати || pádaty <!--Ukrainian-->
| па́дам || pádam <!--Bulgarian-->
| padat <!--Czech-->
| padať, padnúť <!--Slovak-->
| spadać/padać, paść/spaść <!--Polish-->
| pasti || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| pasti <!--Slovenian-->
| да падне || da padne <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! to give
|*dati<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| дава́ть || davát' <!--Russian-->
| дава́ти || daváty <!--Ukrainian-->
| да́вам || dávam <!--Bulgarian-->
| dávat <!--Czech-->
| dávať, dať <!--Slovak-->
| dawać, dać <!--Polish-->
| dati || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| dati <!--Slovenian-->
| да даде || da dade <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! to hold
|*dьržati<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| держа́ть || d'eržát' <!--Russian-->
| тримати || trymáty <!--Ukrainian-->
| държа́ || dǝržá <!--Bulgarian-->
| držet <!--Czech-->
| držať <!--Slovak-->
| trzymać, dzierżyć <!--Polish-->
| držati || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| držáti (držím) <!--Slovenian-->
| да држи || da drži <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! to squeeze
|*tiskati;<br />*žęti<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| v. (b)
| сжима́ть || sž'imát' <!--Russian-->
| стиска́ти || styskáty <!--Ukrainian-->
| сти́скам, ма́чкам || stískam, máčkam <!--Bulgarian-->
| mačkat <!--Czech-->
| stískať, mädliť <!--Slovak-->
| ściskać, wyżymać<ref group=table>"to squeeze(mainly clothes)from water"</ref> <!--Polish-->
| stiskati || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| stiskati <!--Slovenian-->
| да стеска, да стега || da steska, da stega <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! to rub
|*terti<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| тере́ть || t'er'ét' <!--Russian-->
| терти || térty <!--Ukrainian-->
| три́я, тъ́ркам || tríja, tǝ́rkam <!--Bulgarian-->
| třít <!--Czech-->
| trieť, šúchať <!--Slovak-->
| trzeć <!--Polish-->
| trljati || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| drgniti, trẹ́ti <!--Slovenian-->
| да трие || da trie <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! to wash
|*myti<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| мыть || myt' <!--Russian-->
| мити || mýty <!--Ukrainian-->
| ми́я, пера́ || míja, perá <!--Bulgarian-->
| mýt <!--Czech-->
| umývať, myť <!--Slovak-->
| myć, prać<ref group=table>"to wash clothes"</ref> <!--Polish-->
| oprati, umiti || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| umíti, opráti <!--Slovenian-->
| да мие, да пере || da mie, da pere <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! to wipe
| <!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| вытира́ть || vyt'irát' <!--Russian-->
| витирати || vytyráty <!--Ukrainian-->
| бъ́рша, три́я || bǝ́rša, tríja <!--Bulgarian-->
| vytírat <!--Czech-->
| utierať, (u)trieť <!--Slovak-->
| wycierać, otrzeć <!--Polish-->
| obrisati, brisati || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| brisati, otrẹ́ti <!--Slovenian-->
| да бриши || da briši <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! to pull
|*tęgnǫti<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| тяну́ть || t'anút' <!--Russian-->
| тягти || t'ahtý <!--Ukrainian-->
| дъ́рпам, те́гля, вла́ча || dǝ́rpam, téglja, vláča <!--Bulgarian-->
| táhnout <!--Czech-->
| ťahať <!--Slovak-->
| ciągnąć, wlec<ref group=table>"to drag"</ref> <!--Polish-->
| potegnuti, vući || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| vlẹ́či, potegníti <!--Slovenian-->
| да влече, да тегне || da vleće, da tegne <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! to push
|*perti<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| толка́ть || tolkát' <!--Russian-->
| штовха́ти || štovxáty <!--Ukrainian-->
| нати́скам, бу́там || natískam, bútam <!--Bulgarian-->
| tlačit <!--Czech-->
| tlačiť <!--Slovak-->
| pchać, wcisnąć,<ref group=table>"to push f.ex. a button"</ref> tłoczyć<ref group=table>"to push f.ex. steam"</ref> <!--Polish-->
| gurnuti || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| potisniti, poriniti <!--Slovenian-->
| да турка || da turka <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! to throw
|*kydati, *mesti, *vergti v.<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| броса́ть, кида́ть || brosát', k'idát' <!--Russian-->
| кидати || kýdaty <!--Ukrainian-->
| хвъ́рлям || xvǝ́rljam <!--Bulgarian-->
| házet; OCz. vrci (1sg. vrhu) <!--Czech-->
| hádzať <!--Slovak-->
| rzucać, miotać <!--Polish-->
| baciti | |v<sup>e</sup>ȑć, 2sg. v<sup>e</sup>ȑžeš <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| vrẹ́či <!--Slovenian-->
| да фрли || da frli <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! to tie
|*vę̄zàti<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| v. (b)
| вяза́ть || v'azát' <!--Russian-->
| в'яза́ти || v'jazáty <!--Ukrainian-->
| връ́звам || vrǝ́zvam <!--Bulgarian-->
| vázat <!--Czech-->
| viazať <!--Slovak-->
| wiązać <!--Polish-->
| vézati, 1sg. véžēm || vēzȁti, 2sg. vēžeš <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| vẹ́zati <!--Slovenian-->
| да врзе || da vrze <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! to sew
|*šiti<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| шить || šyt' <!--Russian-->
| ши́ти || šýty <!--Ukrainian-->
| ши́я || šíja <!--Bulgarian-->
| šít <!--Czech-->
| šiť <!--Slovak-->
| szyć <!--Polish-->
| šiti|| <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| sejati <!--Slovenian-->
| да сошие || da sošie <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! to count
|*čitati<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| v.
| счита́ть, посчита́ть || sč'itátʹ, posč'itátʹ <!--Russian-->
| рахува́ти, лічи́ти || raxuváty, ličýty <!--Ukrainian-->
| бро́я || brója <!--Bulgarian-->
| počítat <!--Czech-->
| počítať <!--Slovak-->
| liczyć <!--Polish-->
| bròjati || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| šteti <!--Slovenian-->
| да брои || da broi <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! to read
|*čitati<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| v.
| чита́ть || č'itát' <!--Russian-->
| чита́ти || čytáty <!--Ukrainian-->
| чета || cheta <!--Bulgarian-->
| číst (čtu) <!--Czech-->
| čítať <!--Slovak-->
| czytać <!--Polish-->
| čìtati (čìtām) || čȉtati (2sg. čȉtå̄š) <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| brati (berem), čítati (čítam) <!--Slovenian-->
| да чита, да рачуна || da čita, da računa <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! to speak, talk
|*govorìti<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| v.
| говори́ть || govor'ít' <!--Russian-->
| говори́ти || hovorýty <!--Ukrainian-->
| говоря || govórja <!--Bulgarian-->
| mluvit, hovořit <!--Czech-->
| hovoriť <!--Slovak-->
| rozmawiać, mówić, gwarzyć OPl. goworzyć; gaworzyć<ref group=table>"babble, coo"</ref> <!--Polish-->
| govòriti (gòvorīm) || govȍrīti (2sg. govȍrīš) <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| govoríti (govorím) <!--Slovenian-->
| да говори, да зборува || da govori, da zboruva <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! to say, tell
|*kāzàti<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| v.
| говори́ть, сказа́ть || govor'ít', skazat' <!--Russian-->
| каза́ти || kazáty <!--Ukrainian-->
| ка́жа || káža <!--Bulgarian-->
| hovořit, říkat <!--Czech-->
| povedať, hovoriť <!--Slovak-->
| powiedzieć <!--Polish-->
| kázati (kȃžēm) || kå̄zȁti (2sg. kå̃žeš) <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| reči <!--Slovenian-->
| да кажува || da kažuva <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! to show
|*kāzàti<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| v.
| показывать || pokazyvat' <!--Russian-->
| пока́зувати || pokázuvaty <!--Ukrainian-->
| показвам || pokazvam <!--Bulgarian-->
| ukázat <!--Czech-->
| ukázať <!--Slovak-->
| pokazać <!--Polish-->
| kázati (kȃžēm) || kå̄zȁti (2sg. kå̃žeš) <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| kázati (kážem) <!--Slovenian-->
| да покаже || da pokaže <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! to sing
|*pěti<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| v. (c)
| петь || p'et' (pojú, pojót)<!--Russian-->
| співа́ти || spiváty <!--Ukrainian-->
| пе́я || péja (2sg. péeš) <!--Bulgarian-->
| zpívat (zpívám), pět (pěji) <!--Czech-->
| spievať <!--Slovak-->
| śpiewać (śpiewam), piać (pieję)<ref group=table>"to crow, to sound like  a rooster"</ref> <!--Polish-->
| p(j)evati || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| pẹ́ti (pójem) <!--Slovenian-->
| да пее || da pee <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! to play
|*jьgrati<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| игра́ть || igrát' <!--Russian-->
| гра́ти || hráty <!--Ukrainian-->
| игра́я || igrája <!--Bulgarian-->
| hrát <!--Czech-->
| hrať <!--Slovak-->
| grać, igrać <!--Polish-->
| igrati || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| igráti, igráti se <!--Slovenian-->
| да игра || da igra <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! can, to be able to
|*mogti<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| мочь || moč' <!--Russian-->
| могти || mohtý <!--Ukrainian-->
| мога́, мо́же || mogá, móže <!--Bulgarian-->
| moci, moct <!--Czech-->
| môcť <!--Slovak-->
| móc <!--Polish-->
| mȍći || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| móči <!--Slovenian-->
| да може || da može <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! to flow
|*tekti<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| течь || t'eč' <!--Russian-->
| текти || tektý <!--Ukrainian-->
| тека́, те́че || teká, téče <!--Bulgarian-->
| téci, téct <!--Czech-->
| tiecť <!--Slovak-->
| ciec, cieknąć <!--Polish-->
| teći || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| teči <!--Slovenian-->
| да тече || da teče <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! to freeze
|*mьrznǫti<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| замерзáть || zam'erzát' <!--Russian-->
| замерзáти || zamerzáty <!--Ukrainian-->
| замръ́звам || zamrǝ́zvam <!--Bulgarian-->
| zamrznout <!--Czech-->
| mrznúť, zmrznúť, zamrznúť <!--Slovak-->
| marznąć, zamarzać <!--Polish-->
| mrznuti, zamrznuti || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| zamrzniti <!--Slovenian-->
| да замрзне || da zamrzne <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! to swell
|*puxnǫti<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| пу́хнуть || púxnut' <!--Russian-->
| пу́хнути || púxnuty <!--Ukrainian-->
| подпу́хвам, оти́чам, поду́вам се || podpúxvam, otíčam, podúvam se <!--Bulgarian-->
| opuchnout, otéct <!--Czech-->
| puchnúť, opuchnúť, (arch.) otiecť <!--Slovak-->
| puchnąć, rozdąć (się) <!--Polish-->
| oteknuti, oteći || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| oteči <!--Slovenian-->
| да потечи || da poteči <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! sun
|*sъlnьce<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| со́лнце || sólnc'e /sónce/ <!--Russian-->
| со́нце || sónce <!--Ukrainian-->
| слъ́нце || slǝ́nce <!--Bulgarian-->
| slunce <!--Czech-->
| slnko, (arch.) slnce <!--Slovak-->
| słońce <!--Polish-->
| sunce || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| sọ̑nce <!--Slovenian-->
| сонце || sonce <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! moon
|*luna, *měsęcь<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| луна́, ме́сяц || luná, m'és'ac <!--Russian-->
| місяць || mís'ac' <!--Ukrainian-->
| луна́, месец, месечина || luná, mesec, mesečina <!--Bulgarian-->
| měsíc <!--Czech-->
| mesiac, (poet.) luna<!--Slovak-->
| księżyc, OPl. miesiąc <!--Polish-->
| m(j)esec || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| mẹ́sec <!--Slovenian-->
| месечина || mesečina <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! star
|*gvězda<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| звезда́ || zv'ezdá <!--Russian-->
| зірка || zírka <!--Ukrainian-->
| звезда́ || zvezdá <!--Bulgarian-->
| hvězda <!--Czech-->
| hviezda <!--Slovak-->
| gwiazda <!--Polish-->
| zv(ij)ezda || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| zvẹ́zda <!--Slovenian-->
| ѕвезда || dzvezda <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! water
|*vodà<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| f. ā (c)
| вода́ || vodá (acc. vódu) <!--Russian-->
| вода́ || vodá <!--Ukrainian-->
| вода́ || vodá <!--Bulgarian-->
| voda <!--Czech-->
| voda <!--Slovak-->
| woda <!--Polish-->
| |vòda (acc. vȍdu) || vodȁ (acc. vȍdu) <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| vóda <!--Slovenian-->
| вода || voda <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! rain
|*dъždь<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| дождь || dožd' /došš', došt'/ <!--Russian-->
| дощ || došč <!--Ukrainian-->
| дъжд || dǝžd <!--Bulgarian-->
| déšť <!--Czech-->
| dážď <!--Slovak-->
| deszcz, OPl. deżdż (gen. deszczu/dżdżu) <!--Polish-->
| kiša, dažd || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| dǝž <!--Slovenian-->
| дожд || dožd <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! river
|*rěka<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| река́ || r'eká <!--Russian-->
| рі́чка || ríčka <!--Ukrainian-->
| река́ || reká <!--Bulgarian-->
| řeka <!--Czech-->
| rieka <!--Slovak-->
| rzeka <!--Polish-->
| r(ij)eka || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| rẹ́ka <!--Slovenian-->
| река || reka <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! lake
|*(j)ezero<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| о́зеро || óz'ero <!--Russian-->
| о́зеро || ózero <!--Ukrainian-->
| е́зеро || ézero <!--Bulgarian-->
| jezero <!--Czech-->
| jazero <!--Slovak-->
| jezioro <!--Polish-->
| jezero || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| jẹ́zero <!--Slovenian-->
| езеро || ezero <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! sea
|*more, *morě<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| мо́ре || mór'e <!--Russian-->
| мо́ре || móre <!--Ukrainian-->
| море́ || moré <!--Bulgarian-->
| moře <!--Czech-->
| more <!--Slovak-->
| morze <!--Polish-->
| more || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| mọ̑rje <!--Slovenian-->
| море || more <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! salt
|*solь<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| соль || sol' <!--Russian-->
| сіль || sil' <!--Ukrainian-->
| сол || sol <!--Bulgarian-->
| sůl <!--Czech-->
| soľ <!--Slovak-->
| sól <!--Polish-->
| so(l) || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| sọ̑l <!--Slovenian-->
| сол || sol <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! stone
|*kamy<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| ка́мень || kám'en' <!--Russian-->
| ка́мінь || kámin' <!--Ukrainian-->
| ка́мък, камъни (pl.) || kámǝk, kamǝni (pl.) <!--Bulgarian-->
| kámen <!--Czech-->
| kameň <!--Slovak-->
| kamień (dim. kamyk) <!--Polish-->
| kamen || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| kamen <!--Slovenian-->
| камен || kamen <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! sand
|*pěsъkъ<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| песо́к || p'esók <!--Russian-->
| пісо́к || pisók <!--Ukrainian-->
| пя́сък || pjásǝk <!--Bulgarian-->
| písek <!--Czech-->
| piesok <!--Slovak-->
| piasek <!--Polish-->
| p(ij)esak || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| pẹ́sek <!--Slovenian-->
| песок || pesok <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! dust
|*porxъ<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| пыль || pyl' <!--Russian-->
| пил || pyl <!--Ukrainian-->
| прах || prax <!--Bulgarian-->
| prach <!--Czech-->
| prach <!--Slovak-->
| pył, kurz, proch <!--Polish-->
| prašina, prah || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| prah <!--Slovenian-->
| прав, прашина || prav, prašina <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! earth
|*zemľà<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| f. jā (b/c)
| земля́ || z'eml'á <!--Russian-->
| земля́ || zeml'á <!--Ukrainian-->
| земя́ || zemjá <!--Bulgarian-->
| země <!--Czech-->
| zem, zemina <!--Slovak-->
| ziemia <!--Polish-->
| zèmlja (acc. zȅmlju) || zemļȁ (acc. zȅmļu) <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| zémlja <!--Slovenian-->
| земја || zemja <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! way
|*pǫ̃tь<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| m. i (b)
| путь || put' <!--Russian-->
| шлях || šl'ax <!--Ukrainian-->
| път || pǝt <!--Bulgarian-->
| pouť (fem.)<ref group="table" name="pilgrimage">"pilgrimage, journey"</ref> <!--Czech-->
| cesta, púť (<ref group="table" name="pilgrimage" />) <!--Slovak-->
| droga, (arch. pątnik <ref group=table>"pilgrim"</ref>) OPl. pąć <!--Polish-->
| pȗt (púta) || pũt (pũta) <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| pǫ́t <!--Slovenian-->
| пат || pat <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! mountain
|*gorà<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| fem. ā (c)
| гора́ || gorá <!--Russian-->
| гора́ || horá <!--Ukrainian-->
| гора́, планина || gorá,<ref group=table>"woods"</ref> planina <!--Bulgarian-->
| hora <!--Czech-->
| hora <!--Slovak-->
| góra <!--Polish-->
| gòra (gȍru), planina || gorȁ (gȍru) <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| góra <!--Slovenian-->
| гора, планина || gora, planina <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! cloud
|*tǫča<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| ту́ча, о́блако || túča, óblako <!--Russian-->
| хмара || xmára <!--Ukrainian-->
| о́блак || óblak <!--Bulgarian-->
| oblak <!--Czech-->
| oblak, mrak <!--Slovak-->
| chmura, obłok <!--Polish-->
| oblak || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| oblák <!--Slovenian-->
| облак || oblak <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! fog
| *mьglà
|
| мгла, туман || mgla, tuman <!--Russian-->
| імла, туман, мряковина || imlá, tumán, mr'ákovyna <!--Ukrainian-->
| мъгла́ || mǝglá <!--Bulgarian-->
| mlha <!--Czech-->
| hmla <!--Slovak-->
| mgła <!--Polish-->
| magla || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| megla <!--Slovenian-->
| магла || magla <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! sky
| *nȅbo<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| не́бо || n'ebo <!--Russian-->
| не́бо || nébo<!--Ukrainian-->
| небе́ || nebé <!--Bulgarian-->
| nebe <!--Czech-->
| nebo <!--Slovak-->
| niebo <!--Polish-->
| nebo || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| nebọ̑ <!--Slovenian-->
| небо || nebo <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! wind
|*vě̀trъ<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| m. o (a)
| ве́тер || v'ét'er <!--Russian-->
| вітер || víter <!--Ukrainian-->
| вя́тър || vjátǝr <!--Bulgarian-->
| vítr <!--Czech-->
| vietor <!--Slovak-->
| wiatr <!--Polish-->
| v(j)ȅtar (v(j)ȅtra) || vȉtar (vȉtra) <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| vệtǝr <!--Slovenian-->
| ветер || veter <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! snow
|*sněgъ<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| снег || sn'eg <!--Russian-->
| сніг || snih <!--Ukrainian-->
| сняг || snjag <!--Bulgarian-->
| sníh <!--Czech-->
| sneh <!--Slovak-->
| śnieg <!--Polish-->
| sn(ij)eg || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| snẹ́g <!--Slovenian-->
| снег || sneg <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! frost
|*mòrzъ <!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| моро́з || moróz <!--Russian-->
| моро́з || moróz <!--Ukrainian-->
| мраз || mraz <!--Bulgarian-->
| mráz <!--Czech-->
| mráz <!--Slovak-->
| mróz <!--Polish-->
| mrȁz || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| mrȁz <!--Slovenian-->
| мраз || mraz <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! ice
|*ledъ<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| лёд || l'od <!--Russian-->
| лід || lid <!--Ukrainian-->
| лед || led <!--Bulgarian-->
| led <!--Czech-->
| ľad <!--Slovak-->
| lód <!--Polish-->
| led || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| lẹ́d <!--Slovenian-->
| лед || led <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! smoke
|*dymъ<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| дым || dym <!--Russian-->
| дим || dym <!--Ukrainian-->
| дим, пу́шек || dim, púšek <!--Bulgarian-->
| dým <!--Czech-->
| dym <!--Slovak-->
| dym <!--Polish-->
| dim || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| dim <!--Slovenian-->
| чад, дим || čad, dim <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! fire
|*ognь<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| ого́нь || ogón' <!--Russian-->
| вого́нь || vohón' <!--Ukrainian-->
| о́гън || ógǝn <!--Bulgarian-->
| oheň <!--Czech-->
| oheň <!--Slovak-->
| ogień (ognia) <!--Polish-->
| vatra, oganj || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| ogenj <!--Slovenian-->
| оган || ogan <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! ash
|*pepelъ<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| пе́пел || p'ép'el <!--Russian-->
| попіл || pópil <!--Ukrainian-->
| пе́пел || pépel <!--Bulgarian-->
| popel <!--Czech-->
| popol <!--Slovak-->
| popiół <!--Polish-->
| pepeo || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| pepẹ́l <!--Slovenian-->
| пепел || pepel <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! to burn
|*gorěti, *paliti<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| горе́ть || gor'ét' <!--Russian-->
| горіти || horíty <!--Ukrainian-->
| горя́, паля́ || gorjá, paljá <!--Bulgarian-->
| hořet <!--Czech-->
| horieť <!--Slovak-->
| palić, arch. gorzeć <!--Polish-->
| goreti/goriti || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| gorẹ́ti <!--Slovenian-->
| да гори || da gori <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! (dark) red
|*čьrmьnъ<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| adj. o
| || č'er'emnój/č'er'ómnyj (dial.)<ref group=table>"red-haired, ginger"</ref> <!--Russian-->
| червоний || červónyj <!--Ukrainian-->
| червено || červeno <!--Bulgarian-->
| (arch.) čermný/črmný (Kott) <!--Czech-->
| čermák (person with a red-brown face, hair) <!--Slovak-->
| (dial. czermny) <!--Polish-->
| crveno || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| črmljen <!--Slovenian-->
| црвено || crveno <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! (bright) red
|*čьrv(j)enъ<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| adj. o
| || č'er'evl'onyj (obs.)<ref group=table>"dark red"</ref> <!--Russian-->
| червоний || červónyj <!--Ukrainian-->
| черве́н || červén <!--Bulgarian-->
| červený <!--Czech-->
| červený <!--Slovak-->
| czerwony, czerwień <!--Polish-->
| cr̀ven || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| rdeč <!--Slovenian-->
| црвен/но/на/ни || crven/no/na/ni <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! green
|*zelènъ<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| adj. o (b)
| зелёный || z'el'ónyj <!--Russian-->
| зелений || zelényj <!--Ukrainian-->
| зеле́н || zelén <!--Bulgarian-->
| zelený <!--Czech-->
| zelený <!--Slovak-->
| zielony, zieleń <!--Polish-->
| zèlen, zelèna, zelèno || zelẽn, zelenȁ, zelenȍ <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| zelèn, zeléna <!--Slovenian-->
| зелен/но/на/ни || zelen/no/na/ni <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! yellow
|*žьltъ<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| adj. o
| жёлтый || žóltyj <!--Russian-->
| жовтий || žóvtyj <!--Ukrainian-->
| жълт || žǝlt <!--Bulgarian-->
| žlutý <!--Czech-->
| žltý <!--Slovak-->
| żółty, żółć, żółcień <!--Polish-->
| žȗt, f. žúta || žȗt, f. žūtȁ, n. žȗto <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| rumén, žȏłt, žółta <!--Slovenian-->
| жолт/то/та/ти || żolt/то/та/ти <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! white
|*bělъ<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| бе́лый || b'élyj <!--Russian-->
| білий || bílyj <!--Ukrainian-->
| бял || bjal <!--Bulgarian-->
| bílý <!--Czech-->
| biely <!--Slovak-->
| biały, biel <!--Polish-->
| b(ij)eli || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| bẹ́l <!--Slovenian-->
| бел/о/а/и || bel/о/а/и <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! black
|*čьrnъ<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| чёрный || č'órnyj <!--Russian-->
| чорний || čórnyj <!--Ukrainian-->
| че́рен || čéren <!--Bulgarian-->
| černý <!--Czech-->
| ťierny <!--Slovak-->
| czarny, czerń <!--Polish-->
| crn || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| črn <!--Slovenian-->
| црн/о/а/и || crn/о/а/и <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! night
|*noktь<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| ночь || noč' <!--Russian-->
| ніч || nič <!--Ukrainian-->
| нощ || nošt <!--Bulgarian-->
| noc <!--Czech-->
| noc <!--Slovak-->
| noc <!--Polish-->
| noć || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| nọ̑č <!--Slovenian-->
| ноќ || nokj <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! day
|*dьnь<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| день || d'en' <!--Russian-->
| день || den' <!--Ukrainian-->
| ден || den <!--Bulgarian-->
| den <!--Czech-->
| deň <!--Slovak-->
| dzień <!--Polish-->
| dan (dana) || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| dan (dnẹ́, dnẹ́va) <!--Slovenian-->
| ден || den <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! year
|*godъ, *rokъ<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| год || god <!--Russian-->
| рік || rik <!--Ukrainian-->
| годи́на || godína <!--Bulgarian-->
| rok <!--Czech-->
| rok <!--Slovak-->
| rok(pl.lata), godzina<ref group=table>"hour"</ref> <!--Polish-->
| godina || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| lẹ́to <!--Slovenian-->
| година || godina <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! warm
|*teplъ, *toplъ<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| тёплый || t'óplyj <!--Russian-->
| теплий || téplyj <!--Ukrainian-->
| то́пло || tóplo <!--Bulgarian-->
| teplý <!--Czech-->
| teplý <!--Slovak-->
| ciepły <!--Polish-->
| topao || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| toplo <!--Slovenian-->
| топло || toplo <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! cool, cold
|*xoldьnъ<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| adj. o (c)
| холо́дный || xolódnyj <!--Russian-->
| холо́дний|| xolódnyj <!--Ukrainian-->
| хла́д/ен(но/на/ни), студен(о/а/и) || xlád/en (no/na/ni), studen(o/a/i) <!--Bulgarian-->
| chladný <!--Czech-->
| chladný, studený <!--Slovak-->
| chłodny <!--Polish-->
| hládan || hlå̑dan <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| hládǝn <!--Slovenian-->
| ладно || ladno <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! full
|*pьlnъ<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| по́лный || pólnyj <!--Russian-->
| по́вний || póvnyj <!--Ukrainian-->
| пъ́лен || pǝ́len <!--Bulgarian-->
| plný <!--Czech-->
| plný <!--Slovak-->
| pełny, pełen <!--Polish-->
| pun || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| pọ̑łn <!--Slovenian-->
| полн || poln <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! new
|*novъ<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| но́вый || nóvyj <!--Russian-->
| новий || novýj <!--Ukrainian-->
| нов || nov <!--Bulgarian-->
| nový <!--Czech-->
| novy <!--Slovak-->
| nowy <!--Polish-->
| nov || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| nov <!--Slovenian-->
| нов || nov <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! old
|*starъ<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| ста́рый || stáryj <!--Russian-->
| старий || starýj <!--Ukrainian-->
| стар || star <!--Bulgarian-->
| starý <!--Czech-->
| starý <!--Slovak-->
| stary <!--Polish-->
| star || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| star <!--Slovenian-->
| стар || star <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! good
|*dobrъ<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| хоро́ший, добрый || xoróš'ij, dobryj <!--Russian-->
| добрий || dóbryj <!--Ukrainian-->
| добъ́р || dobǝ́r <!--Bulgarian-->
| dobrý <!--Czech-->
| dobrý <!--Slovak-->
| dobry <!--Polish-->
| dobar || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| dọ̑ber <!--Slovenian-->
| добар, добро || dobar, dobro <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! bad
|*zъlъ<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| adj. o
| злой || zloj <!--Russian-->
| злий, поганий || zlyj, pohányj <!--Ukrainian-->
| лош, зъл || loš, зǝ́л <!--Bulgarian-->
| zlý <!--Czech-->
| zlý <!--Slovak-->
| zły <!--Polish-->
| loš, zȁo, zlȁ, zlȍ ||<!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| zli, zlà, zlo <!--Slovenian-->
| лош, зол, зла || loš, zol, zla <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! rotten
|*gnjilъ<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| гнило́й || gn'ilój <!--Russian-->
| гнилий || hnylýj <!--Ukrainian-->
| гнил || gnil <!--Bulgarian-->
| shnilý <!--Czech-->
| zhnitý <!--Slovak-->
| zgniły <!--Polish-->
| truo, gnjilo ||<!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| gnil <!--Slovenian-->
| гнил || gnil <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! dirty
| <!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| гря́зный || gr'áznyj <!--Russian-->
| брудний || brudnýj <!--Ukrainian-->
| мръ́сен || mrǝ́sen <!--Bulgarian-->
| špinavý <!--Czech-->
| špinavý <!--Slovak-->
| brudny <!--Polish-->
| prljav || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| umázan <!--Slovenian-->
| валкано || valkan <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! straight
|*prostъ, *pravъ<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| прямо́й || pr'amój <!--Russian-->
| прямий || pr'amýj <!--Ukrainian-->
| прав || prav <!--Bulgarian-->
| přímý <!--Czech-->
| priamy, rovný <!--Slovak-->
| prosty; prawy,<ref group=table>"righteous"</ref> równy<ref group=table>"even"</ref> <!--Polish-->
| prav || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| raven <!--Slovenian-->
| прав, рамен || prav, ramen <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! round
|*krǫglъ<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| кру́глый || krúglyj <!--Russian-->
| круглий || krúhlyj <!--Ukrainian-->
| кръ́гъл || krǝ́gǝl <!--Bulgarian-->
| kulatý / okrouhlý <!--Czech-->
| okrúhly <!--Slovak-->
| krągły/okrągły <!--Polish-->
| okrugao || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| okrọ̑gel <!--Slovenian-->
| кружно, округло || kružno, okruglo <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! sharp
|*ostrъ<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| о́стрый || óstryj <!--Russian-->
| го́стрий || hóstryj <!--Ukrainian-->
| о́стър || óstǝr <!--Bulgarian-->
| ostrý <!--Czech-->
| ostrý <!--Slovak-->
| ostry <!--Polish-->
| oštar || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| ọ̑stǝr <!--Slovenian-->
| остро || ostro <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! dull
|*tǫpъ<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| тупо́й || tupój <!--Russian-->
| тупий || typýj <!--Ukrainian-->
| тъп || tup <!--Bulgarian-->
| tupý <!--Czech-->
| tupý <!--Slovak-->
| tępy <!--Polish-->
| tup || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| tọ̑p <!--Slovenian-->
| тапо || tapo <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! smooth
|*gladъkъ<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| гла́дкий, ро́вный || gládk'ij, róvnyj <!--Russian-->
| гладкий, плавний || hládkyj, plávnyj <!--Ukrainian-->
| гла́дък, ра́вен || gládǝk, ráven <!--Bulgarian-->
| hladký <!--Czech-->
| hladký <!--Slovak-->
| gładki <!--Polish-->
| gladak || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| gladek <!--Slovenian-->
| мазно || mazno <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! wet
|*mokrъ<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| мо́крый || mókryj <!--Russian-->
| мо́крий || mókryj <!--Ukrainian-->
| мо́кър || mókǝr <!--Bulgarian-->
| mokrý <!--Czech-->
| mokrý <!--Slovak-->
| mokry <!--Polish-->
| mokar || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| mọ̑ker <!--Slovenian-->
| мокро || mokro <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! dry
|*suxъ<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| сухо́й || suxój <!--Russian-->
| сухий || suxýj <!--Ukrainian-->
| сух || sux <!--Bulgarian-->
| suchý <!--Czech-->
| suchý <!--Slovak-->
| suchy <!--Polish-->
| suh/suv || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| suh <!--Slovenian-->
| суво || suvo <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! correct
| <!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| пра́вильный || práv'il'nyj <!--Russian-->
| пра́вильний, вірний || právyl'nyj, vírnyj <!--Ukrainian-->
| пра́вилен || právilen <!--Bulgarian-->
| správný <!--Czech-->
| správny <!--Slovak-->
| poprawny, właściwy, prawilny(slang) <!--Polish-->
| pravilan || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| pravílen <!--Slovenian-->
| правилно, точно || pravilno, točno <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! right
|*pravъ<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| пра́вый || právyj <!--Russian-->
| правий || právyj <!--Ukrainian-->
| де́сен || désen <!--Bulgarian-->
| pravý <!--Czech-->
| pravý <!--Slovak-->
| prawy <!--Polish-->
| desni || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| dẹ́sǝn <!--Slovenian-->
| десно || desno <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! left
|*lěvъ<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| ле́вый || l'évyj <!--Russian-->|lévyj
| лі́вий || l'ívyj <!--Ukrainian-->
| ляв || ljav <!--Bulgarian-->
| levý <!--Czech-->
| ľavý <!--Slovak-->
| lewy <!--Polish-->
| l(ij)evi || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| lẹ́vi <!--Slovenian-->
| лево || levo <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! far
|*dalekъ<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| далёкий || dal'ók'ij <!--Russian-->
| далекий || dalékyj <!--Ukrainian-->
| дале́чен || daléčen <!--Bulgarian-->
| daleký <!--Czech-->
| ďaleký <!--Slovak-->
| daleki <!--Polish-->
| dalek || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| daleč, daljen <!--Slovenian-->
| далеку || daleku <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! near
|*blizъ<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| бли́зкий || bl'ízk'ij <!--Russian-->
| близький || blyz'kýj <!--Ukrainian-->
| бли́зък || blízǝk <!--Bulgarian-->
| blízký <!--Czech-->
| blízky <!--Slovak-->
| bliski <!--Polish-->
| blizak || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| blizu <!--Slovenian-->
| близу, блиско || blizu, blisko <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! at
|*pri, *u<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| prep./pref.
| при, у || pr'i, u <!--Russian-->
| при, на, в || pry, na, v <!--Ukrainian-->
| при, у, на || pri, u, na <!--Bulgarian-->
| při, u <!--Czech-->
| pri, na <!--Slovak-->
| przy, u <!--Polish-->
| u; u- || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| pri <!--Slovenian-->
| кaj || kaj <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! on
|*na <!--Proto-Slavic-->
| prep.
| на || na <!--Russian-->
| на || na <!--Ukrainian-->
| на || na <!--Bulgarian-->
| při, u <!--Czech-->
| pri, na <!--Slovak-->
| na <!--Polish-->
| na || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| na <!--Slovenian-->
| || <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! in(to)
|*vъ(n)<!--Proto-Slavic-->
| prep.
| в || v; vn- <!--Russian-->
| у, в, ув (dialectal)|| u, v, uv(dialectical) <!--Ukrainian-->
| в(във) || v(vǝv) <!--Bulgarian-->
| v; v(n)- <!--Czech-->
| v/vo, do <!--Slovak-->
| w(e); wn- <!--Polish-->
| u; va- || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| v <!--Slovenian-->
| в || v <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! with
|*sъ(n)<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| с || s <!--Russian-->
| з, із, зо/зі || z, iz, zo/zi <!--Ukrainian-->
| с(със) || s(sǝs) <!--Bulgarian-->
| s <!--Czech-->
| s, so <!--Slovak-->
| z <!--Polish-->
| s(a) || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| s, z <!--Slovenian-->
| со || so <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! and
| (j)ь, *a<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| и, а || i, a <!--Russian-->
| і, й, та, а ("but") || i, j, ta, a <!--Ukrainian-->
| и, а || i, a <!--Bulgarian-->
| a, i <!--Czech-->
| a, i <!--Slovak-->
| i, a <!--Polish-->
| i, a || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| in, pa <!--Slovenian-->
| и, а || i, a <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! if
|*(j)ako<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| е́сли || jésl'i <!--Russian-->
| як, якщо́, коли || jam, jakščó, kolý <!--Ukrainian-->
| ако́ || akó <!--Bulgarian-->
| jestli <!--Czech-->
| ak <!--Slovak-->
| jeśli, jeżeli, jak''(coll.)'' <!--Polish-->
| ako, ukoliko || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| če, ko <!--Slovenian-->
| ако || ako <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! because
|*dělja, *dьlja, děljьma<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| потому́ что || potomú čto /što/ <!--Russian-->
| бо, тому що, для (archaic "because of") || bo, tomú ščo, dl'a <!--Ukrainian-->
| защо́то || zaštóto <!--Bulgarian-->
| protože <!--Czech-->
| pretože <!--Slovak-->
| bo, dlatego że, ponieważ, za to,<ref group=table>"for that"</ref> temu, że(coll. or dial.), przeto, że(arch. <!--Polish-->
| zato (što, jer) || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| zatọ̑, zatọ̑ ker <!--Slovenian-->
| затоа што, зашто || zatoa što, zašto <!--Macedonian-->
|-
! name
|*(j)ьmę<!--Proto-Slavic-->
|
| и́мя || ím'a <!--Russian-->
| ім'я || im'á <!--Ukrainian-->
| и́ме || íme <!--Bulgarian-->
| jméno <!--Czech-->
| meno <!--Slovak-->
| imię, arch. miano <!--Polish-->
| ime || <!--Serbo-Croatian, Chakavian-->
| imẹ́ <!--Slovenian-->
| име || ime <!--Macedonian-->
|}
{{Reflist|group=table|20em}}
==Endnotes==

Latest revision as of 19:39, 1 January 2025

Bantu-esque romlang

Numerals

???? numerals
Symbol Cardinal number
1 ʊːnʊ
2 toː
3 ʈɛː
4 kʷɑtːɔ
5 kʷɪˑŋɡɛ
6 sɛː
7 sɛtːɛ
8 ɔtːɔː
9 nɔwɛ
10 teɣe
11
20 βiː
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
200
1000
2000

Bantu-esque Indo-European lang

Numerals

???? numerals
Symbol Cardinal number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
200
1000
2000

Somali-like relative of Zanahi

Numerals

???? numerals
Symbol Cardinal number
1 ceyn
2 dhaba
3 taray
4 shodor
5 fash
6 shag
7 hafad
8 casta
9 now
10 dhas
11 ceyn oo dhas
20 dhabaasan
30 tiriisan
40 shodoorsan
50 fashaasan
60 shagaasan
70 haftaasan
80 castaash

an

90 nabaasan
100 sid
200 dhow sid
1000 dahal
2000 dhaba dahal

Somali-like Romlang

Verb conjugation of amaal "to love" - non-continuous tenses
Present Past Imperative Jussive
Indicative Subordinate Adjectival Affirmative Negative Adjectival
1S amaa ame amá amay amays amaý — áme
2S amaas ames amays áma ámes
3S amaa ame amay — áme
1P amaan amaan amayn — ameén
2P amaad amaad amayd amaád ameéd
3P amaan amaan amayn — ameén


German-like relative of Twench

Swadesh list

Abbreviations:

  • irr. = irregular (conjugation cannot be predicted from principal parts)
  • pl. = plural
  • fam. = familiar
  • pol. = polite
  • arch. = archaic
No. English Unnamed
1Ijeu
2you (singular)tu (fam.); Els (pol.)
3heell
4wenaus
5you (plural)waus (fam.); Els (pol.)
6theyels
7thiszest(e)
8thatzell(e)
9herezei
10therelah
11whokei
12whatkeis
13whereond
14whenquand
15howkomment
16notpfass
17alltoot
18manymolt
19somealküne
20fewpfeuk(e)
21otheralter(e)
22oneün(e)
23twodaus
24threetreis
25fourquatter
26fivezink
27biggrand(e)
28longlong(e)
29widelarg(e)
30thickgross(e)
31heavylord(e)
32smallpfettitt(e)
33shortkort(e)
34narrowstrecht(e)
35thinmager(e)
36womanFemme
37man (adult male)Omme
38man (human being)Human; Pferson
39childEnfant
40wifeFemme; Spause
41husbandOmme; Spaus
42motherMader
43fatherPfader
44animalBest
45fishPfess
46birdEuzell
47dogKahn
48lousePfeugel
49snakeSerpent
50wormWerm
51treeArber
52forestBosch
53stickBaston
54fruitFrucht
55seedSemenze
56leafFülle
57rootRätzein
58barkSchohrtze
59flowerFlauer
60grassJerb
61ropeKurd
62skinPfiel
63meatKarn
64bloodSange
65boneOss
66fat (noun)Grass
67eggOb
68hornKorn
69tailKode
70featherPlüme
71hair Kaffel
72headTiest
73earOregel
74eyeUgel
75noseNahs
76mouthBocke
77toothDent
78tongueLeng
79fingernailOngel
80footPfied
81legGamb
82kneeJenogel
83handMahn
84wingAal
85bellyWenter
86gutsEntreils
87neckKoll
88backDoss
89breastSehn
90heartKuhr
91liverVikat
92drinkbeber, bebe, bebeu, bebüt
93eatmangar, mange, mangei, mangat
94bitemorder, morde, morseu, morst
95sucksükar, süke, sükei, sükat
96spitspütar, spüte, spütei, spütat
97vomitwumier, wumisse, wumei, wumeit
98blowsofflar, soffle, sofflei, sofflat
99breatherespeirar, respeire, respeirei, respeirat
100laughreider, reide, reiße, reist
101seeweder, wede, weiße, weist
102heareudier, eude, eudei, eudeit
103knowsaffer, saffe, saffeu, saft
104thinkpfensar, pfense, pfensei, pfensat
105smelluhler, uhle, uhleu, uhlt
106fearkriemer, kriem, kriemui, kriemt
107sleepdormier, dorme, dormei, dormeit
108liveweiber, weibe, weibeu, weibt
109diemuhrier, muhre, muhrei, muhreit
110killtütar, tüte, tütei, tütat
111fightlüchtar, lüchte, lüchtei, lüchtat
112huntkassar, kasse, kassei, kassat
113hitbatter, batte, batteu, battet
114cutkolpfar, kolpfe, kolpfei, kolpfat
115splitvender, vende, vendeu, vendet
116stabpünner, pünne, pünneu, pünnt

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)

Toot human Esters nassen leber es equal in deintat es drechts. Els son wock reißon es konscenze endotat, es els deben wock ünalter in ün spirit de fradertat agier.

/toːt hʊˈmɑːn ˈɛstɐs ˈnasən ˈleːbɐ əs ɛˈkvɑːl ɪn daɪnˈtɑːt əs drɛçts ‖ ɛls zoːn vɔk ʁaɪˈsoːn əs konˈstsɛntsə əndoˈtɑːt | əs ɛls deːbən vɔk yːnˈaltɐ ɪn yːn ʃpiːʁɪt də ˌfʁɑːdɐˈtɒ̈ːt aˈɡiɐ/

German-like relative of Chelsian

Swadesh list

Abbreviations:

  • m. = masculine
  • f. = feminine
  • n. = neuter
  • c. = common (takes masculine or feminine gender according to referent)
  • w. = weak
  • irr. = irregular (declension/conjugation cannot be predicted from principal parts)
  • pl. = plural
  • fam. = familiar
  • pol. = polite
No. English Chelsian
1Ieg
2you (singular)zu (fam.); Isse (pol.)
3heisser
4wenuhr
5you (plural)wuhr (fam.); Isse (pol.)
6theyisse
7thisister
8thatiller
9heresteich
10thereleich
11whoker
12whatkis
13whereüb
14whenquande
15howkome
16notnun
17allzuß
18manymültze (pl.)
19someälche (pl.)
20fewpfauch
21otheraltzer
22oneauns
23twozwo
24threetrehr
25fourquatzer
26fivekeink
27bigmann; gränd
28longlong
29widelaß; ampfel
30thickkrass
31heavygräb
32smallpfaul
33shortkurz
34narrowangst
35thinzinn
36womanViemen, -s (f.)
37man (adult male)Mähr, -s (m.)
38man (human being)Ome, -ns (m., w.)
39childPfarb, Pfärbe (m.)
40wifeViemen, -s (f.); Mülier, -s (f.)
41husbandMähr, -s (m.); Mährt, -e (m.)
42motherMaßer, -s (f.)
43fatherPfasser, -s (m.)
44animalBieste, -s (f.)
45fishPfesch, -es (m.)
46birdÄbe, -s (f.)
47dogKähn, -s (m.)
48lousePfeigel, -e (m.)
49snakeÄng, -es (m.)
50wormWerm (m.)
51treeArber, -s (m.)
52forestSilbe, -s (f.) (
53stickRahm, Rähme (m.)
54fruitFreug, -es (f.)
55seedGrahn, -e (n.)
56leafVöhl, -e (n.)
57rootRateich, -es (f.)
58barkKorzeich, -es (f.)
59flowerFluhr, -es (m.)
60grassGrame, -n (n., w.)
61ropeFäun, -s (m.)
62skinPfell, -es
63meatKare, -ns (f.)
64bloodSänge, -ns (m.)
65boneOss, össe (m.)
66fat (noun)Ateff, -s (m.)
67eggUb, -e (n.)
68hornKorn, -e (n.)
69tailKaute, -s (f.)
70featherPflume, -s (f.)
71hair Pfehl, -es (m.); (of head) Kaffel, -e (m.)
72headKafs, -es (n.)
73earÖhr, -s (f.)
74eyeOgel, -e (m.)
75noseNas, Näse (m.)
76mouthBucke, -s (f.)
77toothTent, es (m.)
78tongueLinge, -s (f.)
79fingernailUnge, -s (m.)
80footPfeht, -s (m.)
81legKrauer, -e (n.)
82kneeGehn, -e (n.)
83handMaan, -s (f.)
84wingAle, -s (f.)
85bellyWenter, -s (m.)
86gutsInsteine (n. pl.)
87neckKoll, -e (n.)
88backZerg, -e (n.)
89breastPfetz, -e (m.)
90heartKort, -e (n.)
91liverJecher, -e (n.)
92drinkbeber, bebe, beibe, beibs
93eateter, ete, iete, ies
94bitemorter, morte, mörse, mörs
95sucksuger, suge, süchse, sucht
96spitspuher, spuhe, spühe, spauß
97vomitwohmer, wohme, wöhme, wöhms
98blowflaher, flahe, flähe, flaß
99breathespeirer, speire, speirei, speiress
100laughreiter, reite, reise, reiß
101seeweter, wete, weite, weiß
102hearäuter, äute, äutei, äutess
103knowscheier, scheie, schei, scheiß
104thinkköchser, köchse, köchsei, köchsess
105smellohler, ohle, ohlei, ohless
106fearzehmer, zehme, zehmei, zehmess
107sleeptörmer, törme, törmei, törmess
108liveweiber, weibe, wichse, wicht
109diemöhrer, möhre, möhrei, mortz
110killnecher, neche, nechei, nechess
111fightpfunner, pfunne, pfunnei, pfunness
112huntkafter, kafte, kaftei, kaftess
113hitbatzer, batze, batzei, batzess
114cutsecher, seche, sechei, sechess
115splitteibter, teibte, teibse, teibs
116stabföter, föte, fosse, foss
117scratchschalpfer, schalpfe, schalpse, schalps
118digkaber, kabe, kabei, kabess
119swimnasser, nasse, nassei, nassess
120flywohler, wohle, wohlei, wohless
121walkpferger, pferge, pfierse, pfiers
122comewehner, wehne, wiene, went
123liejacher, jache, jachei, jachess
124sitseter, sete, siete, sess
125standsteher, stehe, steße, steß
126turnwerzer, werze, werzei, werzess
127fallkater, kate, käse, kas
128giveteher, tehe, teße, teß
129holdzener, zene, ziene, zent
130squeezepfremer, pfreme, pfrisse, pfress
131rubfrecher, freche, frechei, frechess
132washlahber, lahbe, lahbei, lahbess
133wipezerger, zerge, zirse, zers
134pulltreier, treie, trächse, tracht
135pushpfeller, pfelle, pfülse, pfuls
136throwjächer, jäche, jieche, jacht
137tieleger, lege, legei, legess
138sewsauer, saue, säue, sauß
139countnummerer, nummere, nummerei, nummeress
140sayteicher, teiche teichse, ticht
141singkaner, kane, kiene, kant
142playlauter, laute, läuse, laus
143floatfleußer, fleuße, fleußei, fleußess
144flowflauer, flaue, fläuchse, flaucht
145freezegehler, gehle, gehlei, gehless
146swellinflaßer, inflaße, inflaßei, inflaßess
147sunSuhl, -e (n.)
148moonLune, -s (f.)
149starStielle, -s (f.)
150waterAcke, -s (f.)
151rainPflübe, -s (f.)
152riverFlüme, -n (n., w.)
153lakeLach, Läche (m.)
154seaMahr, -e (n.)
155saltSaal, -s (m.)
156stonePfetter, -s (f.)
157sandRiene, -s (f.)
158dustPfüll, -es (m.)
159earthZerre, -s (f.)
160cloudNäube, -s (f.)
161fogNebel, -s (f.)
162skyKiel, -e (n.)
163windWent, -e (m.)
164snowNehb, -es (f.)
165iceGläche, -s (f.)
166smokeFuhm, Fühme (m.)
167fireVoch, Vöche (m.)
168ashKener, -s (m.)
169burnarter, arte, ärse, ars
170roadStraße, -s (f.)
171mountainMont, -s (m.)
172redrober
173greenwehrt
174yellowflahb
175whitealb
176blackneger
177nightNocht, -es (f.)
178dayTeie, -s (m.)
179yearAnn, Änne (m.)
180warmkalt
181coldfreikt
182fullpflien
183newnohb
184oldwesser
185goodbohn
186badmahl
187rottenpfütter
188dirtysört
189straightricht
190roundrossend
191sharpäcker
192dulljeebs
193smoothlehb
194wetaut
195drysick
196correctkorricht
197nearpfrochsen
198farlong
199righttester
200leftsenster
201atin; at
202inin
203withkun
204andes
205ifsei
206becausekeie
207nameNume, -n (n., w.)

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)

Züße Omens naschen leibere es equale in Tinnesse es Jäureb. Isse son tie Rassune es Konscienze tußesse, es isse tieben aun altere in Spiritus tie Fraßerness ager.

Iberian Celtic lang

No. English
1 I mi
2 you (singular) tu
3 he
4 we nis
5 you (plural) sis
6 they
7 this
8 that
9 here
10 there
11 who quien
12 what que
13 where
14 when quan
15 how
16 not ne
17 all welho
18 many elo
19 some negos
20 few
21 other alho
22 one ono
23 two duo
24 three tris
25 four quiodres
26 five quinque
27 big maro
28 long siro
29 wide
30 thick tievo
31 heavy
32 small beco
33 short berro
34 narrow ango
35 thin
36 woman biena
37 man (adult male) vero
38 man (human being) duenho
39 child maco
40 wife
41 husband
42 mother madre
43 father adre
44 animal milo
45 fish esco
46 bird
47 dog con
48 louse
49 snake
50 worm preme
51 tree prieno
52 forest
53 stick
54 fruit
55 seed silo
56 leaf
57 root
58 bark rosco
59 flower
60 grass guelta
61 rope
62 skin
63 meat chigo
64 blood cruevo
65 bone
66 fat (noun)
67 egg
68 horn
69 tail
70 feather
71 hair vuelto
72 head queño
73 ear closta
74 eye
75 nose
76 mouth
77 tooth dante
78 tongue tanguad
79 fingernail
80 foot
81 leg
82 knee
83 hand
84 wing
85 belly
86 guts
87 neck
88 back
89 breast
90 heart
91 liver
92 to drink
93 to eat
94 to bite
95 to suck
96 to spit
97 to vomit
98 to blow
99 to breathe
100 to laugh
101 to see
102 to hear
103 to know
104 to think
105 to smell
106 to fear
107 to sleep
108 to live
109 to die
110 to kill
111 to fight
112 to hunt
113 to hit
114 to cut
115 to split
116 to stab
117 to scratch
118 to dig
119 to swim
120 to fly
121 to walk
122 to come
123 to lie
124 to sit
125 to stand
126 to turn
127 to fall
128 to give
129 to hold
130 to squeeze
131 to rub
132 to wash
133 to wipe
134 to pull
135 to push
136 to throw
137 to tie
138 to sew
139 to count
140 to say
141 to sing
142 to play
143 to float
144 to flow
145 to freeze
146 to swell
147 sun
148 moon
149 star
150 water
151 rain
152 river
153 lake
154 sea
155 salt
156 stone
157 sand
158 dust
159 earth
160 cloud
161 fog
162 sky
163 wind
164 snow
165 ice
166 smoke
167 fire
168 ash
169 burn
170 road
171 mountain
172 red
173 green
174 yellow
175 white
176 black
177 night
178 day
179 year
180 warm
181 cold
182 full
183 new
184 old
185 good
186 bad
187 rotten
188 dirty
189 straight
190 round
191 sharp
192 dull
193 smooth
194 wet
195 dry
196 correct
197 near
198 far
199 right
200 left
201 at
202 in
203 with
204 and
205 if
206 because
207 name

Descendent of Old Latin

No. English
1 I mu
2 you (singular) tu
3 he gio
4 we nox
5 you (plural) gox
6 they giox (m.); giax (f.)
7 this xicce
8 that isto
9 here xic
10 there eve
11 who quex
12 what que
13 where cove
14 when quando
15 how quan
16 not ne
17 all guabrix
18 many moltox (m.); moltax (f.)
19 some
20 few pocox; pokax
21 other alio
22 one gueno (m.); guena (f.)
23 two dúox (m.); dúax (f.)
24 three trix
25 four quattor
26 five chinque
27 big mangro
28 long luango
29 wide lato
30 thick
31 heavy
32 small
33 short
34 narrow
35 thin
36 woman femna
37 man (adult male) guero
38 man (human being) huamne
39 child
40 wife femna
41 husband guero
42 mother matre
43 father patre
44 animal
45 fish pesci
46 bird agui
47 dog cane
48 louse
49 snake serpiante
50 worm ghiarmi
51 tree arbre
52 forest selgua
53 stick
54 fruit pomo
55 seed
56 leaf folio
57 root
58 bark
59 flower
60 grass
61 rope
62 skin
63 meat carne
64 blood
65 bone
66 fat (noun)
67 egg ogo
68 horn
69 tail
70 feather
71 hair
72 head
73 ear
74 eye guaclo
75 nose naso
76 mouth
77 tooth diante
78 tongue dengua
79 fingernail
80 foot
81 leg
82 knee
83 hand
84 wing
85 belly
86 guts
87 neck
88 back
89 breast
90 heart
91 liver
92 to drink bivre, bivo, beve
93 to eat giadre, giado, gede
94 to bite
95 to suck
96 to spit
97 to vomit guamre, guamo, gome
98 to blow
99 to breathe
100 to laugh
101 to see guedere, guedio, guise
102 to hear odire, odio, odigue
103 to know groscre, grosco, grogue
104 to think
105 to smell sentire, sianto, sentigue
106 to fear
107 to sleep
108 to live guigre, guigo, guige
109 to die
110 to kill
111 to fight
112 to hunt
113 to hit
114 to cut
115 to split
116 to stab
117 to scratch
118 to dig
119 to swim
120 to fly
121 to walk
122 to come
123 to lie
124 to sit
125 to stand
126 to turn
127 to fall
128 to give
129 to hold
130 to squeeze
131 to rub
132 to wash
133 to wipe
134 to pull
135 to push
136 to throw
137 to tie
138 to sew
139 to count
140 to say
141 to sing
142 to play
143 to float
144 to flow
145 to freeze
146 to swell
147 sun sol
148 moon lona
149 star
150 water aqua
151 rain
152 river
153 lake
154 sea mare
155 salt
156 stone
157 sand
158 dust
159 earth tiarra
160 cloud
161 fog
162 sky celo
163 wind ghianto
164 snow
165 ice
166 smoke
167 fire
168 ash
169 burn
170 road
171 mountain muante
172 red
173 green
174 yellow
175 white albo
176 black negro
177 night noapte
178 day día
179 year anno
180 warm
181 cold
182 full pleno
183 new nogo
184 old seno
185 good dueno
186 bad malo
187 rotten
188 dirty
189 straight
190 round
191 sharp
192 dull
193 smooth
194 wet
195 dry secco
196 correct
197 near
198 far
199 right
200 left
201 at a
202 in en
203 with con
204 and e
205 if
206 because
207 name nome

Blank Swadesh list

No. English
1I
2you (singular)
3he
4we
5you (plural)
6they
7this
8that
9here
10there
11who
12what
13where
14when
15how
16not
17all
18many
19some
20few
21other
22one
23two
24three
25four
26five
27big
28long
29wide
30thick
31heavy
32small
33short
34narrow
35thin
36woman
37man (adult male)
38man (human being)
39child
40wife
41husband
42mother
43father
44animal
45fish
46bird
47dog
48louse
49snake
50worm
51tree
52forest
53stick
54fruit
55seed
56leaf
57root
58bark
59flower
60grass
61rope
62skin
63meat
64blood
65bone
66fat (noun)
67egg
68horn
69tail
70feather
71hair
72head
73ear
74eye
75nose
76mouth
77tooth
78tongue
79fingernail
80foot
81leg
82knee
83hand
84wing
85belly
86guts
87neck
88back
89breast
90heart
91liver
92drink
93eat
94bite
95suck
96spit
97vomit
98blow
99breathe
100laugh
101see
102hear
103know
104think
105smell
106fear
107sleep
108live
109die
110kill
111fight
112hunt
113hit
114cut
115split
116stab
117scratch
118dig
119swim
120fly
121walk
122come
123lie
124sit
125stand
126turn
127fall
128give
129hold
130squeeze
131rub
132wash
133wipe
134pull
135push
136throw
137tie
138sew
139count
140say
141sing
142play
143float
144flow
145freeze
146swell
147sun
148moon
149star
150water
151rain
152river
153lake
154sea
155salt
156stone
157sand
158dust
159earth
160cloud
161fog
162sky
163wind
164snow
165ice
166smoke
167fire
168ash
169burn
170road
171mountain
172red
173green
174yellow
175white
176black
177night
178day
179year
180warm
181cold
182full
183new
184old
185good
186bad
187rotten
188dirty
189straight
190round
191sharp
192dull
193smooth
194wet
195dry
196correct
197near
198far
199right
200left
201at
202in
203with
204and
205if
206because
207name

Blank Swadesh list

No. English
1I
2you (singular)
3he
4we
5you (plural)
6they
7this
8that
9here
10there
11who
12what
13where
14when
15how
16not
17all
18many
19some
20few
21other
22one
23two
24three
25four
26five
27big
28long
29wide
30thick
31heavy
32small
33short
34narrow
35thin
36woman
37man (adult male)
38man (human being)
39child
40wife
41husband
42mother
43father
44animal
45fish
46bird
47dog
48louse
49snake
50worm
51tree
52forest
53stick
54fruit
55seed
56leaf
57root
58bark
59flower
60grass
61rope
62skin
63meat
64blood
65bone
66fat (noun)
67egg
68horn
69tail
70feather
71hair
72head
73ear
74eye
75nose
76mouth
77tooth
78tongue
79fingernail
80foot
81leg
82knee
83hand
84wing
85belly
86guts
87neck
88back
89breast
90heart
91liver
92to drink
93to eat
94to bite
95to suck
96to spit
97to vomit
98to blow
99to breathe
100to laugh
101to see
102to hear
103to know
104to think
105to smell
106to fear
107to sleep
108to live
109to die
110to kill
111to fight
112to hunt
113to hit
114to cut
115to split
116to stab
117to scratch
118to dig
119to swim
120to fly
121to walk
122to come
123to lie
124to sit
125to stand
126to turn
127to fall
128to give
129to hold
130to squeeze
131to rub
132to wash
133to wipe
134to pull
135to push
136to throw
137to tie
138to sew
139to count
140to say
141to sing
142to play
143to float
144to flow
145to freeze
146to swell
147sun
148moon
149star
150water
151rain
152river
153lake
154sea
155salt
156stone
157sand
158dust
159earth
160cloud
161fog
162sky
163wind
164snow
165ice
166smoke
167fire
168ash
169burn
170road
171mountain
172red
173green
174yellow
175white
176black
177night
178day
179year
180warm
181cold
182full
183new
184old
185good
186bad
187rotten
188dirty
189straight
190round
191sharp
192dull
193smooth
194wet
195dry
196correct
197near
198far
199right
200left
201at
202in
203with
204and
205if
206because
207name

Blank Swadesh List (WikiMedia Format)

No. English
1 I
2 you (singular)
3 he
4 we
5 you (plural)
6 they
7 this
8 that
9 here
10 there
11 who
12 what
13 where
14 when
15 how
16 not
17 all
18 many
19 some
20 few
21 other
22 one
23 two
24 three
25 four
26 five
27 big
28 long
29 wide
30 thick
31 heavy
32 small
33 short
34 narrow
35 thin
36 woman
37 man (adult male)
38 man (human being)
39 child
40 wife
41 husband
42 mother
43 father
44 animal
45 fish
46 bird
47 dog
48 louse
49 snake
50 worm
51 tree
52 forest
53 stick
54 fruit
55 seed
56 leaf
57 root
58 bark
59 flower
60 grass
61 rope
62 skin
63 meat
64 blood
65 bone
66 fat (noun)
67 egg
68 horn
69 tail
70 feather
71 hair
72 head
73 ear
74 eye
75 nose
76 mouth
77 tooth
78 tongue
79 fingernail
80 foot
81 leg
82 knee
83 hand
84 wing
85 belly
86 guts
87 neck
88 back
89 breast
90 heart
91 liver
92 to drink
93 to eat
94 to bite
95 to suck
96 to spit
97 to vomit
98 to blow
99 to breathe
100 to laugh
101 to see
102 to hear
103 to know
104 to think
105 to smell
106 to fear
107 to sleep
108 to live
109 to die
110 to kill
111 to fight
112 to hunt
113 to hit
114 to cut
115 to split
116 to stab
117 to scratch
118 to dig
119 to swim
120 to fly
121 to walk
122 to come
123 to lie
124 to sit
125 to stand
126 to turn
127 to fall
128 to give
129 to hold
130 to squeeze
131 to rub
132 to wash
133 to wipe
134 to pull
135 to push
136 to throw
137 to tie
138 to sew
139 to count
140 to say
141 to sing
142 to play
143 to float
144 to flow
145 to freeze
146 to swell
147 sun
148 moon
149 star
150 water
151 rain
152 river
153 lake
154 sea
155 salt
156 stone
157 sand
158 dust
159 earth
160 cloud
161 fog
162 sky
163 wind
164 snow
165 ice
166 smoke
167 fire
168 ash
169 burn
170 road
171 mountain
172 red
173 green
174 yellow
175 white
176 black
177 night
178 day
179 year
180 warm
181 cold
182 full
183 new
184 old
185 good
186 bad
187 rotten
188 dirty
189 straight
190 round
191 sharp
192 dull
193 smooth
194 wet
195 dry
196 correct
197 near
198 far
199 right
200 left
201 at
202 in
203 with
204 and
205 if
206 because
207 name

Vocab template

Time -

Seasons -
English
spring
summer
fall
winter
Gregorian months -
English
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Days of the week -
English
Sunday
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
Parts of the day -
English
day
dawn
morning
noon
afternoon
evening
dusk
night
midnight
Units of time -
English
second
minute
hour
day
week
month
season
year
Time adverbs -
English
now
then
recently, a short time ago
earlier
soon, shortly
later
always
often
sometimes
rarely
never
ever
still, yet
already
today
tonight
yesterday
last night
tomorrow
before yesterday
two nights ago
after tomorrow
this week
last week
next week

Colours -

Colours -
English
white
grey
black
red
orange
brown
yellow
green
blue
pink
purple
golden


My Somali Arabic alphabet

Letters

Somali Arabic Alphabet
Name Forms Sound represented Latin equivalent Notes
Arabicized Traditional Somali Isolated Final Medial Initial
alif
الف 		alif
الف 		ا ـا /aː/ aa alif has two functions: firstly, as a carrier for hamzah (which may not be written, especially at the beginning of words). Secondly, for showing the long vowel "aa".
baa'
باء 		ba'
بأ 		ب ـب ـبـ بـ /b/ b
paa'
پاء 		pa'
پأ 		پ ـپ ـپـ پـ [β] (weak allophone of /b/); /p/ (loanwords, Af Maay) b; p (Af Maay) This is an extra letter that is not normally used. It can be used for intervocalic /b/ pronounced as /β/, especially in Af Maay. It can also be used for /p/ in foreign words (where it is usually replaced with b) and initially in some Af Maay words.
taa'
تاء 		ta'
تأ 		ت ـت ـتـ تـ /t/ t
thaaʼ
ثاء 		tha'
ثأ 		ث ـث ـثـ ثـ /θ/ (loanwords) s Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords. Usually pronounced as s or t (or sometimes d).
jiim
جيم 		jiim
جيم 		ج ـج ـجـ جـ /d͡ʒ ~ t͡ʃ/ j
jhiim
ڃيم 		jhiim
ڃيم 		ڃ ـڃ ـڃـ ڃـ /ʄ/ jh (Af Maay) Used in Af Maay. Generally corresponds to dh or j in Af Maxaa.
chiim
چيم 		chiim
چيم 		چ ـچ ـچـ چـ /t͡ʃ/ (ch) Exclusively for foreign words (almost always replaced with jiim).
xaa'
حاء 		xa'
حأ 		ح ـح ـحـ حـ /ħ/ x
khaa'
خاء 		kha'
خأ 		خ ـخ ـخـ خـ /χ/ kh
daal
دال 		deel
ديل 		د ـد /d/ d
thaal
ذال 		theel
ذيل 		ذ ـذ /ð/ (foreign); [ð] (weak allophone of /d/) d; th (Af Maay) Mainly used in Arabic loanwords. It can also be used in native Sonali words for [ð], especially in Af Maay.
dhaal
ڎال 		dheel ڎ ـڎ /ɖ/ dh Additional letter not present in Arabic. Can be used as a less common alternative of ڟ. Alternatively, it can be used for /ɖ/ in "dh-dialects" in positions where it is replaced with /r/ in "r-dialects".
raaʾ
راء 		ra'
رأ 		ر ـر /r/ r
zaay
زاي 		za'
زأ 		ز ـز /z/ (foreign) s Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords. Usually pronounced as s.
siin
سين 		siin
سين 		س ـس ـسـ سـ /s/ s
shiin
شين 		shiin
شين 		ش ـش ـشـ شـ /ʃ/ sh
ṣaad
صاد 		ṣaad
صاد 		ص ـص ـصـ صـ /sˁ/ (Arabic) s Mainly used in Arabic loanwords. Usually pronounced as s.
ḍaad
ضاد 		ḍaad
ضاد 		ض ـض ـضـ ضـ /d͡ɮˁ/ (Arabic) l, d Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords. Usually pronounced as d or l.
ṭaa'
طاء 		ṭa'
طأ 		ط ـط ـطـ طـ /tˁ/ (Arabic); /d/ (back harmony) d Mainly used in Arabic loanwords. Used (optionally) in some Somali words for /d/ near back harmony vowels.
ṭhaa'
ظاء 		ṭha'
ظأ 		ظ ـظ ـظـ ظـ /ðˁ/; [ð] (weak allophone of /d/, back harmony) d, th (Af Maay) Mainly used in Arabic loanwords. Can be used in Somali words for the [ð] allophone of /d/ near back harmony vowels.
dhaaʾ
ڟاء 		dha'
ڟأ 		ڟ ـڟ ـڟـ ڟـ /ɖ/ dh Additional letter not present in Arabic.
cayn
عين 		cayn
عين 		ع ـع ـعـ عـ /ʕ/ c
ghayn
غين 		ɣayn
غين 		غ ـغ ـغـ غـ /ɣ/ (Arabic); [ɣ] (weak allophone of /ɡ/) q; gh (Af Maay) Mainly used in Arabic loanwords. It can also be used for the [ɣ] allophone of g, especially in Af Maay.
faaʾ
فاء 		fa'
فأ 		ف ـف ـفـ فـ /f/ f
vaaʾ
ڤاء 		va'
ڤأ 		ف ـف ـفـ فـ /v/ v (foreign) Exclusively for foreign words (almost always replaced with faa').
qaaf
قاف 		qaaf
قاف 		ق ـق ـقـ قـ /q/; /ɠ~ʛ/ (Af Maay) q
kaaf
كاف 		kaaf
كاف 		ك ـك ـكـ كـ /k/ k
gaaf
ڭاف 		gaaf
ڭاف 		ڭ‎ ـڭ‎ ـڭـ ڭـ /ɡ/ g Additional letter not present in Arabic.
laam
لام 		laam
لام 		ل ـل ـلـ لـ /l/ l
miim
ميم 		miim
ميم 		م ـم ـمـ مـ /m/ m, -n Often represents /n/ when unvowelled word-finally.
ngiim
ݦيم 		ngiim
ݦيم 		ݦ ـݦ ـݦـ ݦـ /ŋ/ ng Used in Af Maay. Equivalent to final or pre-consonantal -n in Af Maxaa. Can instead be written with nuun.
nuun
نون 		nuun
نون 		ن ـن ـنـ نـ /n/ n
nyuun
ݧون 		nyuun
ݧون 		ݧ ـݧ ـݧـ ݧـ /ɲ/ ny (also written "y‘" in Af Maay) Mainly used in Af Maay. It can also be used in Af Maxaa, but it is usually replaced with y or else written as ny.
waaw
واو 		woow
وو 		و ـو /w/
/ɞ: ~ ɔ:/, /ʉ: ~ u:/ 		w
oo, uu 		The letter waaw serves three functions. Firstly, is as a consonant, with a sound /w/. Secondly, it is used to write the long vowels /oː/ and /uː/. Finally, it is used as a carrier for hamzah.
haa'
هاء 		ha'
هأ 		ه
ة 		ـه
ـة 		ـهـ
 		هـ
 		/h/ h Haa' is also used silently at the end of nouns ending in /e/, /o/, (in Af Maay) /ə/. Such a silent haa' may be replaced with taa' marbuuṭah (ـَة، ة) in some words (generally feminine words and/or words that end in it in Arabic).
yaa'
ياء 		ya'
يأ 		ي ـي ـيـ يـ /j/
/eː ~ ɛ:/, /i: ~ ɪ:/ 		y
ee, ii 		The letter yaa' serves three functions. Firstly, it is used as a consonant, with a sound /j/. Secondly, it is used to write the long vowels /eː/ and /iː/. Finally, it is used as a carrier for hamzah. It can also be used silently at the ends of words ending in -e as an alternative to haa'.
hamzah
همزة 		hamse/firgin
همزه\فرڭن 		ء
أ
ؤ
ئ
ـأ
ـؤ
ـئ


ـئـ


ئـ 		/ʔ/ ’ It may be written on its own (ء) or with a carrier (أ، ؤ، ئ) depending on the environment.

Diacritics

Diacritics in Somali Arabic Alphabet
Name Diacritic Sound represented Latin equivalent Remarks
Arabized Traditional (adjective)
فتحة
fatxah 		كرڟبن
kordhaban 		◌َ /a/ a


◌ٖ /e/ e
كسرة
kasrah 		هوسڟبن
hoosdhaban 		◌ِ /i/ i
◌ٗ /o/ o
ضمة
ḍammah 		ڭدن
godan 		◌ُ /u/ u


◌٘ /ə(ʰ)/ y (Af Maay) Used in Af Maay.
مدة
maddah 		مدن
madan 		◌ٓ (aː) (aa) Only used on alif to represent the long vowel [aː].
سكون
sukuun 		ريبن
reebban 		◌ْ (absence of vowel) Used to show that a consonant is not followed by a vowel. It is also used on the second element of diphthongs, and optionally on the long vowel letter of long vowels.
شدة
shaddah 		شدن
shadan 		◌ّ (geminated consonant) Used to show that a consonant is geminated.

◌ٰ /aː/ aa Used for /aː/ in a few words as an alternative to ـَا.
فتحتين\فتحة تنوين
fatxatayn/fatxah tanwiin 		لب كرڟبن
laba kordhaban 		◌ً /an/ an In Arabic phrases only.
كسرتين\كسرة تنوين
kasratayn/kasrah tanwiin 		لب هوسڟبن
laba hoosdhaban 		◌ٍ /in/ in
ضمتين\ضمة تنوين
ḍammatayn/ḍammah tanwiin 		لب ڭدن
laba godan 		◌ٌ /un/ un

Long vowels are written as the short vowel followed by the corresponding long vowel letter.

Long vowels in the Somali Arabic Alphabet
aa ee ii oo uu
ـَا ـٖي ـِي ـٗو ـُو
Diphthongs in the Somali Arabic Alphabet
aw ay ey ow oy aaw aay eey oow ooy
ـَوْ ـَيْ ـٖيْ ـٗوْ ـٗيْ ـَاوْ ـَايْ ـٖيّْ ـٗوّْ ـٗويْ

Vowels, when occurring at the beginning of words, are placed on top of alif (ا). This alif actually has a hamzah on it; however, this hamzah is often left unwritten. However, /(ʔ)aː/ is written with maddah on alif (آ).

Vowels at the beginning of words in the Somali Arabic Alphabet
Short vowels Long vowels
a e i o u aa ee ii oo uu
اَ اٖ اِ اٗ اُ آ اٖي اِي اٗو اُو

Adapted for other languages

Oromo

Similar to Somali, but with the following changes:

  • ڀ for /pʼ/.
  • ڇ or ڃ for /tʃʼ/.
  • ط for /tʼ/ in native Oromo words.
  • ڠ‎ for /ɡ/ instead of ڭ‎ (though ڭ‎ can alternatively be used).
  • ق for /kʼ/ in native Oromo words.
  • There is no ݦ.

Amharic and Tigrigna

Similar to Oromo, with the following changes:

  • پ is exclusively used for /p/.
    • /β/ is represented identically to /v/: ڤ.
  • ژ for /ʒ/.
  • ڞ for /(t)sʼ/.
  • There is no ڟ.
  • څ for /xʼ/ (exclusive to Tigrigna).
  • Vowels:
    • /e/ and /o/ are written as Somali /eː/ and /oː/ respectively.
    • /ə/ is written as Somali /a/.
    • /a/ is written as Somali /aː/ (though it may be written as /a/ after guttural consonants).
    • /i/ and /u/ are written as Somali /i(ː)/ and /u(ː)/ respectively. They are most often written as the long variants except in Arabic loanwords.
    • /ɨ/ is written as Af Maay /ə/.
    • Labialized consonants are written either as a combination of consinant plus /w/, or with a ḍammah as follows (with /kʷ/ as an example):
Representation of labialized consonants
kʷə kʷi kʷa kʷe kʷ(ɨ)
كَُ كُِي كَُا كُٖي كُ

Additional letters for other languages spoken in Ethiopia

When needed, the following additional letters are used:

  • ݝ for /ŋ/.
  • ڮ‎ for /kʼ/ when distinguished from /q/.
  • Gurage palatalized velars:
    • ك࣮ for /kʲ/.
    • عٔ for /ɡʲ/.
    • ٯٔ for /kʲʼ/.
    • حٔ for /xʲ/.
  • Retroflex:
    • ٿ for /ʈʂ/.
    • ڟ for /ʈʂʼ/ (instead of /ɖ/).
    • ݜ for /ʂ/.
    • ڙ for /ʐ/.
  • Implosives:
    • ڀ for /ɓ/ (instead of /pʼ/).
    • ڎ for /ɗ/.

Deslavic

Basically, a Slavic language that lost all (or most) distinctive Slavic features.

Note: It's not that these features did not develop, but rather they did develop and then were lost.

Phonology

  • Palatalization:
    • Palatalized consonants are lost, either merging with their plain counterparts or become a different consonant altogether.
    • When a root would have alterations between palatalized and non-palatalized consonants, one of these variants is selected and extended to all forms.
  • Voiced fricatives are devoiced.
  • Maximum syllable structure is CVC.
Fate of consonants
Proto-Slavic Unpalatalized Palatalized
m m m
p p p
b w w
v f f
n n n
t t s
d l s
c s s
dz s s
s s s
z s s
r r r
l w l
ň — y
ť — k
ď — y
č — s
šč — s
ždž — s
š — s
ś s s
ž — s
ř — r
ľ — y
j — y
k k —
g h —
x h —

Swadesh list

No. English Deslavic
1 I ya
2 you (singular) ti
3 he un
4 we mi
5 you (plural) fi
6 they ni
7 this se, uf
8 that tun
9 here sim
10 there tam
11 who kit
12 what sit
13 where kis
14 when kuhul
15 how yak
16 not ne
17 all fis
18 many munuh
19 some
20 few mawk
21 other yin
22 one yisin
23 two lif
24 three tiri
25 four sitir
26 five pes
27 big filik
28 long luf
29 wide suruk
30 thick tilis
31 heavy sesek
32 small maw
33 short kurtuk
34 narrow usuk
35 thin sinik
36 woman sen
37 man (adult male) mus
38 man (human being) soofek
39 child ses
40 wife sen
41 husband mus
42 mother mas
43 father wak
44 animal sefer
45 fish ruu
46 bird pisis
47 dog pis
48 louse fis
49 snake us
50 worm sirif
51 tree leref
52 forest les
53 stick peles
54 fruit ufuk
55 seed sem
56 leaf lis
57 root kirin
58 bark kur
59 flower kefet
60 grass taraf
61 rope fus
62 skin kurup
63 meat mes
64 blood kirif
65 bone kus
66 fat (noun) salu
67 egg yays
68 horn ruh
69 tail hufus
70 feather per
71 hair fulus
72 head huluf
73 ear uh
74 eye uk
75 nose nus
76 mouth us
77 tooth suu
78 tongue
79 fingernail nuhus
80 foot nuh
81 leg nuh
82 knee kelen
83 hand ruk
84 wing kirilu
85 belly wuruh
86 guts urtuu
87 neck kirik
88 back hirwit
89 breast piris
90 heart sillis
91 liver eter
92 to drink pis
93 to eat yes
94 to bite kus
95 to suck sis
96 to spit pifas
97 to vomit wifas
98 to blow dohos
99 to breathe
100 to laugh
101 to see
102 to hear
103 to know
104 to think
105 to smell
106 to fear
107 to sleep
108 to live
109 to die
110 to kill
111 to fight
112 to hunt
113 to hit
114 to cut
115 to split
116 to stab
117 to scratch
118 to dig
119 to swim
120 to fly
121 to walk
122 to come
123 to lie
124 to sit
125 to stand
126 to turn
127 to fall
128 to give
129 to hold
130 to squeeze
131 to rub
132 to wash
133 to wipe
134 to pull
135 to push
136 to throw
137 to tie
138 to sew
139 to count
140 to say
141 to sing
142 to play
143 to float
144 to flow
145 to freeze
146 to swell
147 sun
148 moon
149 star
150 water
151 rain
152 river
153 lake
154 sea
155 salt
156 stone
157 sand
158 dust
159 earth
160 cloud
161 fog
162 sky
163 wind
164 snow
165 ice
166 smoke
167 fire
168 ash
169 burn
170 road
171 mountain
172 red
173 green
174 yellow
175 white
176 black
177 night
178 day
179 year
180 warm
181 cold
182 full
183 new
184 old
185 good
186 bad
187 rotten
188 dirty
189 straight
190 round
191 sharp
192 dull
193 smooth
194 wet
195 dry
196 correct
197 near
198 far
199 right
200 left
201 at
202 in
203 with
204 and
205 if
206 because
207 name

Germanicized Balto-Slavic

From Proto-Balto-Slavic

Fate of phonemes
Proto-Balto-Slavic Germano-Balto-Slavic
m m
p f, b
b p
w w
n n
t þ, d
d t
s s, z
z z
r r
l l
ś s, z
š s, z
ź z
j j
k h, g
g k

Swadesh list

No. English Proto-Germano-Balto-Slavic
1 I *ēzų
2 you (singular) *þū
3 he *iz; *anaz
4 we *mez, *miz
5 you (plural) *jūz, *juz
6 they *īz
7 this *siz
8 that *þaz; *anaz
9 here *sī
10 there *þut
11 who *haz
12 what *hą
13 where *hut
14 when *hatō
15 how *hōhaz
16 not ne
17 all *wisaz
18 many *manakaz
19 some *hiliz
20 few
21 other
22 one *ainaz
23 two *twō
24 three *þrīz
25 four *heduriz
26 five *finh
27 big
28 long *tilkaz
29 wide *fladuz
30 thick *stōraz
31 heavy *þinguz
32 small *smalaz
33 short *kartuz
34 narrow *anguz
35 thin *þinnaz
36 woman *kenō
37 man (adult male) *wīraz
38 man (human being) *zumô
39 child *tēdiz; *waigaz
40 wife *kenō
41 husband *mankijaz
42 mother *mōþê (*mōþer-)
43 father *þewaz
44 animal *dwēriz
45 fish *gūz (*guw-)
46 bird *fudō
47 dog *hwô (*hun-)
48 louse
49 snake *ankiz
50 worm *hirmiz
51 tree *terwą
52 forest *lēsuz
53 stick *haugaz
54 fruit
55 seed *sēmį
56 leaf *lafaz
57 root *harô
58 bark *harō
59 flower *hwaidaz
60 grass *þrōwō
61 rope *wirwiz
62 skin *ōtō
63 meat *minzō
64 blood *hrawją
65 bone *haulaz
66 fat (noun) *þaugaz
67 egg *ōjją
68 horn *rakaz
69 tail
70 feather *flunhsnō
71 hair
72 head *kalwō
73 ear *ausiz
74 eye
75 nose
76 mouth
77 tooth *tandiz; *gampaz
78 tongue *inzūz
79 fingernail
80 foot *fēdō
81 leg
82 knee
83 hand *ranhō
84 wing *sparnaz
85 belly *indrą
86 guts *wēterō
87 neck
88 back
89 breast *firsiz
90 heart *sirtiz
91 liver *jahnō
92 to drink
93 to eat *ēstī
94 to bite *kanstī
95 to suck
96 to spit *speuþī
97 to vomit
98 to blow *wēþī
99 to breathe *gūzōþī
100 to laugh smijēþī
101 to see *wītēþī
102 to hear *hlauziþī
103 to know *dunōþī
104 to think *minēþī
105 to smell *ōstī
106 to fear *bōþī
107 to sleep
108 to live
109 to die
110 to kill
111 to fight
112 to hunt
113 to hit
114 to cut
115 to split
116 to stab
117 to scratch
118 to dig
119 to swim
120 to fly
121 to walk
122 to come
123 to lie
124 to sit
125 to stand
126 to turn
127 to fall
128 to give
129 to hold
130 to squeeze
131 to rub
132 to wash
133 to wipe
134 to pull
135 to push
136 to throw
137 to tie
138 to sew
139 to count
140 to say
141 to sing
142 to play
143 to float
144 to flow
145 to freeze
146 to swell
147 sun *saulijō; *sulliz
148 moon *mēnô
149 star *kwaistō
150 water *wantô
151 rain
152 river *afō
153 lake *ezerą
154 sea *mari
155 salt
156 stone *ahmô
157 sand
158 dust
159 earth *demê
160 cloud *nepaz
161 fog *miklō
162 sky
163 wind *wēþrō
164 snow *snaikaz
165 ice *letuz
166 smoke *tūmaz
167 fire *unkniz
168 ash
169 to burn *tihtī
170 road *fanþiz
171 mountain
172 red *rautaz
173 green *diliz
174 yellow *kilþaz
175 white *palþaz
176 black
177 night *nahtiz
178 day *tīnaz
179 year
180 warm
181 cold
182 full *fillaz
183 new *nawjaz
184 old *senaz
185 good
186 bad
187 rotten
188 dirty
189 straight
190 round
191 sharp *agraz
192 dull
193 smooth *klōtuz
194 wet
195 dry *sauzaz
196 correct
197 near
198 far
199 right *tisinaz
200 left *laiwaz
201 at *frī
202 in *in
203 with *hun
204 and *ō; *ir; *ī
205 if
206 because
207 name *immį

Spanish-sounding Slavic

Slavic languages
Translation Late Proto-Slavic class Russian Ukrainian Bulgarian Czech Slovak Polish Serbo-Croatian Slovene Macedonian Spanish-sounding Slavic
Cyrillic Latin Cyrillic Latin Cyrillic Latin standard
(Shtokavian)		 Chakavian Cyrillic Latin Slavicky Latin Spanishy Latin Cyrillic
I *(j)azъ, (j)ā prn. я ja я ja аз/я(dial.) az/ja(dial.) já ja ja jȃ jå̃ jàz јас jas ja ya
you (singular) *ty prn. ты ty ти ty ти ti ty ty ty tȋ tĩ tȋ ти ti ti ti
he, she, it *onъ prn. он, она, оно on, oná, onó він, вона, воно vin, voná, vonó той, тя, то toj, tya, to on, ona, ono ȍn/ȏn, òna, òno õn, onȁ, onȍ òn, óna, onọ̑/óno тој/оној toj/onoj on, ona, ono on, ona, ono
we *my prn. мы my ми my ни́е níe my my my mȋ mĩ mȋ ние nie mi mi
you (plural) *vy prn. вы vy ви vy ви́е víe vy vy wy vȋ vĩ vȋ вие vie vi vi
they *oni, *ony, *ona prn. они́ on'í вони́ vony те te oni, ony, ona oni, ony, ona oni, one oni, one, ona oni, one, ona тие/оние tie/onie oni
this, that *tъ prn. то tot, ta, to той, та, то toj, ta, to (това́) (tová) ten, ta, to ten, tá, to ten, ta, to tȃj, tȃ, tȏ tȁ, tȃ, tȏ/tȍ tȃ, tȃ, tọ̑ ова/она ova/ona to, ta, to
here *sьde, *tu здесь, тут zd'es', tut тут tut тук, тука tuk, tuka zde, tu tu tu, tutaj tu tù, túkaj, zde овде, тука ovde, tuka tu
there *tamъ там tam там tam там tam tam tam tam tamo tam таму tamu tamo
who *kъto prn. кто kto хто khto ((кой)) ((koi)) kdo kto kto (t)kȍ; ki kdọ́ кој koj ko co
what *čьto, *čь prn. что čto /što/ що ščo що (dial.) shto co čo co štȍ/šta (Vrg.) ča (<*čь) kaj што što čo cho
where *kъde prn. где gd'e де de къде kəde kde kde gdzie gd(j)ȅ kadȅ (Orb.) kjẹ́ каде kade kedé quedé
when *kogъda; *kogъdy adv./conj. когда́ kogdá коли́ kolý кога́ kogá (kdy); OCz. kehdy kedy kiedy, gdy kàda kdáj кога koga koda
how; what (kind of) kakъ adv.; prn. как kak; kakój як jak как, какъв kak, kakɤv (jak) (OCz. jaký) ako (OSk. aký) (jak), jaki/jaka/jakie (arch. jako, jakowy/jakowa/jakowe) kàko, kakav/kakva/kakvo kakọ̑, kakšen/kakšna/kakšno како, каков/каква/какво kako, kakov/kakva/kakvo kako caco
not *ne adv. не ne ні ni не ne ne nie nie ne nè не ne ne
all *vьśь, *vьśja, vьśe prn. весь, вся, всё v'es', vs'a, vs'o весь, вся, вcе ves', vsja, vse (вси́чки)/вси (vsíčki)/vsi (všichni); OCz. veš, všě, vše (všetci); OSk. vše (wszyscy); OPl. wszy, wsza, wsze sȁv, svȁ, svȅ svȁs, svȁ, svȅ vǝ̀s, vsà, vsè се/сето se/seto vese, vesa, vese
many *mъnogъ adj. o мно́гий mnógij бага́то baháto мно́го mnógo (adv.) mnohý mnohí mnogi mnȍgī mnọ̑gi многу mnogu menogo menogo
some *ne + *koliko не́сколько n'éskol'ko де́кілька dékil'ka ня́колко njákolko několik niekoľko kilka nekoliko nekọ̑liko, nẹ́kaj неколку nekolku nekolko
few *malъ ма́ло málo ма́ло málo ма́лко málko málo málo mało malo malo малку malku malo
other/second *drȗgъ adj. o (c) друго́й drugój дру́гий drúhyj друг (today -"other") drug druhý druhý drugi, (arch.. wtóry) drȗg drȕgī drȗgi друг (today -"other") drug drugo drugo
other *jь̀nь prn. (a) ино́й inój і́нший ínšyj инак inak jiný iný, inakší inny drugi/ini drȗg инаку inaku ino
one *(j)edìnъ, *(j)edьnъ num. o оди́н, одна́ od'ín, odná оди́н odýn еди́н edín jeden jeden, jedna jeden jèdan, jȅdna jedå̃n, jednȁ, jednȍ eden, en, ena, eno еден eden eden (en), édena (ena)
two *d(ъ)va num. два dva, dve, dva два dva двa dva dva, dvě, dvě dva, dve dwa, dwie, dwa dvȃ, dv(ȉj)e, dvȃ dvå̑, dvȋ, dvå̑ dvȃ, dvẹ́, dvȃ два dva dva, dve
three *trьje, *tri num. три tr'i три try три tri tři tri trzy trȋ trȋ trȋje, trȋ, trȋ три tri tri
four *četỳre num. (a) четы́ре č'etýr'e чоти́ри čotýry че́ти́ри čétíri čtyři štyri cztery čètiri četȉri štirje, štiri, štiri четири četiri četire
five pę̑tь num. i (c) пять p'at' п’ять pjat' пет pet pět päť pięć pȇt pȇt pẹ̑t пет pet pete
big, great *velìkъ; velьkъ adj. o вели́кий v'el'ík'ij вели́кий velýkyj ((голям)), вели́к ((goljam)), velík velký veľký wielki vȅlikī, vȅlikā, vȅlikō vȅlik, velikȁ, velikȍ vélik, velíka голем, велики golem, veliki velke
small *màlъ adj. o (a) ма́лый mályj мали́й malýj (ма́лък); мал (málǝk); mal malý malý mały mȁli må̃lī mȃli, majhen малечoк/а/ки/ко, мал, мало/а/и. malećok/a/ki/ko, mal, malo/a/i male
long *dь̀lgъ adj. o (a) до́лгий dólg'ij до́вгий dóvhyj дъ́лъг dǝ́lǝg dlouhý dlhý długi dȕg dȕg dȏļg, dȏļga, dȏļgo долг/долго dolg/dolgo duege
short *kortъ̀kъ adj. o (b) коро́ткий korótk'ij коро́ткий korótkyj кра́тък krátǝk krátký krátky krótki krátak, krátka krå̑tak, krå̄tkȁ, krå̑tko;
krãtak, krãtka, krãtko 		krátǝk кратко/а/и, краток kratko/a/i, kratok krake
wide *širokъ широ́кий širók'ij широ́кий šyrókyj широ́к širók široký široký szeroki širok širók широк, широко/а/и širok, široko/a/i siroke
narrow *ǫzъkъ adj. o у́зкий úzk'ij; úzok, uzká, úzko вузьки́й vuz'kýj у́зък úzǎk úzký úzky wąski ȕzak, ȕska/uskȁ ȕsak, uskȁ, ȕsko ọ́zǝk, ọ́zka тесно/на/ни/ен tesno/na/ni/en, teško/a/i
uske thick *tъlstъ то́лстый tólstyj товсти́й towstýj тлъст tlǝst tlustý tlstý, hrubý tłusty debeli debel, debẹ́l, tọ̑lst дебел, дебело/а/и debel, debelo/a/i debele
thin *tь̏nъkъ adj. o (c) то́нкий tónk'ij; tónok, tanká, tónko тонки́й tonkýj т'ънък tǝ́nǝk tenký tenký cienki tȁnak, tànka/tánka tȁnak, tankȁ, tȃnko tǝnǝ́k, tǝnkà тенок, тенко/а/и tenok, tenko/a/i tenke
heavy *tęžъkъ adj. o тя́жкий t'ážkij тяжки́й tjažkýj те́жък téžǝk těžký ťažký ciężki téžak, téška tȅžak, tēškȁ téžǝk téžka, téžko; težȃk тежок, тешко/а/и težok, teško/a/i tieske
woman/wife *ženà f. ā (b) жена́ ž'ená /žená/ дружина družýna жена́ žená žena žena, manželka żona žèna (acc. žènu), supruga ženȁ (acc. ženȕ) žéna (wife), žẹ́nska (woman) жена ženа rena
husband, man *mǫ̑žь m. jo (c) муж muž муж muž мъж mǝž muž muž, manžel mąż mȗž (mȗža) mọ̑ž (možȃ) маж maž mur
man (human) *čelověkъ m. o челове́к č'elov'ék чоловік čolovík (husband) чове́к čovék člověk človek człowiek čòv(j)ek (čòv(j)eka); čȍv(j)ek (čov(j)èka) čovȉk (čovȉka) člóvek (človẹ́ka) човек čovek čoke
child *dětę дитя́ d'it'á дитина dytýna дете́ deté dítě dieťa dziecko, dziecię d(ij)ete otrók, dẹ́te дете dete diete
mother *mati мать mat' мати máty ма́йка májka matka matka, mama matka (arch. mać) majka, mater, mati mati мајка majka mate
father *otьcь оте́ц ot'éc батько bát'ko оте́ц otе́c otec otec ojciec otac oče татко, отец tatko, otec oche
wild animal *zvě̑rь m. i (c) зверь zv'er' звір zvir звяр zvjar zvěř zviera, zver zwierz, zwierzę zv(ȉj)er f. (i) zvȋr (zvȋri) f. (i) zvẹ̑r (zverȋ) ѕвер dzver cuvier
fish *ryba ры́ба rýba риба rýba ри́ба ríba ryba ryba ryba riba riba риба riba riba
bird *pъtica, *pъtъka пти́ца pt'íca птах ptax пти́ца ptíca pták vták ptak ptica ptič, ptica птица ptica tica
dog *pьsъ соба́ка, пёс sobáka, p'os собака, пес sobáka, pes пес, ку́че pes, kúče pes pes pies pas pəs куче, пес kuče, pes pes
louse *vъ̏šь f. i (c) вошь voš' /voš/ (vš'i) воша vóša въ́шка vǝ́ška veš voš wesz vȃš (vȁši); ȗš (ȕši) ùš (ušȋ); ȗš вошка voška vos
snake *zmьjà f. iā змея́ zm'ejá змія zmijá змия́ zmijá zmije[table 1] had, zmija (venomous) żmija[table 2] zmìja zmijȁ kača змија zmija cemija
worm *čьrvь червь č'erv' черв'як červják че́рвей čérvej červ červ czerw, robak crv črv црв crv čero
tree *dervo, *dьrvo де́рево d'ér'evo дерево dérevo дърво́ dǝrvó dřevo [table 3] strom, drevo [table 4] drzewo drvo drevọ̑ дрво drvo dero
forest *lěsъ лес l'es ліс lis лес les les les, hora las lȇs, lijȇs gozd, lẹ́s, šuma, họ̑sta, mẹ́ja шума šuma lies
stick *palica, *palъka па́лка pálka палиця pályc'a пáлка pálka hůl palica laska / pałka / kij štap, palica palica палка palka palka
fruit *plodъ плод plod плід plid плод, овошка plod, ovoška ovoce (plod) ovocie owoc (płód) plod plọ̑d плод plod plod
seed *sěmę се́мя s'ém'a насіння nasínn'a се́ме séme semeno semeno, semä (archaic) nasiono/nasienie, ziarno, siemię s(j)eme sẹ́me семе, семенка seme, semenka sieme
leaf *listъ лист l'ist лист lyst листо́, лист listó, list list list liść list list лист list listo
root *korenь ко́рень kór'en' корінь kórin' ко́рен kóren kořen koreň korzeń kor(ij)en korẹ́n, korenína корен koren koren
bark (of a tree) *kora кора́ korá кора korá кора́ korá kůra kôra kora kora skọ̑rja кора kora kora
flower *květъ цвето́к cv'etók квітка kvítka цве́те cvéte květ kvet kwiat, kwiecie cv(ij)et rọ̑ža, cvẹ́t, cvetlíca цвеќе cvekje cuvieto
grass *trava трава́ travá трава travá трева́ trevá tráva tráva trawa trava trava трева treva treva
rope *ǫže верёвка v'er'óvka мотузка motúzka въже́ vǝžé provaz, houžev povraz, šnúra, lano sznur, lina, powróz uže vrv, konópec јаже jaže
skin *koža ко́жа kóža шкіра škíra ко́жа kóža kůže koža kożuch,[table 5] skóra koža kọ̑ža кожа koža kora
meat *męso мя́со m'áso м'ясо mjáso ме́со méso maso mäso mięso meso mesọ̑ месо meso mieso
blood *kry кровь krov' кров krov кръв krǝv krev krv krew krv kri крв krv kreo
bone *kostь кость kost' кістка kístka кост, ко́кал kost, kókal kost kosť kość, kostka(deminutive) kost kọ̑st коска koska kosto
fat (noun) *sadlo са́ло sálo жир žyr сало (dial.) salo sádlo, tuk tuk, sadlo tłuszcz, sadło masnoća, mast, salo mast, tọ̑lšča, maščóba, salo сало salo salo
egg *ȃje; *ajьce n. jo (c); n. jo яйцо́ jajcó яйце jajcé яйце́ jajcé vejce vajce, vajco (regional) jajo; jajko, jajco jáje; jájce jå̑je jájce јајце jajce jajce
horn *rȍgъ m. o (c) рог rog ріг rih рог rog roh roh róg (rogu) rȏg (rȍga) rọ̑g (rọ̑ga/rogȃ) рог rog rogo
tail *xvȍstъ хвост hvost хвіст xvist опа́шка opáška chvost chvost chwost rȇp rȅp о́пашка ópaška opaska
feather *però n. o (b) перо́ p'eró перо peró перо́ peró péro pero, pierko pióro pèro perȍ perọ̑ (perẹ́sa) перо pero pero
hair *vȏlsъ m. o (c) во́лос vólos (vólosa) волосина, волосся volosýna, volóss'a влакнó vlaknó vlas vlas włos, kosmyk[table 6] vlȃs (vlȃsa) vlå̑s (vlå̑sa) lȃs (lȃsa/lasȗ) влакно vlakno los
hair, braided hair *kosà f. ā (c) kosá (kósu)[table 7] коса kosá коса́ kosá vlasy OCz. kosa vlasy, vrkoče OSk. kosa OPl. kosa[table 8] kòsa (acc. kȍsu) (Novi) kosȁ (acc. kosȕ/kȍsu) lasjẹ́ косa kosa kosa
head *golvà f. ā (c) голова́ golová (acc. gólovu) голова holová глава́ glavá hlava hlava głowa gláva (acc. glȃvu) glå̄vȁ (acc. glå̑vu) gláva глава glava glava
ear *ȗxo n. o (c) у́хо úxo, pl. úš'i /úšy/ вухо vúxo ухо́ uhó ucho ucho ucho ȕho/ȕvo, pl. f. ȕši ȕho (ȕha), pl. m. ȕši uhọ̑ (ušẹ̑sa) уво, уше uvo, uše ucho
eye *ȍko n. o (c) глаз, о́ко óko (poet.) око о́ko око́ okó oko ȍko okọ̑ (očẹ̑sa) око oko oko
nose *nȍsъ m. o (c) нос nos ніс nis нос nos nos nȏs (nȍsa) nọ̑s (nọ̑sa/nosȃ/nosȗ) нос nos nos
mouth *ūstà pl. n. o (b) рот rot вуста vustá уста́ ustá ústa usta ústa ũstå̄; ũsta ústa уста usta usta
tooth *zǫ̑bъ m. o (c) зуб zub зуб zub зъб zǝb zub zub ząb zȗb (zȗba) zọ̑b (zọ̑ba) заб zab zuebo
tongue/language *ęzỳkъ m. o (a) язы́к jazýk язик, мова jazýk, móva ези́к ezík jazyk jazyk język jèzik jazȉk jézik (jezíka) јазик jazik jecko
nail (of finger/toe), claw *nȍgъtь m. i/io (c) но́готь nógot' (nógt'a) ніготь níhot' но́кът nókǝt nehet necht paznokieć (OPl. paznogiedź), pazur nȍkat (nȍkta); nogat (nokta) nȍhat (nȍhta) nọ̑ht (nọ̑hta) нокт, канџа nokt, kandža
foot, leg *noga f. ā (c) нога́ nogá ногá nohá крак, нога krak, nogá noha noha noga nòga (nȍgu) nogȁ (nȍgu) nóga нога noga
knee *kolě̀no n. o (a) коле́но kol'éno коліно kolíno коля́но kolyáno koleno koleno kolano kòl(j)eno kolȉno kolẹ́no колено/ница koleno/nica
hand *rǭkà f. ā (c) рука́ ruká рука ruká ръка́ rǝká ruka ruka ręka rúka (rȗku) rūkȁ (rȗku) róka рака raka
wing *krīdlò n. o (b) крыло́ kryló крило kryló крило́ kriló křídlo krídlo skrzydło krílo (Orb.) krīlȍ krílo крило krilo
belly *bŗȗxo, *bŗȗxъ m./n. o (c) живот žyvot живіт žyvít корем, стомах, търбух korem, stomah, tǝrbuh břicho brucho brzuch trbuh --- trẹ́buh (trebúha) стомак, желудник stomak, želudnik
guts *červo кишки́ k'išk'í кишки́ kyšký черва́ červá střeva črevá trzewia (ścierwo[table 9]) cr(ij)evo črevo, črevẹ́sje црева creva
neck *šija, *šьja ше́я š'éja /šéja/ шия šýja врат, ши́я vrat, šíja krk krk szyja, kark vrat, šija vrat шија šija
back *xrьbьtъ спина́ spiná спи́на spýna гръб grǝb záda, hřbet chbát grzbiet  leđa hrbet грб grb
shoulder *pletjè n. jo (b) плечó plečó плече plečé плещи (pl.) pleští pl. rameno, pleco plece, rameno plecy pl.,[table 10] ramię [table 11] pléće, rame (Novi) plećȅ rama, plẹ́ča плеќи plékji
breast *grǫ̑dь f. i (c) грудь grud' груди hrúdy гръд grǝd prsa, hruď prsia, hruď pierś; OPl. grędzi (pl.) grȗd, prsa prsi, grudi, nẹ́drje града grada
heart *sь̏rdьce n. jo (c) се́рдце s'érdc'e /s'érce/ серце sérce сърце́ sǝrcé srdce srdce serce (OPl. serdce) sȑce (sȑca) srcẹ̑ (srcá) срце srce
liver *ę̄trò, *pečenь n. o (b) játro/jatró[table 12] печінка pečínka черен дроб, джигер cheren drob, džiger játra (pl.) pečeň (wątroba) jȅtra (pl.) (Orb.) jiẽtra (pl.) jẹ́tra (pl.) џигер, црн дроб džiger, crn drob
to drink *pìti v. пить p'it' пити pýty да пи́я da píja píti piť pić pȉti (pȉjēm) pȉti (pījȅš) píti (píjem) да пие da pie
to eat *ě̀sti v. есть jest' їсти jísty да ям da jam jísti jesť jeść jȅsti (jȅdem) ȉsti/ĩsti (3sg. idẽ) jẹ́sti (jẹ́m) да јаде da jade
to gnaw *grỳzti v. (c) грызть gryzt' гризти hrýzty да гризя da grize hryzat hrýzť gryźć grȉsti (grízēm) grȉsti (2sg. grīzȅš) grísti (grízem) да гризе da grize
to suck *sъsàti v. соса́ть sosát' (sosú, sos'ót) смоктати smoktáty (су́ча) (súča) sát (saji) cicať, sať ssać (ssę) sisati sesáti (sesȃm) да цица da cica
to spit *pjь̀vati v. (a) плева́ть pl'evát' (pljujú, plujót) плювати pl'uváty плю́я pljúja; pljúvam plivat (plivu) pľuť (pľujem) pluć (pluję), (arch. plwać) pljùvati (pljȕjēm) pljúvati (pljúvam) да плука da pluka
to vomit *bljьvàti v. блева́ть bl'evát' блювати bl'uváty повръщам, бълвам povrǝ́shtam, bǝ́lvam blít (bliju) zvracať, OSk. bľuť, bľuvať wymiotować, zwracać, rzygać; OPl. bluć (bluj̨ę) bljùvati (bljȕjēm), povraćati (Orb.) bljȕvat (3sg. bljȗje/bljȕva) brùhati, bljuváti (bljúvam/bljújem) да повраќа da povrakja
to blow *dǫ̀ti v. дуть, ве́ять dut', v'éjat' ду́ти, ві́яти, дму́хати dúty, víjaty, dmúxaty ду́хам, ве́я dúham, véja vát, vanout, foukat duť, fúkať, vanúť dmuchać, dąć, wiać dúvati, dúhati pihati да дува da duva
to breathe *dyxati v. дышать dyshat' дихати dýxaty ди́шам díšam dýchat (dýchám) dýchať (dýcham) oddychać; dychać (colloq.), dyszeć[table 13] dísati (dȋšēm/dȋhām) dȉhati (2sg. dȉšeš) díhati (dȋham) да дише da diše
to laugh *smьjàti sę v. (c) смея́ться sm'eját's'a сміятись smijátys' сме́я се sméja se smát se (směju se) smiať sa (smejem sa) śmiać się (śmieję się) smìjati se (smìjēm se) (Vrg.) smījȁti se (smijȅš se) smejáti se (smẹ́jem se/smejím se) да се смее da se smee
to see *vìděti v. (a) ви́деть v'íd'et' бачити báčyty ви́ждам vídja, víždam vidět (vidím) vidieť (vidím) widzieć vȉd(j)eti (vȉdīm) vìti (2sg. vȉdīš) vídeti (vȋdim) да види da vidi
to hear *slušati слу́шать slúšat' слухати slúxaty слу́шам, чу́вам slúšam, čúvam slyšet (slyším) počuť (počujem) słyszeć slušati slišati (slišim) да слушне da slušne
to know, be familiar with *znàti v. (a) знать znat' знати znáty зна́я; знам znája; znam znát (znám) vedieť, poznať znać znȁti (znȃm) znȁti (2sg. znå̑š) poznáti (poznȃm) да знае, да познава da znae, da poznava
to know, have knowledge *věděti v. ведать v'édat'[table 14] відати vídaty вям vjam vědět (vím) vedieť (viem) wiedzieć (wiem) znati vẹ́deti (vẹ́m)
to understand *orzuměti v. понимать ponimatʹ розуміти rozumíty разбирам razbiram rozumět (rozumím) rozumieť (rozumiem) rozumieć (rozumiem) razùm(j)eti razumẹ́ti да разбира da razbira
to think *mysliti мы́слить mýsl'it' думати, мислити dúmaty, mýslyty ми́сля míslja myslet (myslím) myslieť (myslím) myśleć misliti misliti (mislim) да мисли da misli
to smell *ňuxati ню́хать, чу́ять n'úkhat', čújat' нюхати, відчувати n'úxaty, vidčuváty мири́ша, ду́ша miríša, dúša vonět (voním), čichat (čichám) voniať (voniam), čuchať (čuchám) czuć, wąchać,[table 15] wonieć[table 16] mirisati vọ̑hati, vọ̑njati, duhati да мирисне da mirisne
to fear *bojati sę боя́ться boját's'a боятись bojátys' страху́вам се, боя се straxúvam se, boja se bát se báť sa (bojím sa) bać się (boję się), płoszyć się, strachać się(arch.), lękać się bojati se bati se да се плаши da se plaši
to sleep *sъpati спать spat' спати spáty спя spja spát spať spać spavati spati да спие da spie
to live *žìti v. (c) жить ž'it' /žyt'/ жити žúty живе́я živéja žít žiť żyć žív(j)eti, 1sg. žívīm žīvȉti, 2sg. žīvȅš živẹ́ti да живее da živee
to die *merti умира́ть um'irát' вмирати vmyráty уми́рам umíram umírat umierať, zomierať umierać, mrzeć umr(ij)eti, umriti umrẹ́ti да умре da umre
to kill *ubiti убива́ть ub'ivát' вбивати vbyváty уби́вам ubívam zabíjet zabíjať, zabiť zabijać, ubijać ubiti ubíti да убие da ubie
to fight *boriti sę боро́ться borót's'a боротись borótys' бо́ря се, би́я се bórja se, bíja se bojovat bojovať, biť sa walczyć, bić się, wojować, zmagać się boriti se, tući se boríti se, bojeváti se да се бори, да се тепа da se bori, da se tepa
to hunt *loviti охо́титься oxót'it's'a полювати pol'uváty лову́вам, ловя lovúvam, lovja lovit loviť polować,[table 17] łowić[table 18] loviti lovíti да лови da lovi
to hit *udariti v. ударя́ть udar'át' вдаряти vdar'áty у́дрям údrjam udeřit udrieť uderzać ùdariti, 1sg. ùdarīm udáriti да удри da udri
to cut *sěkti, *strigti, *rězati ре́зать, руби́ть r'ézat', rub'ít' секти, стригти, різати sektý, strýhty, rízaty ре́жа, сека́ réža, seká řezat rezať, sekať, rúbať ciąć,[table 19] strzyc,[table 20] siec OPl. rzezać (arch.) rezati rẹ́zati да сече da seće
to split разделя́ть razd'el'át' розділяти rozdil'áty разде́лям razdéljam rozdělit rozdeliť (sa) podzielić,[table 21] rozdzielić[table 22] pod(ij)eliti, razd(ij)eliti razdelíti да подели, да раздели da podeli, da razdeli
to stab *bosti, *kolti коло́ть kolót' колоти kolóty буча́, прому́швам, пробо́ждам bučá, promúšvam, probóždam píchnout pichnúť. bodnúť pchnąć,[table 23] bóść[table 24] (coll. kolnąć) bosti, ubosti, klati zabósti, prebósti да убоде da ubode
to scratch *česati, *drapati цара́пать carápat' чесати, дерти česáty, dérty че́ша, дра́скам čéša, dráskam škrábat škrabať, škrabnúť drapać,[table 25] skrobać,[table 26] czesać,[table 27] grzebać[table 28] češati, grebati, drapati praskati да гребе, драска, чеша, драпа da grebe, draska, ćeša, drapa
to dig *kopati копа́ть kopát' копати kopáty копа́я kopája kopat kopať kopać kopati kopáti да копа da kopa
to sail *pluti; *plỳti v.; v. (a) плыть plyt' (plyvú, plyv'ót) плити plyty плу́вам plúvam plout (pluju) plaviť sa, plávať (pływać), pluć[table 29] ploviti plúti (plújem/plóvem) да плива, да едри da pliva, da edri
to swim, float *plàvati v. (a) пла́вать plávat' плавати plávaty пла́вам plávam plavat plávať pływać, pławić się,[table 30] OPl. pławać plȉvati plávati (plȃvam) да плива, да едри da pliva, da edri
to fly *letěti лета́ть l'etát' літати litáty летя́ letjá létat lietať, letieť latać, lecieć let(j)eti letẹ́ti (letím) да лета da leta
to walk *xoditi v. ходи́ть xod'ít' ходити xodýty хо́дя xódja chodit chodiť, kráčať chodzić hòdati hodȉti hodíti (hǫ́dim) да оди da odi
to go *jьti v. идти́ idt'í (idú, id'ót) йти jty вървя, отивам vǝ́rvja, otivam jít (jdu) ísť (idem) iść (idę) ìći (ȉdēm) íti (grem) да замине da замине
to come приходи́ть pr'ixod'ít' приходити pryxódyty и́двам, ида, дохождам ídvam, ida, dohoždam přicházet, přijít prichádzať, prísť przychodzić, przyjść, dojść doći, prići priti да дојде da dojde
to lie (as in a bed) *ležati лежа́ть l'ežát' лежати ležáty лежа́ ležá ležet ležať leżeć ležati, lijegati ležáti (ležím) лежам ležam
to sit *sěsti сиде́ть s'id'ét' сидіти sydíty седя́ sedjá sedět sedieť siedzieć s(j)esti sedẹ́ti (sedím) да седне da sedne
to stand *stati стоя́ть stoját' стояти stojáty стоя́, ставам stojá, stavam stát stáť stać, stawać, stojeć(arch./dial.) stati, stajati vstáti да стане da stane
to turn *vьrtě̀ti v. (c) верте́ть v'ert'ét' крутити krutýty въртя́ vǝrtjá vrtět obracať, zvrtnúť sa (obracać), wiercić vŕt(j)eti (vŕtīm) vrtȉti (2sg. vrtĩš) vrtẹ́ti (vrtím) да врти, да заврти da vrti, da zavrti
to turn, return *vortìti v. (b) вернуть vernut' повернути, вертати povernúty, vertáty връщам vrǝshtam vrátit vrátiť sa wrócić vrátiti (1sg. vrȃtīm) vrå̄tȉti (2sg. vrå̃tīš) vrníti да се врати da se vrati
to fall *pasti па́дать pádat' падати pádaty па́дам pádam padat padať, padnúť spadać/padać, paść/spaść pasti pasti да падне da padne
to give *dati дава́ть davát' дава́ти daváty да́вам dávam dávat dávať, dať dawać, dać dati dati да даде da dade
to hold *dьržati держа́ть d'eržát' тримати trymáty държа́ dǝržá držet držať trzymać, dzierżyć držati držáti (držím) да држи da drži
to squeeze *tiskati;
*žęti 		v. (b) сжима́ть sž'imát' стиска́ти styskáty сти́скам, ма́чкам stískam, máčkam mačkat stískať, mädliť ściskać, wyżymać[table 31] stiskati stiskati да стеска, да стега da steska, da stega
to rub *terti тере́ть t'er'ét' терти térty три́я, тъ́ркам tríja, tǝ́rkam třít trieť, šúchať trzeć trljati drgniti, trẹ́ti да трие da trie
to wash *myti мыть myt' мити mýty ми́я, пера́ míja, perá mýt umývať, myť myć, prać[table 32] oprati, umiti umíti, opráti да мие, да пере da mie, da pere
to wipe вытира́ть vyt'irát' витирати vytyráty бъ́рша, три́я bǝ́rša, tríja vytírat utierať, (u)trieť wycierać, otrzeć obrisati, brisati brisati, otrẹ́ti да бриши da briši
to pull *tęgnǫti тяну́ть t'anút' тягти t'ahtý дъ́рпам, те́гля, вла́ча dǝ́rpam, téglja, vláča táhnout ťahať ciągnąć, wlec[table 33] potegnuti, vući vlẹ́či, potegníti да влече, да тегне da vleće, da tegne
to push *perti толка́ть tolkát' штовха́ти štovxáty нати́скам, бу́там natískam, bútam tlačit tlačiť pchać, wcisnąć,[table 34] tłoczyć[table 35] gurnuti potisniti, poriniti да турка da turka
to throw *kydati, *mesti, *vergti v. броса́ть, кида́ть brosát', k'idát' кидати kýdaty хвъ́рлям xvǝ́rljam házet; OCz. vrci (1sg. vrhu) hádzať rzucać, miotać |veȑć, 2sg. veȑžeš vrẹ́či да фрли da frli
to tie *vę̄zàti v. (b) вяза́ть v'azát' в'яза́ти v'jazáty връ́звам vrǝ́zvam vázat viazať wiązać vézati, 1sg. véžēm vēzȁti, 2sg. vēžeš vẹ́zati да врзе da vrze
to sew *šiti шить šyt' ши́ти šýty ши́я šíja šít šiť szyć šiti sejati да сошие da sošie
to count *čitati v. счита́ть, посчита́ть sč'itátʹ, posč'itátʹ рахува́ти, лічи́ти raxuváty, ličýty бро́я brója počítat počítať liczyć bròjati šteti да брои da broi
to read *čitati v. чита́ть č'itát' чита́ти čytáty чета cheta číst (čtu) čítať czytać čìtati (čìtām) čȉtati (2sg. čȉtå̄š) brati (berem), čítati (čítam) да чита, да рачуна da čita, da računa
to speak, talk *govorìti v. говори́ть govor'ít' говори́ти hovorýty говоря govórja mluvit, hovořit hovoriť rozmawiać, mówić, gwarzyć OPl. goworzyć; gaworzyć[table 36] govòriti (gòvorīm) govȍrīti (2sg. govȍrīš) govoríti (govorím) да говори, да зборува da govori, da zboruva
to say, tell *kāzàti v. говори́ть, сказа́ть govor'ít', skazat' каза́ти kazáty ка́жа káža hovořit, říkat povedať, hovoriť powiedzieć kázati (kȃžēm) kå̄zȁti (2sg. kå̃žeš) reči да кажува da kažuva
to show *kāzàti v. показывать pokazyvat' пока́зувати pokázuvaty показвам pokazvam ukázat ukázať pokazać kázati (kȃžēm) kå̄zȁti (2sg. kå̃žeš) kázati (kážem) да покаже da pokaže
to sing *pěti v. (c) петь p'et' (pojú, pojót) співа́ти spiváty пе́я péja (2sg. péeš) zpívat (zpívám), pět (pěji) spievať śpiewać (śpiewam), piać (pieję)[table 37] p(j)evati pẹ́ti (pójem) да пее da pee
to play *jьgrati игра́ть igrát' гра́ти hráty игра́я igrája hrát hrať grać, igrać igrati igráti, igráti se да игра da igra
can, to be able to *mogti мочь moč' могти mohtý мога́, мо́же mogá, móže moci, moct môcť móc mȍći móči да може da može
to flow *tekti течь t'eč' текти tektý тека́, те́че teká, téče téci, téct tiecť ciec, cieknąć teći teči да тече da teče
to freeze *mьrznǫti замерзáть zam'erzát' замерзáти zamerzáty замръ́звам zamrǝ́zvam zamrznout mrznúť, zmrznúť, zamrznúť marznąć, zamarzać mrznuti, zamrznuti zamrzniti да замрзне da zamrzne
to swell *puxnǫti пу́хнуть púxnut' пу́хнути púxnuty подпу́хвам, оти́чам, поду́вам се podpúxvam, otíčam, podúvam se opuchnout, otéct puchnúť, opuchnúť, (arch.) otiecť puchnąć, rozdąć (się) oteknuti, oteći oteči да потечи da poteči
sun *sъlnьce со́лнце sólnc'e /sónce/ со́нце sónce слъ́нце slǝ́nce slunce slnko, (arch.) slnce słońce sunce sọ̑nce сонце sonce
moon *luna, *měsęcь луна́, ме́сяц luná, m'és'ac місяць mís'ac' луна́, месец, месечина luná, mesec, mesečina měsíc mesiac, (poet.) luna księżyc, OPl. miesiąc m(j)esec mẹ́sec месечина mesečina
star *gvězda звезда́ zv'ezdá зірка zírka звезда́ zvezdá hvězda hviezda gwiazda zv(ij)ezda zvẹ́zda ѕвезда dzvezda
water *vodà f. ā (c) вода́ vodá (acc. vódu) вода́ vodá вода́ vodá voda voda woda vòda (acc. vȍdu) vodȁ (acc. vȍdu) vóda вода voda
rain *dъždь дождь dožd' /došš', došt'/ дощ došč дъжд dǝžd déšť dážď deszcz, OPl. deżdż (gen. deszczu/dżdżu) kiša, dažd dǝž дожд dožd
river *rěka река́ r'eká рі́чка ríčka река́ reká řeka rieka rzeka r(ij)eka rẹ́ka река reka
lake *(j)ezero о́зеро óz'ero о́зеро ózero е́зеро ézero jezero jazero jezioro jezero jẹ́zero езеро ezero
sea *more, *morě мо́ре mór'e мо́ре móre море́ moré moře more morze more mọ̑rje море more
salt *solь соль sol' сіль sil' сол sol sůl soľ sól so(l) sọ̑l сол sol
stone *kamy ка́мень kám'en' ка́мінь kámin' ка́мък, камъни (pl.) kámǝk, kamǝni (pl.) kámen kameň kamień (dim. kamyk) kamen kamen камен kamen
sand *pěsъkъ песо́к p'esók пісо́к pisók пя́сък pjásǝk písek piesok piasek p(ij)esak pẹ́sek песок pesok
dust *porxъ пыль pyl' пил pyl прах prax prach prach pył, kurz, proch prašina, prah prah прав, прашина prav, prašina
earth *zemľà f. jā (b/c) земля́ z'eml'á земля́ zeml'á земя́ zemjá země zem, zemina ziemia zèmlja (acc. zȅmlju) zemļȁ (acc. zȅmļu) zémlja земја zemja
way *pǫ̃tь m. i (b) путь put' шлях šl'ax път pǝt pouť (fem.)[table 38] cesta, púť ([table 38]) droga, (arch. pątnik [table 39]) OPl. pąć pȗt (púta) pũt (pũta) pǫ́t пат pat
mountain *gorà fem. ā (c) гора́ gorá гора́ horá гора́, планина gorá,[table 40] planina hora hora góra gòra (gȍru), planina gorȁ (gȍru) góra гора, планина gora, planina
cloud *tǫča ту́ча, о́блако túča, óblako хмара xmára о́блак óblak oblak oblak, mrak chmura, obłok oblak oblák облак oblak
fog *mьglà мгла, туман mgla, tuman імла, туман, мряковина imlá, tumán, mr'ákovyna мъгла́ mǝglá mlha hmla mgła magla megla магла magla
sky *nȅbo не́бо n'ebo не́бо nébo небе́ nebé nebe nebo niebo nebo nebọ̑ небо nebo
wind *vě̀trъ m. o (a) ве́тер v'ét'er вітер víter вя́тър vjátǝr vítr vietor wiatr v(j)ȅtar (v(j)ȅtra) vȉtar (vȉtra) vệtǝr ветер veter
snow *sněgъ снег sn'eg сніг snih сняг snjag sníh sneh śnieg sn(ij)eg snẹ́g снег sneg
frost *mòrzъ моро́з moróz моро́з moróz мраз mraz mráz mráz mróz mrȁz mrȁz мраз mraz
ice *ledъ лёд l'od лід lid лед led led ľad lód led lẹ́d лед led
smoke *dymъ дым dym дим dym дим, пу́шек dim, púšek dým dym dym dim dim чад, дим čad, dim
fire *ognь ого́нь ogón' вого́нь vohón' о́гън ógǝn oheň oheň ogień (ognia) vatra, oganj ogenj оган ogan
ash *pepelъ пе́пел p'ép'el попіл pópil пе́пел pépel popel popol popiół pepeo pepẹ́l пепел pepel
to burn *gorěti, *paliti горе́ть gor'ét' горіти horíty горя́, паля́ gorjá, paljá hořet horieť palić, arch. gorzeć goreti/goriti gorẹ́ti да гори da gori
(dark) red *čьrmьnъ adj. o č'er'emnój/č'er'ómnyj (dial.)[table 41] червоний červónyj червено červeno (arch.) čermný/črmný (Kott) čermák (person with a red-brown face, hair) (dial. czermny) crveno črmljen црвено crveno
(bright) red *čьrv(j)enъ adj. o č'er'evl'onyj (obs.)[table 42] червоний červónyj черве́н červén červený červený czerwony, czerwień cr̀ven rdeč црвен/но/на/ни crven/no/na/ni
green *zelènъ adj. o (b) зелёный z'el'ónyj зелений zelényj зеле́н zelén zelený zelený zielony, zieleń zèlen, zelèna, zelèno zelẽn, zelenȁ, zelenȍ zelèn, zeléna зелен/но/на/ни zelen/no/na/ni
yellow *žьltъ adj. o жёлтый žóltyj жовтий žóvtyj жълт žǝlt žlutý žltý żółty, żółć, żółcień žȗt, f. žúta žȗt, f. žūtȁ, n. žȗto rumén, žȏłt, žółta жолт/то/та/ти żolt/то/та/ти
white *bělъ бе́лый b'élyj білий bílyj бял bjal bílý biely biały, biel b(ij)eli bẹ́l бел/о/а/и bel/о/а/и
black *čьrnъ чёрный č'órnyj чорний čórnyj че́рен čéren černý ťierny czarny, czerń crn črn црн/о/а/и crn/о/а/и
night *noktь ночь noč' ніч nič нощ nošt noc noc noc noć nọ̑č ноќ nokj
day *dьnь день d'en' день den' ден den den deň dzień dan (dana) dan (dnẹ́, dnẹ́va) ден den
year *godъ, *rokъ год god рік rik годи́на godína rok rok rok(pl.lata), godzina[table 43] godina lẹ́to година godina
warm *teplъ, *toplъ тёплый t'óplyj теплий téplyj то́пло tóplo teplý teplý ciepły topao toplo топло toplo
cool, cold *xoldьnъ adj. o (c) холо́дный xolódnyj холо́дний xolódnyj хла́д/ен(но/на/ни), студен(о/а/и) xlád/en (no/na/ni), studen(o/a/i) chladný chladný, studený chłodny hládan hlå̑dan hládǝn ладно ladno
full *pьlnъ по́лный pólnyj по́вний póvnyj пъ́лен pǝ́len plný plný pełny, pełen pun pọ̑łn полн poln
new *novъ но́вый nóvyj новий novýj нов nov nový novy nowy nov nov нов nov
old *starъ ста́рый stáryj старий starýj стар star starý starý stary star star стар star
good *dobrъ хоро́ший, добрый xoróš'ij, dobryj добрий dóbryj добъ́р dobǝ́r dobrý dobrý dobry dobar dọ̑ber добар, добро dobar, dobro
bad *zъlъ adj. o злой zloj злий, поганий zlyj, pohányj лош, зъл loš, зǝ́л zlý zlý zły loš, zȁo, zlȁ, zlȍ zli, zlà, zlo лош, зол, зла loš, zol, zla
rotten *gnjilъ гнило́й gn'ilój гнилий hnylýj гнил gnil shnilý zhnitý zgniły truo, gnjilo gnil гнил gnil
dirty гря́зный gr'áznyj брудний brudnýj мръ́сен mrǝ́sen špinavý špinavý brudny prljav umázan валкано valkan
straight *prostъ, *pravъ прямо́й pr'amój прямий pr'amýj прав prav přímý priamy, rovný prosty; prawy,[table 44] równy[table 45] prav raven прав, рамен prav, ramen
round *krǫglъ кру́глый krúglyj круглий krúhlyj кръ́гъл krǝ́gǝl kulatý / okrouhlý okrúhly krągły/okrągły okrugao okrọ̑gel кружно, округло kružno, okruglo
sharp *ostrъ о́стрый óstryj го́стрий hóstryj о́стър óstǝr ostrý ostrý ostry oštar ọ̑stǝr остро ostro
dull *tǫpъ тупо́й tupój тупий typýj тъп tup tupý tupý tępy tup tọ̑p тапо tapo
smooth *gladъkъ гла́дкий, ро́вный gládk'ij, róvnyj гладкий, плавний hládkyj, plávnyj гла́дък, ра́вен gládǝk, ráven hladký hladký gładki gladak gladek мазно mazno
wet *mokrъ мо́крый mókryj мо́крий mókryj мо́кър mókǝr mokrý mokrý mokry mokar mọ̑ker мокро mokro
dry *suxъ сухо́й suxój сухий suxýj сух sux suchý suchý suchy suh/suv suh суво suvo
correct пра́вильный práv'il'nyj пра́вильний, вірний právyl'nyj, vírnyj пра́вилен právilen správný správny poprawny, właściwy, prawilny(slang) pravilan pravílen правилно, точно pravilno, točno
right *pravъ пра́вый právyj правий právyj де́сен désen pravý pravý prawy desni dẹ́sǝn десно desno
left *lěvъ ле́вый lévyj лі́вий l'ívyj ляв ljav levý ľavý lewy l(ij)evi lẹ́vi лево levo
far *dalekъ далёкий dal'ók'ij далекий dalékyj дале́чен daléčen daleký ďaleký daleki dalek daleč, daljen далеку daleku
near *blizъ бли́зкий bl'ízk'ij близький blyz'kýj бли́зък blízǝk blízký blízky bliski blizak blizu близу, блиско blizu, blisko
at *pri, *u prep./pref. при, у pr'i, u при, на, в pry, na, v при, у, на pri, u, na při, u pri, na przy, u u; u- pri кaj kaj
on *na prep. на na на na на na při, u pri, na na na na
in(to) *vъ(n) prep. в v; vn- у, в, ув (dialectal) u, v, uv(dialectical) в(във) v(vǝv) v; v(n)- v/vo, do w(e); wn- u; va- v в v
with *sъ(n) с s з, із, зо/зі z, iz, zo/zi с(със) s(sǝs) s s, so z s(a) s, z со so
and (j)ь, *a и, а i, a і, й, та, а ("but") i, j, ta, a и, а i, a a, i a, i i, a i, a in, pa и, а i, a
if *(j)ako е́сли jésl'i як, якщо́, коли jam, jakščó, kolý ако́ akó jestli ak jeśli, jeżeli, jak(coll.) ako, ukoliko če, ko ако ako
because *dělja, *dьlja, děljьma потому́ что potomú čto /što/ бо, тому що, для (archaic "because of") bo, tomú ščo, dl'a защо́то zaštóto protože pretože bo, dlatego że, ponieważ, za to,[table 46] temu, że(coll. or dial.), przeto, że(arch. zato (što, jer) zatọ̑, zatọ̑ ker затоа што, зашто zatoa što, zašto
name *(j)ьmę и́мя ím'a ім'я im'á и́ме íme jméno meno imię, arch. miano ime imẹ́ име ime
  1. ^ "adder"
  2. ^ "venomous snake, adder"
  3. ^ "wood (material). Tree is strom instead."
  4. ^ "archaic- nowadays used as timber"
  5. ^ "sheepskin coat"
  6. ^ "tuft of hair"
  7. ^ "braid, plait"
  8. ^ "braid, mane"
  9. ^ "carcass"
  10. ^ "back"
  11. ^ "arm(limb)"
  12. ^ "entrails, eggs"
  13. ^ "pant, gasp"
  14. ^ "manage"; "know" (obs.)
  15. ^ "to smell", transitive
  16. ^ "to smell, intransitive"
  17. ^ "hunt, chase, prowl, course"
  18. ^ "hunt, fish, catch, snare"
  19. ^ "cut, slice, chop"
  20. ^ "cut, mow, trim, shear"
  21. ^ "split, divide, separate, share, distribute"
  22. ^ "split (up), (divide up), disunite, pull apart, separate, parcel, give away, share, distribute, provide, disperse"
  23. ^ "push"
  24. ^ "stab, spike, prick, butt"
  25. ^ "scratch, scrape, irritate, rub"
  26. ^ "scratch, scrape, rasp, scrub, grate, scribble"
  27. ^ "comb, brush"
  28. ^ "to rummage, to dig"
  29. ^ "spit, sputter"
  30. ^ "wallow"
  31. ^ "to squeeze(mainly clothes)from water"
  32. ^ "to wash clothes"
  33. ^ "to drag"
  34. ^ "to push f.ex. a button"
  35. ^ "to push f.ex. steam"
  36. ^ "babble, coo"
  37. ^ "to crow, to sound like a rooster"
  38. ^ a b "pilgrimage, journey"
  39. ^ "pilgrim"
  40. ^ "woods"
  41. ^ "red-haired, ginger"
  42. ^ "dark red"
  43. ^ "hour"
  44. ^ "righteous"
  45. ^ "even"
  46. ^ "for that"

Endnotes

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