User:Chrysophylax/Skājamāl/Writeup: Difference between revisions

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Long vowels are marked by an acute accent: ⟨á é í ú⟩. The long vowel⟨í⟩ differs in quality from its short counterpart and is pronounced noticeably higher [iː].

The combination ⟨mh⟩ represents a voiced, nasalised ~~labiovelar~~ approximant [w̃], ⟨wr⟩ represents a long velarised apical trill [rʷː], and ⟨hw⟩ represents a voiceless labiovelar approximant [ʍ].

The combination ⟨mh⟩ represents a voiced, nasalised labio-velar approximant [w̃], ⟨wr⟩ represents a long velarised apical trill [rʷː], and ⟨hw⟩ represents a voiceless labiovelar approximant [ʍ].

===Vowels===

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===Prosody===

====Stress====

Stress is usually found on root syllables of words (root accentuation principle); usually this is the first syllable in a word, e.g. ''~~HWÁzáh~~'', ''~~WANsás~~''. In compounds, the first element receives primary stress regularly according to the root accentuation principle ~~with~~ the following element ~~receiving~~ a slightly weaker secondary stress, ~~as in~~ '''''~~HRÁ~~'''~~ríWINih~~'' ~~(primary stress marked in bold)~~. This is however not true with verbal compounds - the stress falls then on the first syllable of the verbal element.

Stress is usually found on root syllables of words (root accentuation principle); usually this is the first syllable in a word, e.g. '''''hwá'''''-''záh'', '''''wan'''''-''sás''. In compounds, the first element receives primary stress regularly according to the root accentuation principle, the following element receives a slightly weaker secondary stress, e.g. '''''hrá'''ri'''wi'''nih''. This is however not true with verbal compounds - the stress falls then on the first syllable of the verbal element.

===Morphophonology===

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=====Short vowel deletion=====

A process of reduction and deletion of vowels occurs occasionally in polysyllabic words with any syllable flanking the stressed one being most reduced. This is a highly register-dependent process with the most common daily speech evidencing this heavily (40-60% of speech forms undergoing reduction) when compared to the ritual language where its incidence is near zero. In certain words, the process can take rather extreme forms, such as ''hwarha-hwiwalsá'' → ''hwarhwilsá'' ‘moth’ with both «wa» and «ha» syllables being deleted, aggressively reducing the syllable count down to three.

=====Consonant simplification=====

====Historical phonological rules====

=====Rhotacisation=====

The early Skájamál ''s'' in intervocalic position was voiced to ''z'', which changed to ''r'' except in those cases where an adjacent syllable already contained an ''r'', e.g. MSK. ''ekozana'' → ''ekorana'' but ''mázér'' → ''mázér''.

=====Siever's law=====

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====Accusative====

The accusative ({{sc|acc}}) typically signifies the direct object of a verb or the complement of certain prepositions. With verbs, it's usually the patient role, while with prepositions it is mostly used for motion towards, as in many Indo-European languages~~. Finally, it can be used to express spatial and temporal relations~~.

The accusative ({{sc|acc}}) typically signifies the direct object of a verb or the complement of certain prepositions. With verbs, it's usually the patient role, while with prepositions it is mostly used for motion towards, as in many Indo-European languages.

:''hurizí '''luvó''' aujá''

:I have love.{{sc|acc}} for you.

:'''''~~Anglalandá~~''' tá hwaris''

Here serving as the accusative of motion to a place

:'''''Anglalanná''' tá hwaris''

:To England.{{sc|acc}} you go.

:''sa búráze ~~Anglalandán~~ '''srinn ménárunn'''''

Finally, it can be used to express spatial and temporal relations.

:''sa búráze Anglalannán '''srinn ménárunn'''''

:He lived in England three months.{{sc|acc}}

====Dative====

The dative is used to denote the second target argument of many verbs and is used for the comparative construction.

The regular use

:''évájk '''astí''' lamhah''

:I give guest.{{sc|dat}} lamb.{{sc|acc}}

:I give the guest a lamb.

The dative of comparison

:''hrárínín aziupirá Wáran '''séma''' wah''

:In wisdom the deeper Odin ''them''.{{sc|dat}} was

:In wisdom the greater of them was Odin

====Genitive====

====Instrumental====

@@ Line 19: / Line 19: @@
 Long vowels are marked by an acute accent: ⟨á é í ú⟩. The long vowel⟨í⟩ differs in quality from its short counterpart and is pronounced noticeably higher [iː].
-The combination ⟨mh⟩ represents a voiced, nasalised labiovelar approximant [w̃], ⟨wr⟩ represents a long velarised apical trill [rʷː], and ⟨hw⟩ represents a voiceless labiovelar approximant [ʍ].
+The combination ⟨mh⟩ represents a voiced, nasalised labio-velar approximant [w̃], ⟨wr⟩ represents a long velarised apical trill [rʷː], and ⟨hw⟩ represents a voiceless labiovelar approximant [ʍ].
 ===Vowels===
@@ Line 89: / Line 89: @@
 ===Prosody===
 ====Stress====
-Stress is usually found on root syllables of words (root accentuation principle); usually this is the first syllable in a word, e.g. ''HWÁzáh'', ''WANsás''. In compounds, the first element receives primary stress regularly according to the root accentuation principle with the following element receiving a slightly weaker secondary stress, as in '''''HRÁ'''ríWINih'' (primary stress marked in bold). This is however not true with verbal compounds - the stress falls then on the first syllable of the verbal element.
+Stress is usually found on root syllables of words (root accentuation principle); usually this is the first syllable in a word, e.g. '''''hwá'''''-''záh'', '''''wan'''''-''sás''. In compounds, the first element receives primary stress regularly according to the root accentuation principle, the following element receives a slightly weaker secondary stress, e.g. '''''hrá'''ri'''wi'''nih''. This is however not true with verbal compounds - the stress falls then on the first syllable of the verbal element.
 ===Morphophonology===
@@ Line 101: / Line 101: @@
 =====Short vowel deletion=====
+A process of reduction and deletion of vowels occurs occasionally in polysyllabic words with any syllable flanking the stressed one being most reduced. This is a highly register-dependent process with the most common daily speech evidencing this heavily (40-60% of speech forms undergoing reduction) when compared to the ritual language where its incidence is near zero. In certain words, the process can take rather extreme forms, such as ''hwarha-hwiwalsá'' → ''hwarhwilsá'' ‘moth’ with both «wa» and «ha» syllables being deleted, aggressively reducing the syllable count down to three.
 =====Consonant simplification=====
 ====Historical phonological rules====
 =====Rhotacisation=====
+The early Skájamál ''s'' in intervocalic position was voiced to ''z'', which changed to ''r'' except in those cases where an adjacent syllable already contained an ''r'', e.g. MSK. ''ekozana'' → ''ekorana'' but ''mázér'' → ''mázér''.
 =====Siever's law=====
@@ Line 124: / Line 128: @@
 ====Accusative====
-The accusative ({{sc|acc}}) typically signifies the direct object of a verb or the complement of certain prepositions. With verbs, it's usually the patient role, while with prepositions it is mostly used for motion towards, as in many Indo-European languages. Finally, it can be used to express spatial and temporal relations.
+The accusative ({{sc|acc}}) typically signifies the direct object of a verb or the complement of certain prepositions. With verbs, it's usually the patient role, while with prepositions it is mostly used for motion towards, as in many Indo-European languages.
 :''hurizí '''luvó''' aujá''
 :I have love.{{sc|acc}} for you.
-:'''''Anglalandá''' tá hwaris''
+Here serving as the accusative of motion to a place
+:'''''Anglalanná''' tá hwaris''
 :To England.{{sc|acc}} you go.
-:''sa búráze Anglalandán '''srinn ménárunn'''''
+Finally, it can be used to express spatial and temporal relations.
+:''sa búráze Anglalannán '''srinn ménárunn'''''
 :He lived in England three months.{{sc|acc}}
 ====Dative====
+The dative is used to denote the second target argument of many verbs and is used for the comparative construction.
+The regular use
+:''évájk '''astí''' lamhah''
+:I give guest.{{sc|dat}} lamb.{{sc|acc}}
+:I give the guest a lamb.
+The dative of comparison
+:''hrárínín aziupirá Wáran '''séma''' wah''
+:In wisdom the deeper Odin ''them''.{{sc|dat}} was
+:In wisdom the greater of them was Odin
 ====Genitive====
 ====Instrumental====