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===Orthography===
===Orthography===
====Alphabet====
{|style="text-align:center"
|
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Letter !! Name !! IPA
|-
| '''A a''' || a || [eɪ]
|-
| '''B b''' || bee || [biː]
|-
| '''C c''' || cee || [siː]
|-
| '''D d''' || dee || [diː]
|-
| '''E e''' || e || [iː]
|-
| '''F f''' || eff || [ɛf]
|-
| '''G g''' || gee || [d͡ʒiː]
|-
| '''H h''' || haitch || [heɪt͡ʃʰ]
|-
| '''I i''' || i || [aɪ]
|}
|
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Letter !! Name !! IPA
|-
| '''J j''' || jay || [d͡ʒeɪ]
|-
| '''K k''' || kay || [kʰeɪ]
|-
| '''L l''' || el || [ɛɫ]
|-
| '''M m''' || em || [ɛm]
|-
| '''N n''' || en || [ɛn]
|-
| '''O o''' || o || [oʊ]
|-
| '''P p''' || pee || [pʰiː]
|-
| '''Q q''' || que || [kʰjuː]
|-
| '''R r''' || ar || [ɑɹ]
|-
|}
|
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Letter !! Name !! IPA
|-
| '''S s''' || ess || [ɛs]
|-
| '''T t''' || tee || [tʰiː]
|-
| '''U u''' || u || [juː]
|-
| '''V v''' || vee || [viː]
|-
| '''W w''' || double-u || [ˈdʌbəɫ.juː]
|-
| '''X x''' || ex || [ɛkʰs]
|-
| '''Y y''' || wye || [waɪ]
|-
| '''Z z''' || zed || [zɛd]
|}
|}
===Consonants===
===Consonants===


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==Morphology==
==Morphology==
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
<!-- Here are some example subcategories:
<!-- Here are some example subcategories:
Nouns
Nouns
Adjectives
Adjectives
Line 80: Line 150:
Particles
Particles
Derivational morphology
Derivational morphology
-->
===Nouns===
Nouns are not declined for case.
There in no grammatical gender besides natural gender (similar to English).
Plural is usually formed in ''-(e)s''.
The possessive is formed in ''-'s'' (<i>-'</i> after ''-s'').


-->
===Adjectives===
Adjectives precede the noun they modify.
 
Adjectives do not decline for case, gender, or number.
====Comparative====
The positive comparative is formed in two ways:
*The suffix ''-er''.
*Preceding the adjective with the word ''maice'' "more" or ''pluce'' "more".
The decision of which method to use primarily depends on the length of the adjective.
 
The following adjectives have irregular comparatives:
*''bone'' /boʊn/ "good" > ''milder'' /ˈmaɪldər/ "better"
*''malvatch'' /ˈmælvətʃ/ "bad" > ''pire'' /ˈpaɪər/ "worse"
*''moult'' /mɔʊlt/ "much, many" > ''maire'' /mɛr/ "more" or ''pluce'' /pluːs/ "more"
*''pawk'' /pɔːk/ "little, few" > ''mainder'' /ˈmeɪndər/ "less, fewer"
 
The negative comparative is formed by preceding the adjective with the word ''mains'' "less".
 
====Superlative====
The positive superlative is formed in two ways:
*The suffix ''-ism''
*Preceding the adjective with the word ''maxem'' "most"
The decision of which method to use primarily depends on the length of the adjective.
 
The following adjectives have irregular comparatives:
*''bone'' "good" > ''ottem'' /ˈɒtɪm/ "best"
*''malvatch'' "bad" > ''pessem'' /ˈpɛsɪm/ "worse"
*''moult'' "much, many" > ''maxem'' /ˈmæksɪm/ "most"
*''pawk'' "little, few" > ''mainem'' /ˈmeɪnɪm/ "least, fewest"
 
The negative superlative is formed by preceding the adjective with the word ''mainem'' "least".
 
===Adverbs===
====Adverbs of manner====
Manner adverbs are formed from the corresponding adjectives with the suffix ''-ment''.
 
Some adjectives form irregular adverbs. For example:
*''bone'' "good" > ''bean'' /biːn/ "well"
*''malvatch'' "bad" > ''male'' /meɪl/ "badly"
*''moult'' "much, many" > ''moult'' "much"
*''pawk'' "little, few" > ''pawk'' "little"
 
====Comparative and superlative====
The comparative and superlative of adverbs derived from adjectives are identical to those of their corresponding adjectives.
 
The following adverbs have irregular comparatives:
*''bean'' "well" > ''miles'' /maɪlz/ "better"
*''male'' "badly" > ''pice'' /paɪs/ "worse"
*''moult'' "much" > ''maice'' /meɪs/ "more" or ''pluce'' "more"
*''pawk'' "little" > ''mains'' /meɪnz/ "less"
 
===Articles===
Precede the noun they modify.
*'''Definite article:''' ''le'' /lə, (stressed) liː/
*'''Indefinite article (only in the singular):'''
*Before consonants: ''a'' /ə, (stressed) ʌ/
*Before vowels: ''an'' /ən, (stressed) ʌn/
 
===Pronouns===
{|class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
! rowspan="2" |Person/ Number !! rowspan="2" | Subject !! rowspan="2" | Object !! colspan="2" |Possessive
|-
! Adjective || Pronoun
|-
! 1S
| you /juː/ || me /miː/ || my /maɪ/ || mine /maɪn/
|-
! 2S (arch.)
| tou /taʊ/ || te /tiː/ || ty /taɪ/ || tine /taɪn/
|-
! 3SM
| ill /ɪl/ || le /liː/ || sy /saɪ/ || sine /saɪn/
|-
! 3SF
| ell /ɛl/ || lay /leɪ/ || lay /leɪ/ || lays /leɪz/
|-
! 3SN
| louth /laʊθ/ || louth /laʊθ/ || louths /laʊθs/ || louths /laʊθs/
|-
! 1P
| noose /nuːs/ || noose /nuːs/ || noster /nʌstər/ || nosters /nʌstərz/
|-
! 2S+P
| woose /wuːs/ || woose /wuːs/ || woster /wʌstər/ || wosters /wʌstərz/
|-
! 3P
| lie /laɪ/ || else /ɛls/ || lour /laʊər/ || lours /laʊərz/
|-
|}
 
===Numerals===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Twench numerals
|-
!rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"| Cardinal !! colspan="2"| Ordinal !! colspan="2"| Fractional
|-
! Orth. !! IPA !! Orth. !! IPA !! Orth. !! IPA
|-
! 0
| null; zero || /nʊl/; /ˈziːroʊ/ || nullem; zeroem ||  /ˈnʊlɪm/; /ˈziːroʊm/ || – || –
|-
! 1
| une || /juːn/ || prime || /praɪm/ || – ||–
|-
! 2
| doose || /duːs/ || second || /ˈsɛkənd/ ||dimmey || /ˈdɪmi/
|-
! 3
| treece || /triːs/ || terch || /tɜrtʃ/ ||terch || /tɜrtʃ/
|-
! 4
| quatter || /ˈkwɒtər/ || quart || /kwɔrt/ || quart || /kwɔrt/
|-
! 5
| chink || /tʃɪŋk/ || kint || /kɪnt/ ||kint || /kɪnt/
|-
! 6
| six || /sɪks/ || sixt || /sɪkst/ ||sixt || /sɪkst/
|-
! 7
| set || /sɛt/ || settem || /ˈsɛtɪm/ ||settem || /ˈsɛtɪm/
|-
! 8
| aught || /ɔːt/ || aughtem || /ˈɔːtɪm/ || aughtem || /ˈɔːtɪm/
|-
! 9
| nove || /noʊv/ || novem || /ˈnoʊvɪm/ || novem || /ˈnoʊvɔm/
|-
! 10
| deach || /diːtʃ/ || deachem || /ˈdiːtʃɪm/ || deachem || /ˈdiːtʃɪm/
|-
! 11
| onge || /ɒndʒ/ || ongem || /ˈɒndʒɪm/ ||ongem || /ˈɒndʒɪm/
|-
! 12
| dodge || /dɒdʒ/ || dodgem || /ˈdɒdʒɪm/ ||dodgem || /ˈdɒdʒɪm/
|-
! 13
| tredge || /trɛdʒ/ || tredgem || /ˈtrɛdʒɪm/ || tredgem || /ˈtrɛdʒɪm/
|-
! 14
| quattorge || /ˈkwɒtərdʒ/ || quattorgem || /kwɒˈtɔrdʒɪm/ || quattorgem|| /kwɒˈtɔrdʒɪm/
|-
! 15
| kinge || /kɪndʒ/ || kingem || /ˈkɪndʒɪm/ || kingem || /ˈkɪndʒɪm/
|-
! 16
| sedge || /sɛdʒ/ || sedgem || /ˈsɛdʒɪm/||sedgem|| /ˈsɛdʒɪm/
|-
! 17
| setditch || /ˈsɛt.dɪtʃ/ || setditchem || /ˌsɛt.ˈdɪtʃɪm/ ||setditchem|| /ˌsɛt.ˈdɪtʃɪm/
|-
! 20
| waint || /weɪnt/ || waintem || /ˈweɪntɪm/ || waintem|| /ˈweɪntɪm/
|-
! 21
| waint-une || /ˌweɪn.ˈt(j)uːn/ || waint-prime || /ˌweɪnt.ˈpraɪm/ || waint-prime || /ˌweɪnt.ˈpraɪm/
|-
! 30
| traint || /treɪnt/ || traintem || /ˈtreɪntɪm/ || traintem || /ˈtreɪntɪm/
|-
! 40
| quarent || /ˈkwɔrɪnt/ || quarentem || /ˌkwɔˈrɛntɪm/ || quarentem || /ˌkwɔˈrɛntɪm/
|-
! 50
| chinkent || /ˈtʃɪŋkɪnt/ || chinkentem || /ˌtʃɪŋˈkɛntɪm/ || chinkentem || /ˌtʃɪŋˈkɛntɪm/
|-
! 60
| sixent || /ˈsɪksɪnt/ || sixentem || /ˌsɪkˈsɛntɪm/ || sixentem || /ˌsɪkˈsɛntɪm/
|-
! 70
| settent || /ˈsɛtɪnt/ || settentem || /ˌsɛˈtɛntɪm/|| settentem || /ˌsɛˈtɛntɪm/
|-
! 80
| aughtent || /ˈɔːtɪnt/ || aughtentem || /ˌɔːˈtɛntɪm/ || aughtentem || /ˌɔːˈtɛntɪm/
|-
! 90
| novent || /ˈnoʊvɪnt/ || noventem || /ˌnoʊˈvɛntɪm/ || noventem || /ˌnoʊˈvɛntɪm/
|-
! 100
| chent || /tʃɛnt/ || chentem || /ˈtʃɛntɪm/ || chentem || /ˈtʃɛntɪm/
|-
! 1000
| mill || /mɪl/ || millem || /ˈmɪlɪm/ || millem || /ˈmɪlɪm/
|-
! 10⁶
| million || /ˈmɪl.jən/ || millionem || /mɪl.ˈjɒnəm/ || millionem || /mɪl.ˈjɒnəm/
|}
 
===Verbs===
====Principal parts====
For the majority of verbs, the full conjugation can be determined from three principal parts: the bare infinitive, the simple past, and the past participle.
 
These forms are given in dictionaries. Otherwise, the infinitive is used as the citation form.
 
When the simple past and past participle are identical, the past participle is omitted.
 
====Verb classes====
Verbs may be regular or irregular.
 
In regular verbs, the past stem and past participle are derived regularly from the infinitive stem with the suffixes ''-eve'' and ''-et'' respectively (''-ve'' and ''-t'' after final ''-e'' or another final vowel).
<!--
There are 3 classes of regular verbs.
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Weak verbs
! Class !! Infinitive ending !! 1S present ending !! 1S past ending !! Past participle
|-
! 1
| -aar || - || -aai || -aat
|-
! 2a (infix)
| -ijr || -is || -ij || -ijt
|-
! 2b (no infix)
| -ijr || - || -ij || -ijt
|-
! 3
| -er || - || -ui || -(e)t
|-
|}
*The schwa in ''-(e)t'' is inserted after ''-t-'', ''-d-'', ''-tj-'', and ''-dj-'' and dropped otherwise.-->
 
Irregular verbs form their past stem irregularly.<!--
*'''Present stem:''' When this is irregular, it is most often due to suppletion.
*'''Past stem:''' This is the most common irregular form, and most often is preserved from Latin. Generally, irregular past forms take the same endings as class 3 regular verbs, but with a modified stem.
*'''Past participle:''' This is most often preserved from Latin. Verbs with irregular past stems often use the same stem in the past participle (with the standard ''-t'' ending) but this is not always the case, and some verbs with regular past stems may have irregular past participles. In such cases, regular and irregular past participle forms often coexist.-->
<!--
Some irregular verbs have a past participle distinct from the past stem. For those verbs, the past tense is included as a citation form between the present and the past participle.-->
 
====Personal endings====
The following personal endings are used in the present tense:
*''-(e)s'' in the third person singular (archaic: ''-(e)th'')
*''-(e)st'' in the archaic second person singular
 
Other present tense forms use the basic infnite stem.
 
Besides the above, only the highly irregular verb ''at est'' "to be" has differing personal forms.
<!--
Personal endings are added to the present and past stems. These stems are obtained from the 1S forms by removing the final ''-i'' if present. Note that if the 1S form does not end in ''-i'', the corresponding stem is identical to the 1S form.
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Personal endings
! Person/number !! Ending
|-
! 1S
| -(i)
|-
! 2S
| -(e)s
|-
! 3S
| -(e)t
|-
! 1P
| -(e)ns
|-
! 2P
| -(e)ts
|-
! 3P
| -(e)n
|-
|}
'''Note:'''
¹ Schwa ''-(e)-'' may be inserted before personal endings in the present tense depending on phonetics but never after vowels.
*In ''-(e)s'': Schwa is kept after ''-s-'', ''-z-'', ''-sj-'', ''-zj-'', ''-tj-'', and ''-dj-'' and dropped otherwise.
*In ''-(e)t'': Schwa is kept after ''-t-'', ''-d-'', ''-tj-'', and ''-dj-'' and dropped otherwise.
*In ''-(e)n'', ''-(e)ns'', and ''-(e)ts'': Schwa is dropped after vowels and kept otherwise.
<!--It does not appear in the past tense since the past stem always ends in a vowel. Conversely, ''-i'' in the first person only appears after vowels<!-- (and therefore always appears in the past tense)-->
 
====Tenses====
As in English, continuous tenses are formed with the verb ''at est'' followed by the present participle, and the perfect is formed with the verb ''at have'' "to have" followed by the past participle.
 
The future is formed with the modal verb ''woll'' "will" followed by the bare infinitive of the main verb (or auxiliary in continuous/perfect tenses).
 
====Voice====
The passive is formed with the verb ''at est'' "to be" followed by the past participle.
 
====Non-finite forms====
'''Infinitive:''' ''at'' + present stem
 
'''Bare infinitive:''' present stem
 
'''Present participle:''' present stem + ''-(e)nt''
 
'''Past participle:''' past stem
 
====Negation and Interrogation====
Negation of verbs is ordinarily accomplished using the word ''newn'' /n(j)uːn/ "not" (which can be abbreviated as <i>'n</i>).
 
Negation and interrogation use the conjugated helping verb ''at fay'' "to do" followed by the bare infinitive. This construction can also be used in positive sentences for emphasis. Examples:
*''You cant.'' "I sing." > ''You fay newn cant.'' "I do not sing." / ''You fay'n cant.'' "I don't sing."
*''Ill dorms.'' "He sleeps." > ''Fays ill dorm?'' "Does he sleep?"
*''Ell manges.'' "She eats." > ''Keeth fays ell mange?'' "What does she eat?"
*''Lie wise.'' "They saw." > ''Lie fetch weethe.'' "They did see."
 
Modal verbs do not use the helping verb. Examples:
*''Ill pote newn dorm.'' "He may not sleep." / ''Ill pote'n dorm.'' "He mayn't sleep."
**Note: Unlike in English, the abbreviation ''pote'n'' "mayn't" is not archaic.
*''Derry ill mange?'' "Should he eat?"
 
Archaically, non-modal verbs can likewise form their negation and interrogation without the helping verb. Examples:
*''You cant newn.'' "I sing not."
*''Dorms ill?'' "Sleeps he?"
*''Keeth manges ell?'' "What eats she?"
 
====Examples of verbs====
====='''Regular - ''cant'' /kænt/, ''canteve'' /ˈkæntɪv/, ''cantet'' /ˈkæntɪt/ "to sing"'''=====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''at cant'' "to sing"
! colspan="2"| Infinitive
| colspan="2"|at cant
|-
!colspan="2"| Present participle
| colspan="2"|cantent
|-
!colspan="2"| Past participle
| colspan="2"|cantet
|-
! !! Present  !! Past!! Imperative
|-
! you
| cant || canteve ||
|-
! tou
| cantest || cantevest || cant
|-
! ill/ell/louth
| cants || canteve ||
|-
! noose
| cant || canteve ||
|-
! woose
| cant || canteve || cant
|-
! lie
| cant || canteve ||
|-
|}
 
====='''Irregular - ''cathe'' /keɪð/, ''case'' /keɪz/ "to fall"'''=====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''at cathe'' "to fall"
! colspan="2"| Infinitive
| colspan="2"|at cathe
|-
!colspan="2"| Present participle
| colspan="2"|cathent
|-
!colspan="2"| Past participle
| colspan="2"|case
|-
! !! Present  !! Past !! Imperative
|-
! you
| cathe || case ||
|-
! tou
| cathest || casest || cathe
|-
! ill/ell/louth
| cathes || case ||
|-
! noose
| cathe || case ||
|-
! woose
| cathe || case || cathe
|-
! lie
| cathe || case ||
|-
|}
 
====='''Irregular - ''die'' /daɪ/, ''dix'' /dɪks/, ''dight'' /daɪt/ "to say"'''=====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''at die'' "to say"
! colspan="2"| Infinitive
| colspan="2"|at die
|-
!colspan="2"| Present participle
| colspan="2"|dient
|-
!colspan="2"| Past participle
| colspan="2"|dight
|-
! !! Present  !! Past !! Imperative
|-
! you
| die || dix ||
|-
! tou
| diest || dixest || die
|-
! ill/ell/louth
| dies || dix ||
|-
! noose
| die || dix ||
|-
! woose
| die || dix || die
|-
! lie
| die || dix ||
|-
|}
 
====='''Irregular - ''est'' /ɛst/, ''fow'' /foʊ/, ''estet'' /ˈɛstət/ "to be"'''=====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''at est'' "to be"
! colspan="2"| Infinitive
| colspan="2"|at est
|-
!colspan="2"| Present participle
| colspan="2"|estent
|-
!colspan="2"| Past participle
| colspan="2"|estet
|-
! !! Present  !! Past !! Imperative
|-
! you
| son || fow ||
|-
! tou
| ist || fowst || est
|-
! ill/ell/louth
| is || fow ||
|-
! noose
| son || fore ||
|-
! woose
| son || fore || est
|-
! lie
| son || fore ||
|-
|}
*''is'' /ɪz/
*''ist'' /ɪst/
*''son'' /sʌn/
*''fore'' /fɔr/
 
====='''Irregular: ''have'' /hæv/, ''hat'' /hæt/ "to have"'''=====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''at have'' "to have"
! colspan="2"| Infinitive
| colspan="2"|at have
|-
!colspan="2"| Present participle
| colspan="2"|havent
|-
!colspan="2"| Past participle
| colspan="2"|hat
|-
! !! Present  !! Past !! Imperative
|-
! you
| have || hat ||
|-
! tu
| hast || hatst || have
|-
! ill/ell/louth
| has || hat ||
|-
! noose
| have || hat ||
|-
! woose
| have || hat || have
|-
! lie
| have || hat || have
|-
|}
 
====='''Irregular - ''fay'' /feɪ/, ''fetch'' /fɛtʃ/, ''faight'' /feɪt/ "to do"'''=====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''at fay'' "to do"
! colspan="2"| Infinitive
| colspan="2"|at fay
|-
!colspan="2"| Present participle
| colspan="2"|fayent
|-
!colspan="2"| Past participle
| colspan="2"|faight
|-
! !! Present  !! Past !! Imperative
|-
! you
| fay || fetch ||
|-
! tou
| fayest || fetchest || fay
|-
! ill/ell/louth
| fays || fetch ||
|-
! noose
| fay || fetch ||
|-
! woose
| fay || fetch || fay
|-
! lie
| fay || fetch ||
|-
|}
*''fays'' /fɛz/
*''fayest'' /fɛst/
 
====Modal verbs====
*''woll'' /wʊl/ "will"
**Can contract as <i>'ll</i>.
**Contracts with ''newn'' as ''wo'n'' /woʊn/.
*''woulce'' /wʊls/ "would"
**Can contract as <i>'lce</i>.
*''shy'' /ʃaɪ/ "can (has the ability to)"
*''shiss'' /ʃɪs/ "could (had the ability to)"
*''deve'' /diːv/ "shall"
*''deuce'' /d(j)uːs/ "must"
*''derry'' /dɛri/ "should, ought to"
*''pote'' /poʊt/ "may, can (is permitted to)"
*''pouts'' /paʊts/ "might, could (was permitted to)"


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
Line 90: Line 697:
===Dependent clauses===
===Dependent clauses===
<!-- etc. etc. -->
<!-- etc. etc. -->
==Vocabulary==
===Time - ''Tense''===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Seasons - ''Saisons''
! English !! Yutch
|-
| spring || printense /ˈprɪntɛns/
|-
| summer || estate /ˈɛstɪt/
|-
| fall || autumn /ˈɔːtəm/
|-
| winter || ivern /ˈaɪvərn/
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Gregorian months - ''Gregorian meeses''
! English !! Yutch
|-
| January || Yanevare /ˈjænvɛr/
|-
| February || Feverare /ˈfɛvrɛr/
|-
| March || March /mɑrtʃ/
|-
| April || April /ˈeɪprɪl/
|-
| May || May /meɪ/
|-
| June || June /dʒuːn/
|-
| July || Jule /dʒuːl/
|-
| August || August /ˈɔːɡəst/
|-
| September || September /sɛpˈtɛmbər/
|-
| October || October /ɔkˈtoʊbər/
|-
| November || November /noʊˈvɛmbər/
|-
| December || December /dɪˈsɛmbər/
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Days of the week - ''Yorns de le smane''
! English !! Yutch
|-
| Sunday || Dimendy /ˈdɪməndi/ <!--Dimenk /dɪˈmɛnk/-->
|-
| Monday || Londy /ˈlʌndi/
|-
| Tuesday || Mardy /ˈmɑrdi/
|-
| Wednesday || Merkerdy /ˈmɜrkərˌdi/
|-
| Thursday || Yody /ˈjoʊdi/
|-
| Friday || Wenderdy /ˈwɜrndi/
|-
| Saturday || Sambdy /ˈsæmdi/
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Parts of the day - ''Parts de le yorn''
! English !! Yutch
|-
| day || yorn /jɔrn/
|-
| dawn || alb /ælb/
|-
| morning || mattin /ˈmatɪn/
|-
| noon || middy /ˈmɪdi/
|-
| afternoon || apressmiddy /ˈæprəsˌmɪdi/
|-
| evening || seer /sir/
|-
| dusk || wesper /ˈwɛspər/
|-
| night || naught /nɔːt/
|-
| midnight || midnaught /ˈmɪdnɔːt/
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Units of time - ''Units de tense''
! English !! Yutch
|-
| second || second /ˈsɛkənd/
|-
| minute || minute /ˈmɪnɪt/
|-
| hour || hour /ˈaʊər/
|-
| day || yorn /jɔrn/
|-
| week || smane /ˈsmeɪn/
|-
| month || meese /miːs/
|-
| season || saison /ˈseɪzən/
|-
| year || ann /æn/
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Time adverbs - ''Tense adverbs''
! English !! Yutch
|-
| now || awore /əˈwɔr/
|-
| then || lorce /lɔrs/
|-
| recently, a short time ago || recentment /ˈriːsɪntmənt/
|-
| earlier || setter /ˈsɛtər/
|-
| soon, shortly || toast /toʊst/; cortly /ˈkɔrtli/
|-
| later || tarder /ˈtardər/
|-
| always || sempers /ˈsɛmpərz/
|-
| often || sovent /ˈsʌvənt/
|-
| sometimes || awetches /əˈwɛtʃɪz/
|-
| rarely || rarement /ˈrɛrmənt/
|-
| never || namace /ˈnæməs/
|-
| ever || yamace /ˈjæməs/
|-
| still, yet || ancor /'æŋkər/
|-
| already || yay /jeɪ/
|-
| today || oy /ɔɪ/; ayorn /əˈjɔrn/
|-
| tonight || anought /əˈnɔːt/
|-
| yesterday || ear /ir/
|-
| last night || detrain nought /dəˈtreɪn nɔːt/
|-
| tomorrow || demane /dəˈmeɪn/
|-
| before yesterday || avent ear /ˈævənt ir/
|-
| two nights ago || doose noughts poss /dus ˈnɔːts pɔs/
|-
| after tomorrow || apress demane /ˈæprəs dəˈmeɪn/
|-
| this week || chist smane /tʃɪst smeɪn/
|-
| last week || detrain smane /dəˈtreɪn smeɪn/
|-
| next week || proppen smane /ˈprɔpən smeɪn/
|-
|}
===Colours - ''Colours''===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Colours - ''Colours''
! English !! Yutch
|-
| white || blank /blæŋk/
|-
| grey || grice /ɡraɪs/
|-
| black || nare /nɛr/
|-
| red || roy /rɔɪ/
|-
| orange || orange /ˈɔrəndʒ/
|-
| brown || brune /bruːn/
|-
| yellow || gall /ɡɔːl/
|-
| green || word /wɜrd/
|-
| blue || blaw /blɔː/
|-
| pink || rose /roʊz/
|-
| purple || purple /ˈpɜrpəl/
|-
| golden || daurate /ˈdɔrɪt/
|-
|}


==Example texts==
==Example texts==
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. -->
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. -->
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)===
Toot human estants nash liver et equal in dignitate et draights. Lie son endootet of raison et conscience, et lie derry age of une alter in a spirit de frathertate.
/tuːt ˈhjuːmən ˈɛstənts næʃ ˈlɪvər ət iːkwəl ɪn ˈdɪɡnɪtɪt ət dreɪts ‖ laɪ sʌn ənˈduːtət əv ˈreɪzən ət ˈkɒnʃəns | ət laɪ ˈdɛri eɪdʒ əv juːn ɔːltər ɪn ə ˈspɪrɪt də frɑːðərtɪt/
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience, and they should act with one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
==Other resources==
==Other resources==
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->

Latest revision as of 13:58, 5 November 2023

Yutch (/jʌtʃ/) is a Gallo-Romance language closely related to Twench.

Yutch
Yutch
Pronunciation[jʌtʃ]
Created byShariifka

Introduction

Etymology

Yutch is ultimately derived from Iuti, the Latin name for the Jutes.

Phonology

Orthography

Alphabet

Letter Name IPA
A a a [eɪ]
B b bee [biː]
C c cee [siː]
D d dee [diː]
E e e [iː]
F f eff [ɛf]
G g gee [d͡ʒiː]
H h haitch [heɪt͡ʃʰ]
I i i [aɪ]
Letter Name IPA
J j jay [d͡ʒeɪ]
K k kay [kʰeɪ]
L l el [ɛɫ]
M m em [ɛm]
N n en [ɛn]
O o o [oʊ]
P p pee [pʰiː]
Q q que [kʰjuː]
R r ar [ɑɹ]
Letter Name IPA
S s ess [ɛs]
T t tee [tʰiː]
U u u [juː]
V v vee [viː]
W w double-u [ˈdʌbəɫ.juː]
X x ex [ɛkʰs]
Y y wye [waɪ]
Z z zed [zɛd]

Consonants

Vowels

Prosody

Stress

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Morphology

Nouns

Nouns are not declined for case.

There in no grammatical gender besides natural gender (similar to English).

Plural is usually formed in -(e)s.

The possessive is formed in -'s (-' after -s).

Adjectives

Adjectives precede the noun they modify.

Adjectives do not decline for case, gender, or number.

Comparative

The positive comparative is formed in two ways:

  • The suffix -er.
  • Preceding the adjective with the word maice "more" or pluce "more".

The decision of which method to use primarily depends on the length of the adjective.

The following adjectives have irregular comparatives:

  • bone /boʊn/ "good" > milder /ˈmaɪldər/ "better"
  • malvatch /ˈmælvətʃ/ "bad" > pire /ˈpaɪər/ "worse"
  • moult /mɔʊlt/ "much, many" > maire /mɛr/ "more" or pluce /pluːs/ "more"
  • pawk /pɔːk/ "little, few" > mainder /ˈmeɪndər/ "less, fewer"

The negative comparative is formed by preceding the adjective with the word mains "less".

Superlative

The positive superlative is formed in two ways:

  • The suffix -ism
  • Preceding the adjective with the word maxem "most"

The decision of which method to use primarily depends on the length of the adjective.

The following adjectives have irregular comparatives:

  • bone "good" > ottem /ˈɒtɪm/ "best"
  • malvatch "bad" > pessem /ˈpɛsɪm/ "worse"
  • moult "much, many" > maxem /ˈmæksɪm/ "most"
  • pawk "little, few" > mainem /ˈmeɪnɪm/ "least, fewest"

The negative superlative is formed by preceding the adjective with the word mainem "least".

Adverbs

Adverbs of manner

Manner adverbs are formed from the corresponding adjectives with the suffix -ment.

Some adjectives form irregular adverbs. For example:

  • bone "good" > bean /biːn/ "well"
  • malvatch "bad" > male /meɪl/ "badly"
  • moult "much, many" > moult "much"
  • pawk "little, few" > pawk "little"

Comparative and superlative

The comparative and superlative of adverbs derived from adjectives are identical to those of their corresponding adjectives.

The following adverbs have irregular comparatives:

  • bean "well" > miles /maɪlz/ "better"
  • male "badly" > pice /paɪs/ "worse"
  • moult "much" > maice /meɪs/ "more" or pluce "more"
  • pawk "little" > mains /meɪnz/ "less"

Articles

Precede the noun they modify.

  • Definite article: le /lə, (stressed) liː/
  • Indefinite article (only in the singular):
  • Before consonants: a /ə, (stressed) ʌ/
  • Before vowels: an /ən, (stressed) ʌn/

Pronouns

Person/ Number Subject Object Possessive
Adjective Pronoun
1S you /juː/ me /miː/ my /maɪ/ mine /maɪn/
2S (arch.) tou /taʊ/ te /tiː/ ty /taɪ/ tine /taɪn/
3SM ill /ɪl/ le /liː/ sy /saɪ/ sine /saɪn/
3SF ell /ɛl/ lay /leɪ/ lay /leɪ/ lays /leɪz/
3SN louth /laʊθ/ louth /laʊθ/ louths /laʊθs/ louths /laʊθs/
1P noose /nuːs/ noose /nuːs/ noster /nʌstər/ nosters /nʌstərz/
2S+P woose /wuːs/ woose /wuːs/ woster /wʌstər/ wosters /wʌstərz/
3P lie /laɪ/ else /ɛls/ lour /laʊər/ lours /laʊərz/

Numerals

Twench numerals
Cardinal Ordinal Fractional
Orth. IPA Orth. IPA Orth. IPA
0 null; zero /nʊl/; /ˈziːroʊ/ nullem; zeroem /ˈnʊlɪm/; /ˈziːroʊm/ – –
1 une /juːn/ prime /praɪm/ – –
2 doose /duːs/ second /ˈsɛkənd/ dimmey /ˈdɪmi/
3 treece /triːs/ terch /tɜrtʃ/ terch /tɜrtʃ/
4 quatter /ˈkwɒtər/ quart /kwɔrt/ quart /kwɔrt/
5 chink /tʃɪŋk/ kint /kɪnt/ kint /kɪnt/
6 six /sɪks/ sixt /sɪkst/ sixt /sɪkst/
7 set /sɛt/ settem /ˈsɛtɪm/ settem /ˈsɛtɪm/
8 aught /ɔːt/ aughtem /ˈɔːtɪm/ aughtem /ˈɔːtɪm/
9 nove /noʊv/ novem /ˈnoʊvɪm/ novem /ˈnoʊvɔm/
10 deach /diːtʃ/ deachem /ˈdiːtʃɪm/ deachem /ˈdiːtʃɪm/
11 onge /ɒndʒ/ ongem /ˈɒndʒɪm/ ongem /ˈɒndʒɪm/
12 dodge /dɒdʒ/ dodgem /ˈdɒdʒɪm/ dodgem /ˈdɒdʒɪm/
13 tredge /trɛdʒ/ tredgem /ˈtrɛdʒɪm/ tredgem /ˈtrɛdʒɪm/
14 quattorge /ˈkwɒtərdʒ/ quattorgem /kwɒˈtɔrdʒɪm/ quattorgem /kwɒˈtɔrdʒɪm/
15 kinge /kɪndʒ/ kingem /ˈkɪndʒɪm/ kingem /ˈkɪndʒɪm/
16 sedge /sɛdʒ/ sedgem /ˈsɛdʒɪm/ sedgem /ˈsɛdʒɪm/
17 setditch /ˈsɛt.dɪtʃ/ setditchem /ˌsɛt.ˈdɪtʃɪm/ setditchem /ˌsɛt.ˈdɪtʃɪm/
20 waint /weɪnt/ waintem /ˈweɪntɪm/ waintem /ˈweɪntɪm/
21 waint-une /ˌweɪn.ˈt(j)uːn/ waint-prime /ˌweɪnt.ˈpraɪm/ waint-prime /ˌweɪnt.ˈpraɪm/
30 traint /treɪnt/ traintem /ˈtreɪntɪm/ traintem /ˈtreɪntɪm/
40 quarent /ˈkwɔrɪnt/ quarentem /ˌkwɔˈrɛntɪm/ quarentem /ˌkwɔˈrɛntɪm/
50 chinkent /ˈtʃɪŋkɪnt/ chinkentem /ˌtʃɪŋˈkɛntɪm/ chinkentem /ˌtʃɪŋˈkɛntɪm/
60 sixent /ˈsɪksɪnt/ sixentem /ˌsɪkˈsɛntɪm/ sixentem /ˌsɪkˈsɛntɪm/
70 settent /ˈsɛtɪnt/ settentem /ˌsɛˈtɛntɪm/ settentem /ˌsɛˈtɛntɪm/
80 aughtent /ˈɔːtɪnt/ aughtentem /ˌɔːˈtɛntɪm/ aughtentem /ˌɔːˈtɛntɪm/
90 novent /ˈnoʊvɪnt/ noventem /ˌnoʊˈvɛntɪm/ noventem /ˌnoʊˈvɛntɪm/
100 chent /tʃɛnt/ chentem /ˈtʃɛntɪm/ chentem /ˈtʃɛntɪm/
1000 mill /mɪl/ millem /ˈmɪlɪm/ millem /ˈmɪlɪm/
10⁶ million /ˈmɪl.jən/ millionem /mɪl.ˈjɒnəm/ millionem /mɪl.ˈjɒnəm/

Verbs

Principal parts

For the majority of verbs, the full conjugation can be determined from three principal parts: the bare infinitive, the simple past, and the past participle.

These forms are given in dictionaries. Otherwise, the infinitive is used as the citation form.

When the simple past and past participle are identical, the past participle is omitted.

Verb classes

Verbs may be regular or irregular.

In regular verbs, the past stem and past participle are derived regularly from the infinitive stem with the suffixes -eve and -et respectively (-ve and -t after final -e or another final vowel).

Irregular verbs form their past stem irregularly.

Personal endings

The following personal endings are used in the present tense:

  • -(e)s in the third person singular (archaic: -(e)th)
  • -(e)st in the archaic second person singular

Other present tense forms use the basic infnite stem.

Besides the above, only the highly irregular verb at est "to be" has differing personal forms.

Tenses

As in English, continuous tenses are formed with the verb at est followed by the present participle, and the perfect is formed with the verb at have "to have" followed by the past participle.

The future is formed with the modal verb woll "will" followed by the bare infinitive of the main verb (or auxiliary in continuous/perfect tenses).

Voice

The passive is formed with the verb at est "to be" followed by the past participle.

Non-finite forms

Infinitive: at + present stem

Bare infinitive: present stem

Present participle: present stem + -(e)nt

Past participle: past stem

Negation and Interrogation

Negation of verbs is ordinarily accomplished using the word newn /n(j)uːn/ "not" (which can be abbreviated as 'n).

Negation and interrogation use the conjugated helping verb at fay "to do" followed by the bare infinitive. This construction can also be used in positive sentences for emphasis. Examples:

  • You cant. "I sing." > You fay newn cant. "I do not sing." / You fay'n cant. "I don't sing."
  • Ill dorms. "He sleeps." > Fays ill dorm? "Does he sleep?"
  • Ell manges. "She eats." > Keeth fays ell mange? "What does she eat?"
  • Lie wise. "They saw." > Lie fetch weethe. "They did see."

Modal verbs do not use the helping verb. Examples:

  • Ill pote newn dorm. "He may not sleep." / Ill pote'n dorm. "He mayn't sleep."
    • Note: Unlike in English, the abbreviation pote'n "mayn't" is not archaic.
  • Derry ill mange? "Should he eat?"

Archaically, non-modal verbs can likewise form their negation and interrogation without the helping verb. Examples:

  • You cant newn. "I sing not."
  • Dorms ill? "Sleeps he?"
  • Keeth manges ell? "What eats she?"

Examples of verbs

Regular - cant /kænt/, canteve /ˈkæntɪv/, cantet /ˈkæntɪt/ "to sing"
Conjugation of at cant "to sing"
Infinitive at cant
Present participle cantent
Past participle cantet
Present Past Imperative
you cant canteve
tou cantest cantevest cant
ill/ell/louth cants canteve
noose cant canteve
woose cant canteve cant
lie cant canteve
Irregular - cathe /keɪð/, case /keɪz/ "to fall"
Conjugation of at cathe "to fall"
Infinitive at cathe
Present participle cathent
Past participle case
Present Past Imperative
you cathe case
tou cathest casest cathe
ill/ell/louth cathes case
noose cathe case
woose cathe case cathe
lie cathe case
Irregular - die /daɪ/, dix /dɪks/, dight /daɪt/ "to say"
Conjugation of at die "to say"
Infinitive at die
Present participle dient
Past participle dight
Present Past Imperative
you die dix
tou diest dixest die
ill/ell/louth dies dix
noose die dix
woose die dix die
lie die dix
Irregular - est /ɛst/, fow /foʊ/, estet /ˈɛstət/ "to be"
Conjugation of at est "to be"
Infinitive at est
Present participle estent
Past participle estet
Present Past Imperative
you son fow
tou ist fowst est
ill/ell/louth is fow
noose son fore
woose son fore est
lie son fore
  • is /ɪz/
  • ist /ɪst/
  • son /sʌn/
  • fore /fɔr/
Irregular: have /hæv/, hat /hæt/ "to have"
Conjugation of at have "to have"
Infinitive at have
Present participle havent
Past participle hat
Present Past Imperative
you have hat
tu hast hatst have
ill/ell/louth has hat
noose have hat
woose have hat have
lie have hat have
Irregular - fay /feɪ/, fetch /fɛtʃ/, faight /feɪt/ "to do"
Conjugation of at fay "to do"
Infinitive at fay
Present participle fayent
Past participle faight
Present Past Imperative
you fay fetch
tou fayest fetchest fay
ill/ell/louth fays fetch
noose fay fetch
woose fay fetch fay
lie fay fetch
  • fays /fɛz/
  • fayest /fɛst/

Modal verbs

  • woll /wʊl/ "will"
    • Can contract as 'll.
    • Contracts with newn as wo'n /woʊn/.
  • woulce /wʊls/ "would"
    • Can contract as 'lce.
  • shy /ʃaɪ/ "can (has the ability to)"
  • shiss /ʃɪs/ "could (had the ability to)"
  • deve /diːv/ "shall"
  • deuce /d(j)uːs/ "must"
  • derry /dɛri/ "should, ought to"
  • pote /poʊt/ "may, can (is permitted to)"
  • pouts /paʊts/ "might, could (was permitted to)"

Syntax

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Vocabulary

Time - Tense

Seasons - Saisons
English Yutch
spring printense /ˈprɪntɛns/
summer estate /ˈɛstɪt/
fall autumn /ˈɔːtəm/
winter ivern /ˈaɪvərn/
Gregorian months - Gregorian meeses
English Yutch
January Yanevare /ˈjænvɛr/
February Feverare /ˈfɛvrɛr/
March March /mɑrtʃ/
April April /ˈeɪprɪl/
May May /meɪ/
June June /dʒuːn/
July Jule /dʒuːl/
August August /ˈɔːɡəst/
September September /sɛpˈtɛmbər/
October October /ɔkˈtoʊbər/
November November /noʊˈvɛmbər/
December December /dɪˈsɛmbər/
Days of the week - Yorns de le smane
English Yutch
Sunday Dimendy /ˈdɪməndi/
Monday Londy /ˈlʌndi/
Tuesday Mardy /ˈmɑrdi/
Wednesday Merkerdy /ˈmɜrkərˌdi/
Thursday Yody /ˈjoʊdi/
Friday Wenderdy /ˈwɜrndi/
Saturday Sambdy /ˈsæmdi/
Parts of the day - Parts de le yorn
English Yutch
day yorn /jɔrn/
dawn alb /ælb/
morning mattin /ˈmatɪn/
noon middy /ˈmɪdi/
afternoon apressmiddy /ˈæprəsˌmɪdi/
evening seer /sir/
dusk wesper /ˈwɛspər/
night naught /nɔːt/
midnight midnaught /ˈmɪdnɔːt/
Units of time - Units de tense
English Yutch
second second /ˈsɛkənd/
minute minute /ˈmɪnɪt/
hour hour /ˈaʊər/
day yorn /jɔrn/
week smane /ˈsmeɪn/
month meese /miːs/
season saison /ˈseɪzən/
year ann /æn/
Time adverbs - Tense adverbs
English Yutch
now awore /əˈwɔr/
then lorce /lɔrs/
recently, a short time ago recentment /ˈriːsɪntmənt/
earlier setter /ˈsɛtər/
soon, shortly toast /toʊst/; cortly /ˈkɔrtli/
later tarder /ˈtardər/
always sempers /ˈsɛmpərz/
often sovent /ˈsʌvənt/
sometimes awetches /əˈwɛtʃɪz/
rarely rarement /ˈrɛrmənt/
never namace /ˈnæməs/
ever yamace /ˈjæməs/
still, yet ancor /'æŋkər/
already yay /jeɪ/
today oy /ɔɪ/; ayorn /əˈjɔrn/
tonight anought /əˈnɔːt/
yesterday ear /ir/
last night detrain nought /dəˈtreɪn nɔːt/
tomorrow demane /dəˈmeɪn/
before yesterday avent ear /ˈævənt ir/
two nights ago doose noughts poss /dus ˈnɔːts pɔs/
after tomorrow apress demane /ˈæprəs dəˈmeɪn/
this week chist smane /tʃɪst smeɪn/
last week detrain smane /dəˈtreɪn smeɪn/
next week proppen smane /ˈprɔpən smeɪn/

Colours - Colours

Colours - Colours
English Yutch
white blank /blæŋk/
grey grice /ɡraɪs/
black nare /nɛr/
red roy /rɔɪ/
orange orange /ˈɔrəndʒ/
brown brune /bruːn/
yellow gall /ɡɔːl/
green word /wɜrd/
blue blaw /blɔː/
pink rose /roʊz/
purple purple /ˈpɜrpəl/
golden daurate /ˈdɔrɪt/

Example texts

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)

Toot human estants nash liver et equal in dignitate et draights. Lie son endootet of raison et conscience, et lie derry age of une alter in a spirit de frathertate.

/tuːt ˈhjuːmən ˈɛstənts næʃ ˈlɪvər ət iːkwəl ɪn ˈdɪɡnɪtɪt ət dreɪts ‖ laɪ sʌn ənˈduːtət əv ˈreɪzən ət ˈkɒnʃəns | ət laɪ ˈdɛri eɪdʒ əv juːn ɔːltər ɪn ə ˈspɪrɪt də frɑːðərtɪt/

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience, and they should act with one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Other resources

Swadesh list

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