Ancient Sohcahtoan: Difference between revisions

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{{stub}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
| name = Ancient Sohcahtoan
| name = Ancient Sohcahtoan
Line 5: Line 4:
| pronunciation = ˈpeːsoːktəguː
| pronunciation = ˈpeːsoːktəguː
| pronunciation_key = IPA for Sohcahtoan
| pronunciation_key = IPA for Sohcahtoan
| state = Republic of Sohcahtoa
| state = Republic of Sohcahtoa, São Martim
| created = 2023
| created = 2023
| speakers = 2,300
| date = 2023
| creator = User:Jukethatbox
| familycolor = Altaic
| familycolor = Altaic
| fam1 = [[w:Altaic languages|Altaic]]
| fam2 = [[w:Japonic languages|Japonic]]
| fam2 = [[w:Japonic languages|Japonic]]
| fam3 = ''part.'' Ryukyuan
| fam3 = ''part.'' Ryukyuan
| fam4 = Sohcahtoic
| fam4 = Sohcahtoic
| ancestor = Proto-Sohcahtoic
| ancestor = Proto-Sohcahtoic
| creator = [[User:Jukethatbox|Jukethatbox]]
| agency = ASRO/ORAS
| script = Latin
| minority = São Martim, Portugal
| script1 = Latn
| notice = IPA
| notice = IPA
}}
}}
'''Ancient Sohcahtoan''' is a [[w:Japonic languages|Japonic]] language that is the precursor of [[Sohcahtoan]]. Nowadays, it is used for solely ceremonial purposes at festivals, and no one actually uses it in everyday speech. Much of Ancient Sohcahtoan has been documented verbally, however some words have been comparatively reconstructed from modern Sohcahtoan. These comparatively reconstructed words are marked with an "'''*'''"(asterisk) at the beginning of a word.
'''Ancient Sohcahtoan''' is a [[w:Japonic languages|Japonic]] language that is the precursor of [[Sohcahtoan]]. Nowadays, it is used for solely ceremonial purposes at festivals, and no one actually uses it in everyday speech. Much of Ancient Sohcahtoan has been documented verbally, however some words have been comparatively reconstructed from modern Sohcahtoan. These comparatively reconstructed words are marked with an "'''*'''"(asterisk) at the beginning of a word.
==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Orthography===
===Orthography===
Line 25: Line 28:


==== Alphabet ====
==== Alphabet ====
à and ã represents the [ə] sound. Letters with "-" diactritics represent [[w:Vowel length|elongated vowels]], e.g. <ā>, <ē>, <ū>, and <ō>.
à and ã(from [[w:Portuguese language|Portuguese]]) represents the [ə] sound. Letters with "-" diacritics represent [[w:Vowel length|elongated vowels]], e.g. ⟨ā⟩, ⟨ē⟩, ⟨ū⟩, and ⟨ō⟩.
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! '''Majuscule'''
! '''Majuscule'''
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! colspan="2" | [[w:Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br>alveolar]]/<br>[[w:Palatal consonant|palatal]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br>alveolar]]/<br>[[w:Palatal consonant|palatal]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
|-
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
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| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | &nbsp;[[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|ɡ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | &nbsp;[[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|ɡ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Glottal stop|ʔ]]
|-
|-
! [[w:Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
! [[w:Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate|t͡s]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate|t͡s]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
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| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless retroflex fricative|ʂ]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless retroflex fricative|ʂ]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
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| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
|-
! [[w:Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
! [[w:Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
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| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
|-
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| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar tap or flap|ɾ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar tap or flap|ɾ]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
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====Stress====
====Stress====
Ancient Sohcahtoan is a [[w:Stress (linguistics)|prototonic]] language, meaning stress is placed on the first syllable of a word. This feature has been inherited by modern [[Sohcahtoan]].
Ancient Sohcahtoan is a [[w:Stress (linguistics)|prototonic]] language, meaning stress is placed on the first syllable of a word. This feature has been inherited by modern [[Sohcahtoan]].
===Phonotactics===
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
Ancient Sohcahtoan, contrary to its more widely spoken descendant, uses the structure of '''(C)V(C)''' for syllables, which is quite different from modern [[Sohcahtoan]]'s '''(C)V''' syllabic structure.


====Intonation====
Additionally, the [ɾ] sound can only be succeeded by a vowel, hence the word ''kãkã''-'''''rã''''' does not fit in the (C)V(C) structure.


===Phonotactics===
====Examples====
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
Ancient Sohcahtoan ''*kak'' → [[Sohcahtoan]] '''kā'', meaning "red".
===Morphophonology===
 
==Morphology==
Ancient Sohcahtoan ''ãkom'' → Sohcahtoan ''eōko'',  meaning "blue".
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->


<!-- Here are some example subcategories:
Ancient Sohcahtoan ''ūn'' → Sohcahtoan ''ānu'', meaning "dog".


Nouns
[[w:Proto-Japonic|Proto-Japonic]] ''*kəkərə'' → Ancient Sohcahtoan ''kãkãrã'' → Sohcahtoan ''kokora'', meaning "heart".
Adjectives
Verbs
Adverbs
Particles
Derivational morphology


-->
==Morphology==
Most words in Ancient Sohcahtoan originate in [[w:Proto-Japonic|Proto-Japonic]]. Indeed, there are many similarities between the two languages; both languages have the [ə] sound, which other languages that derive from Proto-Japonic lost(and indeed, modern [[Sohcahtoan]] also lost the [ə] sound).


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
Ancient Sohcahtoan and modern [[Sohcahtoan]] both have very similar grammar to [[w:Japanese language|Japanese]].
===Constituent order===
===Constituent order===
Ancient Sohcahtoan uses an '''S-O-V'''(subject-object-verb) format as in Japanese, however when asking a question the language uses a '''V-O-S'''(verb-object-subject) structure, e.g. ''ūn ã *mārã kã ēdus''(The dog has a ball) and ''Ēdus kã *mārã ūn?''(does the dog have a ball?)
===Noun phrase===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
'''"The dog" - "ūn"'''
===Sentence phrase===
 
===Dependent clauses===
Ancient Sohcahtoan, like Japanese, doesn't have a word for "the", unless you are also specifying the '''location''' of something, e.g. if you wanted to say "the dog", it would be simply "ūn"(literally "dog"), but if you wanted to say "this dog" or "that cat" it would be "gēn ūn" or "gān nūrã" respectively.
<!-- etc. etc. -->
<!-- etc. etc. -->


==Example texts==
==Example texts==
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. -->
===Gondola no Uta(*Gondōra nu Ãto)===
Note: this is only the first stanza.
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
In Ancient Sohcahtoan: <br>
<br>
''ãnukuē a minēredãm'' <br>
''kãrã asã mēterã'' <br>
''*kak *megubēra''<br>
''goimã māt (a)ni'' <br>
''ãlsa derenerã nu'' <br>
''sēmemã māt (a)ni'' <br>
''asu nu yuēten nu'' <br>
''nēye *mãnu o''
{{col-break}}
In [[English language|English]]: <br />
<br />
''life is brief''<br />
''fall in love, maidens''<br />
''before the crimson bloom''<br />
''fades from your lips''<br />
''before the tides of passion ''<br />
''cool within you,''<br />
''for there is no such thing ''<br />
''as tomorrow, after all''
{{col-end}}
 
==Other resources==
==Other resources==
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->

Latest revision as of 11:17, 29 February 2024

Ancient Sohcahtoan
pē sō-ktã-gū
Pronunciation[ˈpeːsoːktəguː]
Created byJukethatbox
Date2023
Native toRepublic of Sohcahtoa, São Martim
Native speakers2,300 (2023)
Altaic
  • Japonic
    • part. Ryukyuan
      • Sohcahtoic
        • Ancient Sohcahtoan
Early form
Proto-Sohcahtoic
Official status
Recognised minority
language in
São Martim, Portugal
Regulated byASRO/ORAS
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Ancient Sohcahtoan is a Japonic language that is the precursor of Sohcahtoan. Nowadays, it is used for solely ceremonial purposes at festivals, and no one actually uses it in everyday speech. Much of Ancient Sohcahtoan has been documented verbally, however some words have been comparatively reconstructed from modern Sohcahtoan. These comparatively reconstructed words are marked with an "*"(asterisk) at the beginning of a word.

Phonology

Orthography

Whereas modern Sohcahtoan uses the three Japanese scripts, Ancient Sohcahtoan was probably written using a rudimentary runic alphabet to represent the phonology. However, as the Japanese scripts began to heavily influence Sohcahtoan, the runes fell out of use in favour of Hiragana, Katakana and Kanji, which led to vowel and consonant change, e.g. ʂ -> ʃ and the complete dropping of [ə](ã) and [u], the former turned into [eoː] and the latter into [ɯ].

In modern times, linguists began recording Ancient Sohcahtoan with the Portuguese Latin script, which probably originates from Portuguese colonisers on the island of São Martim, where Ancient Sohcahtoan was preserved due to general Portuguese non-interference, compared to on the mainland where the language quickly began to adapt to Japanese scripts, which all but wiped out Ancient Sohcahtoan on the mainland.

Alphabet

à and ã(from Portuguese) represents the [ə] sound. Letters with "-" diacritics represent elongated vowels, e.g. ⟨ā⟩, ⟨ē⟩, ⟨ū⟩, and ⟨ō⟩.

Majuscule A Ā Ã B K D E Ē G I K M N O Ō P R S T U Ū Y Z
Minuscule a ā ã b k d e ē g i k m n o ō p r s t u ū y z

Consonants

Labial Dental/
alveolar
Post-
alveolar
/
palatal
Velar
Nasal m n
Plosive p b t d  k ɡ
Affricate t͡s
Fricative s z ʂ
Approximant j
Lateral l
Flap ɾ

Vowels

Front Central Back
Close i u
Close-mid e o
Mid ə
Open a

All vowels in Ancient Sohcahtoan(except [i] and [ə]) have elongated versions, those being ō([oː]), ā([aː]), ē([eː]) and ū([uː]).

Prosody

Stress

Ancient Sohcahtoan is a prototonic language, meaning stress is placed on the first syllable of a word. This feature has been inherited by modern Sohcahtoan.

Phonotactics

Ancient Sohcahtoan, contrary to its more widely spoken descendant, uses the structure of (C)V(C) for syllables, which is quite different from modern Sohcahtoan's (C)V syllabic structure.

Additionally, the [ɾ] sound can only be succeeded by a vowel, hence the word kãkã- does not fit in the (C)V(C) structure.

Examples

Ancient Sohcahtoan *kakSohcahtoan ', meaning "red".

Ancient Sohcahtoan ãkom → Sohcahtoan eōko, meaning "blue".

Ancient Sohcahtoan ūn → Sohcahtoan ānu, meaning "dog".

Proto-Japonic *kəkərə → Ancient Sohcahtoan kãkãrã → Sohcahtoan kokora, meaning "heart".

Morphology

Most words in Ancient Sohcahtoan originate in Proto-Japonic. Indeed, there are many similarities between the two languages; both languages have the [ə] sound, which other languages that derive from Proto-Japonic lost(and indeed, modern Sohcahtoan also lost the [ə] sound).

Syntax

Ancient Sohcahtoan and modern Sohcahtoan both have very similar grammar to Japanese.

Constituent order

Ancient Sohcahtoan uses an S-O-V(subject-object-verb) format as in Japanese, however when asking a question the language uses a V-O-S(verb-object-subject) structure, e.g. ūn ã *mārã kã ēdus(The dog has a ball) and Ēdus kã *mārã ūn?(does the dog have a ball?)

Noun phrase

"The dog" - "ūn"

Ancient Sohcahtoan, like Japanese, doesn't have a word for "the", unless you are also specifying the location of something, e.g. if you wanted to say "the dog", it would be simply "ūn"(literally "dog"), but if you wanted to say "this dog" or "that cat" it would be "gēn ūn" or "gān nūrã" respectively.

Example texts

Gondola no Uta(*Gondōra nu Ãto)

Note: this is only the first stanza.

In Ancient Sohcahtoan:

ãnukuē a minēredãm
kãrã asã mēterã
*kak *megubēra
goimã māt (a)ni
ãlsa derenerã nu
sēmemã māt (a)ni
asu nu yuēten nu
nēye *mãnu o

In English:

life is brief
fall in love, maidens
before the crimson bloom
fades from your lips
before the tides of passion
cool within you,
for there is no such thing
as tomorrow, after all


Other resources