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Intonation
Intonation
-->
-->
''Kathárdikhu'' comes from a hypothetical Latin ''*Carthaginicus'' from ''Carthagō'' "Carthage" + ''-icus'' "-ic".


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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-->
-->
===Nouns===
===Nouns===
Nouns are pluralized by adding ''-s''.
Nouns are pluralized by adding ''-s''. If the noun ends in a consonant, an epenthetic ''-e-'' is inserted before the plural ending.


If the singular ends in a high vowel (''-u'' or ''-i''), it is changed to its mid counterpart (''-o-'' or ''-e-'' respectively) before adding the plural ending.
If the singular ends in a high vowel (''-u'' or ''-i''), it is changed to its mid counterpart (''-o-'' or ''-e-'' respectively) before adding the plural ending.
===Adjectives===
===Adjectives===
Adjectives agree with the nouns they govern in gender, number, and definiteness.
Adjectives agree with the nouns they govern in gender, number, and definiteness.


Adjectives are pluralized as nouns.
Adjectives are pluralized in the same way as nouns.
 
===Articles===
===Articles===
Nouns and adjectives take the definite article: ''su'' (m. sg.), ''sa'' (f. sg.), ''sos'' (m. pl.), ''sas'' (f. pl.)
Nouns and adjectives take the definite article: ''su'' (m. sg.), ''sa'' (f. sg.), ''sos'' (m. pl.), ''sas'' (f. pl.)
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|-
|-
!1
!1
| u, una || filmu, -a
| u, ua || filmu, -a
|-
|-
!2
!2
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|-
|-
!4
!4
| kwator || kwartu, -a
| kwator || kwaltu, -a
|-
|-
!5
!5
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|-
|-
!9
!9
| nobe || nonu, -a
| nobe || nobeyu, -a
|-
|-
!10
!10
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|-
|-
!14
!14
| kwatórdekhi ||  
| kwatórdekhi || kwatordékhimu, -a
|-
|-
!15
!15
| kwínekhi
| kwínekhi || kwinékhimu, -a
|-
|-
!16
!16
| sédekhi
| sédekhi || sedékhimu, -a
|-
|-
!17
!17
| dekhesete
| dekhesete || dekhesétimu, -a
|-
|-
!18
!18
| dekhoto
| dekhoto || dekhotabu, -a
|-
|-
!19
!19
| dekhenobe
| dekhenobe || dekhenobeyu, -a
|-
|-
!20
!20
| gwindi
| gwindi || gwísimu, -a
|-
|-
!21
!21
| u eth gwindi
| u eth gwindi || u eth gwísimu, -a
|-
|-
!30
!30
| thrinda
| thrinda || thrísimu, -a
|-
|-
!40
!40
| kwaranda
| kwaranda || kwarásimu, -a
|-
|-
!50
!50
| kingwanda
| kingwanda || kingwásimu, -a
|-
|-
!60
!60
| sesanda
| sesanda || sesásimu, -a
|-
|-
!70
!70
| setanda
| setanda || setásimu, -a
|-
|-
!80
!80
| otanda
| otanda || otásimu, -a
|-
|-
!90
!90
| nonanda/nobanda
| nobanda || nobásimu, -a
|-
|-
!100
!100
| kendu
| kendu || kendísimu, -a
|-
|-
!101
!101
| kendu u
| kendu u || kendu filmu, -a
|-
|-
!200
!200
| dukhendos
| dukhendos || dukhendísimu, -a
|-
|-
!300
!300
| threkhendos
| threkhendos || threkhendísimu, -a
|-
|-
!400
!400
| kwatorkendos
| kwatorkendos || kwatorkendísimu, -a
|-
|-
!500
!500
| kwingendos
| kwingendos || kwingendísimu, -a
|-
|-
!600
!600
| seskendos
| seskendos || seskendísimu, -a
|-
|-
!700
!700
| setekhendos
| setekhendos || setekhendísimu, -a
|-
|-
!800
!800
| otokhendos
| otokhendos || otokhendísimu, -a
|-
|-
!900
!900
| nongendos/nobekhendos
| nobekhendos || nobekhendísimu, -a
|-
|-
!1000
!1000
| mile
| mile || milísimu, -a
|-
|-
!2000
!2000
| dumiles
| dumiles || dumilísimu, -a
|-
|-
|}
|}


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
====Tenses and Non-finite forms====
*Non-finite forms
**Infinitive
**Gerund
**Participle
*Indicative
**Present
**Imperfect
**Preterite
***Archaic; normally replaced with the perfect
**Perfect
***Present of ''aire'' "to have" + participle
**Pluperfect
***Imperfect of ''aire'' "to have" + participle
**Future
***Present of ''goire'' "to intend" + infinitive
**Future perfect
***Present of ''goire'' + ''aire'' + participle
**Conditional
***Imperfect of ''goire'' + infinitive
*Subjunctive
**Present
**Imperfect
**Preterite
***Archaic; usually replaced with the perfect
**Perfect
***Present subjunctive of ''aire'' + participle
**Pluperfect
***Imperfect subjunctive of ''aire'' + participle
**Future
***Present subjunctive of ''goire'' "to intend" + infinitive
**Future perfect
***Present subjunctive of ''goire'' + ''aire'' + participle
*Imperative
====''-are'' verbs====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
! colspan="4"| Infinitive
| colspan="4"| -are
|-
! colspan="4"| Gerund
| colspan="4"| -ande
|-
! colspan="4"| Participle
|colspan="4"| -athu, -atha
|-
!rowspan="2"| !! colspan="3"| Indicative !! colspan="3"| Subjunctive !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite¹ !! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite
|-
! 1S
| -o || -aba || -ái || -e || -are || -ase || -e
|-
! 2S
| -as || -abas || -aisti || -es || -ares || -ases || -a
|-
! 3S
| -ath || -abath || -áith || -eth || -areth || -aseth || -eth
|-
! 1P
| -amus || -abamus || -aimus || -emus || -aremus || -asemus || -emus
|-
! 2P
| -akhis || -abakhis || -aistis || -ekhis || -arekhis || -asekhis || -athe
|-
! 3P
| -and || -aband || -arund || -end || -arend || -asend || -end
|-
|}
'''Notes:'''
¹ Verbs with an irregular preterite indicative stem take the irregular ''-ere/-ire'' preterite indicative endings (i.e. ''-i, -isti, -ith, -imus, -istis, -erunt''). <!--Such verbs also form their preterite subjunctive as ''-ere/ire'' verbs, using the preterite stem and endings beginning in ''-es-'' instead of ''-as-''.-->
====''-ere'' verbs====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
! colspan="4"| Infinitive
| colspan="4"| -ere
|-
! colspan="4"| Gerund
| colspan="4"| -ende
|-
! colspan="4"| Participle
|colspan="4"| -uthu, -utha
|-
!rowspan="2"| !! colspan="3"| Indicative !! colspan="3"| Subjunctive !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite !! Present¹ !! Imperfect !! Preterite
|-
! 1S
| -o¹ || -eba || -í² || -a || -ere || -ise || -a¹
|-
! 2S
| -es || -ebas || -isti || -as || -eres || -ises || -e
|-
! 3S
| -eth || -ebath || -íth² || -ath || -ereth || -iseth || -ath¹
|-
! 1P
| -emus || -ebamus || -imus || -amus || -eremus || -isemus || -amus¹
|-
! 2P
| -ekhis || -ebakhis || -istis || -akhis || -erekhis || -isekhis || -ethe
|-
! 3P
| -end; -und¹ || -eband || -erund || -and || -erend || -isend || -and¹
|-
|}
'''Notes:'''
¹ When the present indicative 1S has an irregular stem, its stem is used to form the present indicative 3S (which takes the ending ''-und'' instead of ''-end''), the present subjunctive, and non-second-person imperatives.
² Verbs with irregular preterite stems have unstressed endings in the 1S and 3S.
<!--
³ Irregular verbs always form their perfect subjunctive with the same stem as the perfect indicative.-->
====''-ire'' verbs====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
! colspan="4"| Infinitive
| colspan="4"| -ire
|-
! colspan="4"| Gerund
| colspan="4"| -inde
|-
! colspan="4"| Participle
|colspan="4"| -ithu, -itha
|-
!rowspan="2"| !! colspan="3"| Indicative !! colspan="3"| Subjunctive !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite !! Present¹ !! Imperfect !! Preterite
|-
! 1S
| -o¹ || -iba || -í² || -a || -ire || -ese || -a¹
|-
! 2S
| -is || -ibas || -isti || -as || -ires || -ises || -i
|-
! 3S
| -ith || -ibath || -íth² || -ath || -ireth || -iseth || -ath¹
|-
! 1P
| -imus || -ibamus || -imus || -amus || -iremus || -isemus || -amus¹
|-
! 2P
| -ikhis || -ibakhis || -istis || -akhis || -irekhis || -isekhis || -ithe
|-
! 3P
| -und¹ || -iband || -erund || -and || -irend || -isend || -and¹
|-
|}
'''Notes:'''
¹ When the present indicative 1S has an irregular stem, its stem is used to form the present indicative 3S, the present subjunctive, and non-second-person imperatives.
² Verbs with irregular preterite stems have unstressed endings in the 1S and 3S.
<!--
³ Irregular verbs always form their perfect subjunctive with the same stem as the perfect indicative.-->
====Important irregular verbs====
====='''''fire'' "to be"'''=====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
! colspan="4"| Infinitive
| colspan="4"| fire
|-
! colspan="4"| Gerund
| colspan="4"| finde
|-
! colspan="4"| Participle
|colspan="4"| fithu, fitha
|-
!rowspan="2"| !! colspan="3"| Indicative !! colspan="3"| Subjunctive !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite !! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite
|-
! 1S
| sun || fiba || fui || sia || fire || fise || fia
|-
! 2S
| es || fibas || fuisti || sias || fires || fises || fi
|-
! 3S
| est || fibath || fuith || siath || fireth || fiseth || fiath
|-
! 1P
| sumus || fibamus || fuimus || siamus || firemus || fisemus || fiamus
|-
! 2P
| sukhis || fibakhis || fuistis || siakhis || firekhis || fisekhis || fiathe
|-
! 3P
| sund || fiband || fuerund || siand || firend || fisend || fiant
|-
|}
====='''''aire'' "to have"'''=====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
! colspan="4"| Infinitive
| colspan="4"| aire
|-
! colspan="4"| Gerund
| colspan="4"| ainde
|-
! colspan="4"| Participle
|colspan="4"| authu, -a
|-
!rowspan="2"| !! colspan="3"| Indicative !! colspan="3"| Subjunctive !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite !! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite
|-
! 1S
| ajo || aiba || api || aja || aire || aise || aja
|-
! 2S
| as || aibas || apisti || ajas || aires || aises || a
|-
! 3S
| ath || aibath || apith || ajath || aireth || aiseth || ajath
|-
! 1P
| aimus || aibamus || apimus || ajamus || airemus || aisemus || ajamus
|-
! 2P
| aikhis || aibakhis || apistis || ajakhis || airekhis || aisekhis || aithe
|-
! 3P
| and || aiband || aperund || ajand || airend || aisend || ajand
|-
|}
====='''''goire'' "to intend"'''=====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
! colspan="4"| Infinitive
| colspan="4"| goire
|-
! colspan="4"| Gerund
| colspan="4"| goinde
|-
! colspan="4"| Participle
|colspan="4"| gouthu, -a
|-
!rowspan="2"| !! colspan="3"| Indicative !! colspan="3"| Subjunctive !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite !! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite
|-
! 1S
| gojo || goiba || gogwi || goja || goire || goise || goja
|-
! 2S
| gos || goibas || gogwisti || gojas || goires || goises || go
|-
! 3S
| goth || goibath || gogwith || gojath || goireth || goiseth || gojath
|-
! 1P
| goimus || goibamus || gogwimus || gojamus || goiremus || goisemus || gojamus
|-
! 2P
| goithis¹ || goibakhis || gogwistis || gojakhis || goirekhis || goisekhis || goithe
|-
! 3P
| gond || goiband || gogwerund || gojand || goirend || goisend || gojand
|-
|}
'''Notes:'''
¹ The dissimilation of ''-kh-'' in 2P endings to ''-th-'' is regular when it is preceded by a velar with only a vowel or diphthong intervening.
====='''''dere'' "to have to"'''=====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
! colspan="4"| Infinitive
| colspan="4"| dere
|-
! colspan="4"| Gerund
| colspan="4"| dende
|-
! colspan="4"| Participle
|colspan="4"| duthu, -a
|-
!rowspan="2"| !! colspan="3"| Indicative !! colspan="3"| Subjunctive !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite !! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite
|-
! 1S
| dejo || deba || depi || deja || dere || dese || deja
|-
! 2S
| des || debas || depisti || dejas || deres || deses || de
|-
! 3S
| deth || debath || depith || dejath || dereth || deseth || dejath
|-
! 1P
| demus || debamus || depimus || dejamus || deremus || desemus || dejamus
|-
! 2P
| dekhis || debakhis || depistis || dejakhis || derekhis || desekhis || dethe
|-
! 3P
| dend || deband || deperund || dejand || derend || desend || dejand
|-
|}
====='''''stare'' "to stay"'''=====
{|  class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
! colspan="4"| Infinitive
| colspan="4"| stare
|-
! colspan="4"| Gerund
| colspan="4"| stande
|-
! colspan="4"| Participle
|colspan="4"| stathu, statha
|-
!rowspan="2"| !! colspan="3"| Indicative !! colspan="3"| Subjunctive !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite !! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite
|-
! 1S
| sto || staba || stethi || stia || stare || stase || stia
|-
! 2S
| stas || stabas || stethisti || stias || stares || stases || sta
|-
! 3S
| stath || stabath || stethith || stiath || stareth || staseth || stiath
|-
! 1P
| stamus || stabamus || stethimus || stiamus || staremus || stasemus || stiamus
|-
! 2P
| stakhis || stabakhis || stethistis || stiakhis || starekhis || stasekhis || stathe
|-
! 3P
| stand || staband || stetherund || stiand || starend || stasend || stiand
|-
|}
====='''''dare'' "to give"'''=====
{|  class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
! colspan="4"| Infinitive
| colspan="4"| dare
|-
! colspan="4"| Gerund
| colspan="4"| dande
|-
! colspan="4"| Participle
|colspan="4"| dathu, datha
|-
!rowspan="2"| !! colspan="3"| Indicative !! colspan="3"| Subjunctive !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite !! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite
|-
! 1S
| do || daba || dedi || dia || dare || dase || dia
|-
! 2S
| das || dabas || dedisti || dias || dares || dases || da
|-
! 3S
| dath || dabath || dedith || diath || dareth || daseth || diath
|-
! 1P
| damus || dabamus || dedimus || diamus || daremus || dasemus || diamus
|-
! 2P
| dakhis || dabakhis || dedistis || diakhis || darekhis || dasekhis || dathe
|-
! 3P
| dand || daband || dederund || diand || darend || dasend || diand
|-
|}
====='''''fakhere'' "to do, make"'''=====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
! colspan="4"| Infinitive
| colspan="4"| fakhere
|-
! colspan="4"| Gerund
| colspan="4"| fakhende
|-
! colspan="4"| Participle
|colspan="4"| fatu, -a
|-
!rowspan="2"| !! colspan="3"| Indicative !! colspan="3"| Subjunctive !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite !! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite
|-
! 1S
| facho || fakheba || fekhi || facha || fakhere || fekhise || facha
|-
! 2S
| fakhes || fakhebas || fekhisti || fachas || fakheres || fakhises || fakhe
|-
! 3S
| fakheth || fakhebath || fekhith || fachath || fakhereth || fakhiseth || fachath
|-
! 1P
| fakhemus || fakhebamus || fekhimus || fachamus || fakheremus || fakhisemus || fachamus
|-
! 2P
| fakhethis¹ || fakhebakhis || fekhistis || fachakhis || fakherekhis || fakhisekhis || fakhethe
|-
! 3P
| fachund || fakheband || fekherund || fachand || fakherend || fakhisend || fachand
|-
|}
'''Notes:'''
¹ This dissimilation of ''-khis'' to ''-this'' is regular in all relevant 2P forms whenever the ending is immediately preceded by a velar consonant.
====='''''dikhere'' "to say"'''=====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
! colspan="4"| Infinitive
| colspan="4"| dikhere
|-
! colspan="4"| Gerund
| colspan="4"| dikhende
|-
! colspan="4"| Participle
|colspan="4"| ditu, -a
|-
!rowspan="2"| !! colspan="3"| Indicative !! colspan="3"| Subjunctive !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite !! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite
|-
! 1S
| dikho || dikheba || disi || dikha || dikhere || dikhise || dikha
|-
! 2S
| dikhes || dikhebas || disisti || dikhas || dikheres || dikhises || dikhe
|-
! 3S
| dikheth || dikhebath || disith || dikhath || dikhereth || dikhiseth || dikhath
|-
! 1P
| dikhemus || dikhebamus || disimus || dikhamus || dikheremus || dikhisemus || dikhamus
|-
! 2P
| dikhethis || dikhebakhis || disistis || dikhathis || dikherekhis || dikhisekhis || dikhethe
|-
! 3P
| dikhend || dikheband || diserund || dikhand || dikherend || dikhisend || dikhand
|-
|}


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Constituent order===
The unmarked word order is VSO.
===Noun phrase===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Verb phrase===
Line 336: Line 785:


==Vocabulary==
==Vocabulary==
===Months===
===Time - ''Sa ora''===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Seasons - ''Sas stachóis''
! English !! Cathardic
|-
| Spring || gweráu
|-
| Summer || estathe
|-
| Fall || athunu
|-
| Winter || iberu
|-
|}
 
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Gregorian months - ''Sos meses sos gregoljanos''
! English !! Cathardic
! English !! Cathardic
|-
|-
| January || jangwalju
| January || jangwalju
|-
|-
| February || fevralju
| February || febralju
|-
|-
| March || malchu
| March || malchu
|-
|-
| April || aprile
| April || afrí
|-
|-
| May || maju
| May || manju
|-
|-
| June || junju
| June || junju
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| July || lunju
| July || lunju
|-
|-
| August || agustu
| August || austu
|-
|-
| September || setembre
| September || setembre
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|-
|-
| December || dekhembre
| December || dekhembre
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Days of the week - ''Sos dis de la setimá''
! English !! <!--colspan="2"|--> Cathardic
|-
| Sunday || difilma <!--|| domikhu-->
|-
| Monday || disekhuna <!--|| ludes-->
|-
| Tuesday || dithelcha <!--|| mardes-->
|-
| Wednesday || dikhwarta <!--|| mélcordes-->
|-
| Thursday || dikhwinda <!--|| jodes-->
|-
| Friday || disesta <!--|| gwerdes-->
|-
| Saturday || disápathi <!--|| sápathu-->
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Parts of the day - ''Sos partes de so di''
! English !! Cathardic
|-
| day || di
|-
| dawn || arora
|-
| morning || demái
|-
| noon || mesudí
|-
| afternoon || merije
|-
| evening || sera
|-
| dusk || khelfuslu
|-
| night || note
|-
| midnight || mesanote
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Units of time - ''Sas uithathes de sa ora''
! English !! Cathardic
|-
| second || sekhunu
|-
| minute || minuthu
|-
| hour || ora
|-
| day || di
|-
| week || setimá
|-
| month || mese
|-
| season || stachói
|-
| year || anu
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Time adverbs - ''Sos adverbos de sa ora''
! English !! Cathardic
|-
| now || akhora
|-
| then || asora
|-
| recently, a short time ago ||
|-
| earlier ||
|-
| soon, shortly ||
|-
| later ||
|-
| always || sémber
|-
| often ||
|-
| sometimes ||
|-
| rarely ||
|-
| never || ungwa
|-
| ever || ungwa
|-
| still, yet || ja
|-
| already || ja
|-
| today || oje
|-
| tonight ||
|-
| yesterday || jeri
|-
| last night || jerinote
|-
| tomorrow || khras
|-
| before yesterday || khrasnote
|-
| two nights ago ||
|-
| after tomorrow ||
|-
| this week ||
|-
| last week ||
|-
| next week ||
|-
|}
===Colours - ''Sos kolores''===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Colours - ''Sos kolores''
! English !! Cathardic
|-
| white || albu
|-
| grey || kirenju
|-
| black || nigru
|-
| red || rusu
|-
| orange || naranju
|-
| brown || kastanju
|-
| yellow || kholkhu
|-
| green || gwirdi
|-
| blue ||
|-
| pink ||
|-
| purple ||
|-
| golden ||
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 368: Line 984:
==Example texts==
==Example texts==
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. -->
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. -->
===Universal Declaration of Human Right (Article 1)===
Naskend tothu sos adámikhos líberos eth ukhwáis in dinithathe eth in deretos. And sa rachói eth su damir, eth dend oferare sos unos kun sos álteros kun su ruh de sa fratherithathe.
/ˈnaskend ˈtoθu sos aˈdamixos ˈliberos eθ uxˈwais in diniˈθaθe eθ in deˈretos ‖ and sa raˈtʃoi eθ su daˈmir | eθ dend ofeˈrare sos ˈunos kun sos ˈalteros kun su ruh de sa fraθeriˈθaθe/


==Other resources==
==Other resources==

Latest revision as of 19:45, 21 April 2023

Cathardic (native: kathárdikhu /kaˈθaɾdixu/) is an African Romance language.

Cathardic
sa lingwa sa kathárdikha
Pronunciation[sa ˈliŋgwa sa kaˈθaɾdixa]
Created byShariifka

Introduction

Kathárdikhu comes from a hypothetical Latin *Carthaginicus from Carthagō "Carthage" + -icus "-ic".

Phonology

Orthography

Consonants

Vowels

Prosody

Stress

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Morphology

Nouns

Nouns are pluralized by adding -s. If the noun ends in a consonant, an epenthetic -e- is inserted before the plural ending.

If the singular ends in a high vowel (-u or -i), it is changed to its mid counterpart (-o- or -e- respectively) before adding the plural ending.

Adjectives

Adjectives agree with the nouns they govern in gender, number, and definiteness.

Adjectives are pluralized in the same way as nouns.

Articles

Nouns and adjectives take the definite article: su (m. sg.), sa (f. sg.), sos (m. pl.), sas (f. pl.)

Pronouns

Personal pronouns

Cathardic first person pronouns
Singular Plural
Full Clitic Full Clitic
Subject meu e nos
Direct object mi me nos
Indirect object mi mi nos
Possessive meyu, -a me nostru, -a nos
Cathardic second person pronouns
Singular Plural
Full Clitic Full Clitic
Subject teu tu gos
Direct object ti te gos
Indirect object ti ti gos
Possessive tu, tua te gostru, -a gos
Cathardic third person masculine pronouns
Singular Plural
Full Clitic Full Clitic
Subject isu su isos sos
Direct object isu su isos sos
Indirect object sui si isos sos
Possessive su, sua su isoru, -a sor
Cathardic third person feminine pronouns
Singular Plural
Full Clitic Full Clitic
Subject isa sa isas sas
Direct object isa sa isas sas
Indirect object sei si isas sas
Possessive su, sua su isaru, -a sar
Cathardic third person reflexive pronouns
Full Clitic
Subject —
Direct object si se
Indirect object si si
Possessive su, sua se

Numbers

Cardinal Ordinal
0 nulu nulísimu
1 u, ua filmu, -a
2 duos, duas sekhunu, -a
3 thres thelchu, -a
4 kwator kwaltu, -a
5 kingwe kwindu, -a
6 ses sestu, -a
7 sete sétimu, -a
8 oto otabu, -a
9 nobe nobeyu, -a
10 dekhe dékhimu, -a
11 únekhi unékhimu, -a
12 dódekhi dodékhimu, -a
13 thrédekhi thredékhimu, -a
14 kwatórdekhi kwatordékhimu, -a
15 kwínekhi kwinékhimu, -a
16 sédekhi sedékhimu, -a
17 dekhesete dekhesétimu, -a
18 dekhoto dekhotabu, -a
19 dekhenobe dekhenobeyu, -a
20 gwindi gwísimu, -a
21 u eth gwindi u eth gwísimu, -a
30 thrinda thrísimu, -a
40 kwaranda kwarásimu, -a
50 kingwanda kingwásimu, -a
60 sesanda sesásimu, -a
70 setanda setásimu, -a
80 otanda otásimu, -a
90 nobanda nobásimu, -a
100 kendu kendísimu, -a
101 kendu u kendu filmu, -a
200 dukhendos dukhendísimu, -a
300 threkhendos threkhendísimu, -a
400 kwatorkendos kwatorkendísimu, -a
500 kwingendos kwingendísimu, -a
600 seskendos seskendísimu, -a
700 setekhendos setekhendísimu, -a
800 otokhendos otokhendísimu, -a
900 nobekhendos nobekhendísimu, -a
1000 mile milísimu, -a
2000 dumiles dumilísimu, -a

Verbs

Tenses and Non-finite forms

  • Non-finite forms
    • Infinitive
    • Gerund
    • Participle
  • Indicative
    • Present
    • Imperfect
    • Preterite
      • Archaic; normally replaced with the perfect
    • Perfect
      • Present of aire "to have" + participle
    • Pluperfect
      • Imperfect of aire "to have" + participle
    • Future
      • Present of goire "to intend" + infinitive
    • Future perfect
      • Present of goire + aire + participle
    • Conditional
      • Imperfect of goire + infinitive
  • Subjunctive
    • Present
    • Imperfect
    • Preterite
      • Archaic; usually replaced with the perfect
    • Perfect
      • Present subjunctive of aire + participle
    • Pluperfect
      • Imperfect subjunctive of aire + participle
    • Future
      • Present subjunctive of goire "to intend" + infinitive
    • Future perfect
      • Present subjunctive of goire + aire + participle
  • Imperative

-are verbs

Infinitive -are
Gerund -ande
Participle -athu, -atha
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative
Present Imperfect Preterite¹ Present Imperfect Preterite
1S -o -aba -ái -e -are -ase -e
2S -as -abas -aisti -es -ares -ases -a
3S -ath -abath -áith -eth -areth -aseth -eth
1P -amus -abamus -aimus -emus -aremus -asemus -emus
2P -akhis -abakhis -aistis -ekhis -arekhis -asekhis -athe
3P -and -aband -arund -end -arend -asend -end

Notes:

¹ Verbs with an irregular preterite indicative stem take the irregular -ere/-ire preterite indicative endings (i.e. -i, -isti, -ith, -imus, -istis, -erunt).

-ere verbs

Infinitive -ere
Gerund -ende
Participle -uthu, -utha
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative
Present Imperfect Preterite Present¹ Imperfect Preterite
1S -o¹ -eba -í² -a -ere -ise -a¹
2S -es -ebas -isti -as -eres -ises -e
3S -eth -ebath -íth² -ath -ereth -iseth -ath¹
1P -emus -ebamus -imus -amus -eremus -isemus -amus¹
2P -ekhis -ebakhis -istis -akhis -erekhis -isekhis -ethe
3P -end; -und¹ -eband -erund -and -erend -isend -and¹

Notes:

¹ When the present indicative 1S has an irregular stem, its stem is used to form the present indicative 3S (which takes the ending -und instead of -end), the present subjunctive, and non-second-person imperatives.

² Verbs with irregular preterite stems have unstressed endings in the 1S and 3S.

-ire verbs

Infinitive -ire
Gerund -inde
Participle -ithu, -itha
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative
Present Imperfect Preterite Present¹ Imperfect Preterite
1S -o¹ -iba -í² -a -ire -ese -a¹
2S -is -ibas -isti -as -ires -ises -i
3S -ith -ibath -íth² -ath -ireth -iseth -ath¹
1P -imus -ibamus -imus -amus -iremus -isemus -amus¹
2P -ikhis -ibakhis -istis -akhis -irekhis -isekhis -ithe
3P -und¹ -iband -erund -and -irend -isend -and¹

Notes:

¹ When the present indicative 1S has an irregular stem, its stem is used to form the present indicative 3S, the present subjunctive, and non-second-person imperatives.

² Verbs with irregular preterite stems have unstressed endings in the 1S and 3S.

Important irregular verbs

fire "to be"
Infinitive fire
Gerund finde
Participle fithu, fitha
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative
Present Imperfect Preterite Present Imperfect Preterite
1S sun fiba fui sia fire fise fia
2S es fibas fuisti sias fires fises fi
3S est fibath fuith siath fireth fiseth fiath
1P sumus fibamus fuimus siamus firemus fisemus fiamus
2P sukhis fibakhis fuistis siakhis firekhis fisekhis fiathe
3P sund fiband fuerund siand firend fisend fiant
aire "to have"
Infinitive aire
Gerund ainde
Participle authu, -a
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative
Present Imperfect Preterite Present Imperfect Preterite
1S ajo aiba api aja aire aise aja
2S as aibas apisti ajas aires aises a
3S ath aibath apith ajath aireth aiseth ajath
1P aimus aibamus apimus ajamus airemus aisemus ajamus
2P aikhis aibakhis apistis ajakhis airekhis aisekhis aithe
3P and aiband aperund ajand airend aisend ajand
goire "to intend"
Infinitive goire
Gerund goinde
Participle gouthu, -a
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative
Present Imperfect Preterite Present Imperfect Preterite
1S gojo goiba gogwi goja goire goise goja
2S gos goibas gogwisti gojas goires goises go
3S goth goibath gogwith gojath goireth goiseth gojath
1P goimus goibamus gogwimus gojamus goiremus goisemus gojamus
2P goithis¹ goibakhis gogwistis gojakhis goirekhis goisekhis goithe
3P gond goiband gogwerund gojand goirend goisend gojand

Notes:

¹ The dissimilation of -kh- in 2P endings to -th- is regular when it is preceded by a velar with only a vowel or diphthong intervening.

dere "to have to"
Infinitive dere
Gerund dende
Participle duthu, -a
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative
Present Imperfect Preterite Present Imperfect Preterite
1S dejo deba depi deja dere dese deja
2S des debas depisti dejas deres deses de
3S deth debath depith dejath dereth deseth dejath
1P demus debamus depimus dejamus deremus desemus dejamus
2P dekhis debakhis depistis dejakhis derekhis desekhis dethe
3P dend deband deperund dejand derend desend dejand
stare "to stay"
Infinitive stare
Gerund stande
Participle stathu, statha
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative
Present Imperfect Preterite Present Imperfect Preterite
1S sto staba stethi stia stare stase stia
2S stas stabas stethisti stias stares stases sta
3S stath stabath stethith stiath stareth staseth stiath
1P stamus stabamus stethimus stiamus staremus stasemus stiamus
2P stakhis stabakhis stethistis stiakhis starekhis stasekhis stathe
3P stand staband stetherund stiand starend stasend stiand
dare "to give"
Infinitive dare
Gerund dande
Participle dathu, datha
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative
Present Imperfect Preterite Present Imperfect Preterite
1S do daba dedi dia dare dase dia
2S das dabas dedisti dias dares dases da
3S dath dabath dedith diath dareth daseth diath
1P damus dabamus dedimus diamus daremus dasemus diamus
2P dakhis dabakhis dedistis diakhis darekhis dasekhis dathe
3P dand daband dederund diand darend dasend diand
fakhere "to do, make"
Infinitive fakhere
Gerund fakhende
Participle fatu, -a
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative
Present Imperfect Preterite Present Imperfect Preterite
1S facho fakheba fekhi facha fakhere fekhise facha
2S fakhes fakhebas fekhisti fachas fakheres fakhises fakhe
3S fakheth fakhebath fekhith fachath fakhereth fakhiseth fachath
1P fakhemus fakhebamus fekhimus fachamus fakheremus fakhisemus fachamus
2P fakhethis¹ fakhebakhis fekhistis fachakhis fakherekhis fakhisekhis fakhethe
3P fachund fakheband fekherund fachand fakherend fakhisend fachand

Notes:

¹ This dissimilation of -khis to -this is regular in all relevant 2P forms whenever the ending is immediately preceded by a velar consonant.

dikhere "to say"
Infinitive dikhere
Gerund dikhende
Participle ditu, -a
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative
Present Imperfect Preterite Present Imperfect Preterite
1S dikho dikheba disi dikha dikhere dikhise dikha
2S dikhes dikhebas disisti dikhas dikheres dikhises dikhe
3S dikheth dikhebath disith dikhath dikhereth dikhiseth dikhath
1P dikhemus dikhebamus disimus dikhamus dikheremus dikhisemus dikhamus
2P dikhethis dikhebakhis disistis dikhathis dikherekhis dikhisekhis dikhethe
3P dikhend dikheband diserund dikhand dikherend dikhisend dikhand

Syntax

Constituent order

The unmarked word order is VSO.

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Vocabulary

Time - Sa ora

Seasons - Sas stachóis
English Cathardic
Spring gweráu
Summer estathe
Fall athunu
Winter iberu
Gregorian months - Sos meses sos gregoljanos
English Cathardic
January jangwalju
February febralju
March malchu
April afrí
May manju
June junju
July lunju
August austu
September setembre
October otombre
November nobembre
December dekhembre
Days of the week - Sos dis de la setimá
English Cathardic
Sunday difilma
Monday disekhuna
Tuesday dithelcha
Wednesday dikhwarta
Thursday dikhwinda
Friday disesta
Saturday disápathi
Parts of the day - Sos partes de so di
English Cathardic
day di
dawn arora
morning demái
noon mesudí
afternoon merije
evening sera
dusk khelfuslu
night note
midnight mesanote
Units of time - Sas uithathes de sa ora
English Cathardic
second sekhunu
minute minuthu
hour ora
day di
week setimá
month mese
season stachói
year anu
Time adverbs - Sos adverbos de sa ora
English Cathardic
now akhora
then asora
recently, a short time ago
earlier
soon, shortly
later
always sémber
often
sometimes
rarely
never ungwa
ever ungwa
still, yet ja
already ja
today oje
tonight
yesterday jeri
last night jerinote
tomorrow khras
before yesterday khrasnote
two nights ago
after tomorrow
this week
last week
next week

Colours - Sos kolores

Colours - Sos kolores
English Cathardic
white albu
grey kirenju
black nigru
red rusu
orange naranju
brown kastanju
yellow kholkhu
green gwirdi
blue
pink
purple
golden

Example texts

Universal Declaration of Human Right (Article 1)

Naskend tothu sos adámikhos líberos eth ukhwáis in dinithathe eth in deretos. And sa rachói eth su damir, eth dend oferare sos unos kun sos álteros kun su ruh de sa fratherithathe.

/ˈnaskend ˈtoθu sos aˈdamixos ˈliberos eθ uxˈwais in diniˈθaθe eθ in deˈretos ‖ and sa raˈtʃoi eθ su daˈmir | eθ dend ofeˈrare sos ˈunos kun sos ˈalteros kun su ruh de sa fraθeriˈθaθe/

Other resources

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