Germian: Difference between revisions
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|image = File:Germian Flag.png | |image = File:Germian Flag.png | ||
|imagesize = 185px | |imagesize = 185px | ||
|imagecaption = The Germian flag is inspired by the Dutch, German, British and Swedish flags. | |imagecaption = The Germian flag is inspired by the Dutch, German, British and Swedish flags. The crossing represents the intertwining of languages. | ||
|name = Germian | |name = Germian | ||
|nativename = Germic | |nativename = Germic | ||
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|created = 2022 | |created = 2022 | ||
|setting = [[Germanic languages]] | |setting = [[Germanic languages]] | ||
|states = Anyone | |||
|fam1 = Indo-European | |fam1 = Indo-European | ||
|fam2 = [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic]] | |fam2 = [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic]] | ||
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{{private}} | {{private}} | ||
Germian ('''Germic''' IPA: '''/germiʃ/''') is a conlang created by Jeppesper beginning in 2022, ''germ'' stands for it being based of off Germanic languages. It could be thought of as a conditioned language since it is constructed to be regular, simple, recognizable | Germian ('''Germic''' IPA: '''/germiʃ/''') is a conlang created by Jeppesper beginning in 2022, ''germ'' stands for it being based of off Germanic languages. It could be thought of as a conditioned language since it is constructed to be regular, simple, recognizable and to lack grammatical gender and gender differentiation of nouns/pronouns. The conlang is mainly based on English, German, Dutch and Swedish, but it has to smaller extends also been influenced by Afrikaans, Danish, Norwegian, Yiddish, West-frisian, Luxembourgish and Icelandic. | ||
==Qualities== | ==Qualities== | ||
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{| class="wikitable article-table" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 490px; text-align:center;" | {| class="wikitable article-table" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 490px; text-align:center;" | ||
! scope="row" |'''100%''' | ! scope="row" |'''100%''' | ||
|''' | |'''Phonemic orthography''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! scope="row" |'''100%''' | ! scope="row" |'''100%''' | ||
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|/a͡ʊ/ | |/a͡ʊ/ | ||
|/ɔ͡ʊ/ | |/ɔ͡ʊ/ | ||
|- | |||
|} | |||
===Translitteration of foreign letters/sounds=== | |||
{| class="wikitable article-table" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 900px; text-align:center;" | |||
! scope="row" |Foreign letters | |||
|'''Ðð''' | |||
|'''Þþ''' | |||
|'''Åå''' | |||
|'''Ææ Ää''' | |||
|'''Öö Øø''' | |||
|'''Üü''' | |||
|'''ẞß''' | |||
|- | |||
! scope="row" |Foreign sounds | |||
|/ð/ | |||
|/θ/ | |||
|/o/ | |||
|/æ/ | |||
|/œ/ /ø/ | |||
|/ɵ/ /ʉ/ | |||
|/s/ | |||
|- | |||
!Germian translitteration | |||
|dh | |||
|th | |||
|ao | |||
|ae | |||
|oe | |||
|ue | |||
|ss | |||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
==Phonotactics== | ==Phonotactics== | ||
*Note: These phonotactics may vary for loan words and words with foreign letter/sound translitterations. | |||
1. There are no silent letters. | 1. There are no silent letters. | ||
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==Grammar== | ==Grammar== | ||
===Syntax=== | ===Syntax=== | ||
'''SVO''' (subject–verb–object) | Germian syntax follows a '''SVO''' (subject–verb–object) word order. | ||
'''Descriptive examples:''' | '''Descriptive examples:''' | ||
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<sup>'''Example:''' Siien<sup>4</sup> du<sup>2</sup> et<sup>5</sup> nite<sup>3</sup>? ⇄ Do<sup>1</sup> you (s.)<sup>2</sup> not<sup>3</sup> see<sup>4</sup> it<sup>5</sup>?</sup> | <sup>'''Example:''' Siien<sup>4</sup> du<sup>2</sup> et<sup>5</sup> nite<sup>3</sup>? ⇄ Do<sup>1</sup> you (s.)<sup>2</sup> not<sup>3</sup> see<sup>4</sup> it<sup>5</sup>?</sup> | ||
===Noun declenations=== | ===Noun declenations=== | ||
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|(vleere) kat'''es''' | |(vleere) kat'''es''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !Possessive-Definite | ||
|de kat'''ese''' | |de kat'''ese''' | ||
|de kat'''eses''' | |de kat'''eses''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !Possessive-Indefinite | ||
|ain kat'''ese''' | |ain kat'''ese''' | ||
|(vleere) kat'''eses''' | |(vleere) kat'''eses''' | ||
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<sup>vleere ⇄ several (plural indefinite "article")</sup> | <sup>vleere ⇄ several (plural indefinite "article")</sup> | ||
=====Noun | =====Noun affixes===== | ||
-'''er''' ⇄ (making-subject e.g. English's employ'''er''') | -'''er''' ⇄ (making-subject e.g. English's employ'''er''') | ||
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|sain ⇄ am/is/are | |sain ⇄ am/is/are | ||
|sain'''e''' ⇄ being | |sain'''e''' ⇄ being | ||
|'''ha'''sain ⇄ have/has been | |'''ha'''sain'''en''' ⇄ have/has been | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|sain'''d''' ⇄ was/were | |sain'''d''' ⇄ was/were | ||
|sain'''de''' ⇄ was/were being | |sain'''de''' ⇄ was/were being | ||
|'''had'''sain ⇄ had been | |'''had'''sain'''en''' ⇄ had been | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|'''vil''' sain ⇄ will be | |'''vil''' sain ⇄ will be | ||
|'''vil''' sain'''e''' ⇄ will become | |'''vil''' sain'''e''' ⇄ will become | ||
|'''vil''' '''ha'''sain ⇄ will have been | |'''vil''' '''ha'''sain'''en''' ⇄ will have been | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|'''skalde''' '''ha'''sain ⇄ would have been | |'''skalde''' '''ha'''sain'''en''' ⇄ would have been | ||
|'''skalde''' sain ⇄ would be | |'''skalde''' sain ⇄ would be | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|dun ⇄ do | |dun ⇄ do | ||
|dun'''e''' ⇄ doing | |dun'''e''' ⇄ doing | ||
|'''ha'''dun ⇄ have/has done | |'''ha'''dun'''en''' ⇄ have/has done | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|dun'''d''' ⇄ did | |dun'''d''' ⇄ did | ||
|dun'''de''' ⇄ was/were doing | |dun'''de''' ⇄ was/were doing | ||
|'''had'''dun ⇄ had done | |'''had'''dun'''en''' ⇄ had done | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|'''vil''' dun ⇄ will do | |'''vil''' dun ⇄ will do | ||
|'''vil''' dun'''e''' ⇄ will be doing | |'''vil''' dun'''e''' ⇄ will be doing | ||
|'''vil''' '''ha'''dun ⇄ will have done | |'''vil''' '''ha'''dun'''en''' ⇄ will have done | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|'''skalde''' '''ha'''dun ⇄ would have done | |'''skalde''' '''ha'''dun'''en''' ⇄ would have done | ||
|'''skalde''' dun ⇄ would do | |'''skalde''' dun ⇄ would do | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|hav ⇄ have | |hav ⇄ have | ||
|hav'''e''' ⇄ having | |hav'''e''' ⇄ having | ||
|'''ha'''hav ⇄ have/has had | |'''ha'''hav'''en''' ⇄ have/has had | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|hav'''d''' ⇄ had | |hav'''d''' ⇄ had | ||
|hav'''de''' ⇄ was/were having | |hav'''de''' ⇄ was/were having | ||
|'''had'''hav ⇄ had had | |'''had'''hav'''en''' ⇄ had had | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|'''vil''' hav ⇄ will have | |'''vil''' hav ⇄ will have | ||
|'''vil''' hav'''e''' ⇄ will be having | |'''vil''' hav'''e''' ⇄ will be having | ||
|'''vil''' '''ha'''hav ⇄ will have had | |'''vil''' '''ha'''hav'''en''' ⇄ will have had | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|'''skalde''' '''ha'''hav ⇄ would have had | |'''skalde''' '''ha'''hav'''en''' ⇄ would have had | ||
|'''skalde''' hav ⇄ would have | |'''skalde''' hav ⇄ would have | ||
|- | |- | ||
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wilte ⇄ want | wilte ⇄ want | ||
=====Verb | =====Verb affixes===== | ||
-'''en''' ⇄ (making-verb) | -'''en''' ⇄ (making-verb) | ||
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'''un'''- ⇄ (deprive) | '''un'''- ⇄ (deprive) | ||
'''ike | '''ike'''- ⇄ (negate) | ||
{| class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 550px; text-align:center;" | {| class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 550px; text-align:center;" | ||
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<sup>wilte ⇄ want</sup> | <sup>wilte ⇄ want</sup> | ||
=====Adjective | =====Adjective affix===== | ||
-'''ic''' ⇄ (making-adjective)/(having qualities of) | -'''ic''' ⇄ (making-adjective)/(having qualities of) | ||
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deiselfs ⇄ themselves (pl.) | deiselfs ⇄ themselves (pl.) | ||
|- | |- | ||
!''' | !'''Generic''' | ||
|eim ⇄ one | |eim ⇄ one | ||
|eimse ⇄ one's | |eimse ⇄ one's | ||
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3. Fractions are marked by adding the suffix "-deil" (deil ⇄ part, piece) to a number (exeption for "helft ⇄ half"). | 3. Fractions are marked by adding the suffix "-deil" (deil ⇄ part, piece) to a number (exeption for "helft ⇄ half"). | ||
4. The comma is used as the decimal separator. | |||
===Capitalization=== | ===Capitalization=== | ||
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'''Dash and hyphen''' | '''Dash and hyphen''' | ||
The dash ( – | '''The (en-) dash (–) is used:''' | ||
1. as a replacement for a comma, when the subsequent clause significantly shifts the primary focus of the preceding text. | 1. as a replacement for a comma, when the subsequent clause significantly shifts the primary focus of the preceding text. | ||
2. to indicate spans or differentiation, where it may replace "and", "to", or "through" e.g. numbers " | 2. to indicate spans or differentiation, where it may replace "and", "to", or "through" e.g. numbers "1–10", and cross countries "US–Canada". | ||
3. to mark someone speaking. | 3. to mark someone speaking. | ||
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4. to mark the one who said something. | 4. to mark the one who said something. | ||
The hyphen/hyphen-minus ( ‐ ) is used: | |||
'''The hyphen/hyphen-minus ( ‐ ) is used:''' | |||
1. as a line continuation when a word is broken across two lines. | 1. as a line continuation when a word is broken across two lines. | ||
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The slash ( / ) is often used to indicate alternatives or two equivalent meanings or spellings. The slash can also be used in certain set phrases. | The slash ( / ) is often used to indicate alternatives or two equivalent meanings or spellings. The slash can also be used in certain set phrases. | ||
=== | ===Abbreviations=== | ||
Acronyms (initials for a phrase) and abbreviations are used in written Germian. They can be written in all caps, lowercase, title form and with periods. | |||
Sometimes | ==Word creation== | ||
A word in Germian is created by looking at the equivalent words for it in English, German, Dutch and Swedish to then find the most prominant phonological features within these equivalent words. Then these features are used to create a word in accordance to germian phonology and orthography. Sometimes it is clear that these languages' equivalent words are very much the same and can be translated very phonologically e.g. through cat /kæt/ in English, Katze /katzɛ | |||
/ in German, kat /kat/ in Dutch and katt /kat/ in Swedish, it becomes kat /kat/ in Germian. Sometimes there are more significant differences between words of the Germanic languages, but if they work well together they can just be merged together. When there are bigger differences between words of the four Germanic languages that can't be merged, then one can look at the word in other Germanic languages to even it out. | |||
When words in the Germanic languages have differences that don't interact well, or when one just has an idea of an interesting sounding variation of the word that fits, then creative liberty can be pursued. | |||
Sometimes there are many words for the same thing in a language, and for diversity's sake, many of them can have a Germian equivalent e.g. "cau" and "halo" from German's "ciao" and "hallo", "dae" from Dutch's "dag", "hei" from Swedish's "hej", "guutein" from English's "have a good one", and then Germian's exclusive "hae". | |||
Sometimes there are strong similarities for a word within two of the four Germanic languages and between the other two Germanic languages but not between all four. Then both pairs get a Germian equivalent but with slightly different meanings e.g. German's "farb" with Swedish's "färg" made the Germian word "farb" (paint), and English's "color" with Dutch's "kleur" made the Germian word "kolur" (color). | |||
====Compound words==== | ====Compound words==== | ||
When creating a Germian compound word one ought to look at each of the 4 Germanic languages' equivalent words to decide how it will be formed. There are 3 types of compound words in Germian: | |||
''Closed compound words'' | |||
''Example:'' apel + juus = apeljuus ⇄ applejuice | |||
''Example:'' hamburger + brout = hamburgerbrout ⇄ hamburger bun, hamburger bread | |||
''Open compound words'' | |||
Many open compound words function as nouns and are formed by combining a noun with another noun or with an adjective. | |||
''Example:'' video speil ⇄ video game | |||
''Example:'' ful moon ⇄ full moon | |||
''Hyphenated compound words'' | |||
Hyphens are often used when a compound modifies a noun or verb. | |||
''Example:'' CD + - + caifa = CD-caifa ⇄ CD-disc | |||
''Example:'' maind + - + blasperen = maind-blasperen ⇄ mind-blowing | |||
====Loan words==== | ====Loan words==== | ||
Words from any other language that is getting a Germian equivalent will have to adapt the word to Germian phonology and orthography: | |||
''Example:'' déjà vu ⇄ deica vue | |||
Words in the four Germanic languages of which the conlang is based on (English, German, Dutch and Swedish) that are loan words will be treated as any other word: | |||
''Example:'' sushi ⇄ suci | |||
''Example:'' motto ⇄ moto | |||
''Example:'' niche ⇄ niic | |||
Sometimes Germian will loan words directly from one of the four Germanic languages. | |||
''Example:'' Wi-Fi ⇄ Wi-Fi | |||
''Example:'' internet ⇄ internet | |||
====Countries & languages==== | ====Countries & languages==== | ||
Creating words for country/region and language names is done through adapting the most standard and prominent endonymic name phonologically to Germian phonology and orthography e.g. Sverige /svɛrjɛ/ (Sweden) ⇄ Sverje. For languages the suffix "-ic" is added e.g. svenska /svɛnska/ (Swedish) ⇄ svenskaic | |||
Words that are added to indicate specifics like "North" America, "South" America, "West" Frisian and names alike are to be translated to Germian and then added to the country/region or language name accordingly and as a closed compound word e.g. Nordamerika, Saudamerika, Vestfriskic. | |||
==Dictionary== | ==Dictionary== | ||
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| Jaik spraten nite... ⇄ I don't speak... || Jaik verctond nite. ⇄ I don't understand. || Veir sain de toilet? ⇄ Where is the toilet? | | Jaik spraten nite... ⇄ I don't speak... || Jaik verctond nite. ⇄ I don't understand. || Veir sain de toilet? ⇄ Where is the toilet? | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Vur sain duu?/Vur sain et? ⇄ How are you?/How is it? | | Vur sain duu?/Vur sain et? ⇄ How are you?/How is it? How is it going? || Sain duu okee/ok? ⇄ Are you okay? || Sain et okee/ok? ⇄ Is it going okay? | ||
|- | |- | ||
| okee/ok ⇄ okay/ok || jaa ⇄ yes || nei ⇄ no | | okee/ok ⇄ okay/ok || jaa ⇄ yes || nei ⇄ no | ||
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| njei ⇄ (yes/no)/well || jee ⇄ yeah || naa ⇄ nah | | njei ⇄ (yes/no)/well || jee ⇄ yeah || naa ⇄ nah | ||
|- | |- | ||
| maince ⇄ maybe || | | maince ⇄ maybe || natuuric ⇄ of course || kain problem ⇄ no problem | ||
|- | |- | ||
| antswer ⇄ answer || genau, exakt, presiic, korekt, ret ⇄ exactly, precisely, correct, right || inkorekt, falc ⇄ incorrect, false/wrong | | antswer ⇄ answer || genau, exakt, presiic, korekt, ret ⇄ exactly, precisely, correct, right || inkorekt, falc ⇄ incorrect, false/wrong | ||
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| sori ⇄ sorry || sploristop ⇄ sorry, but please lets stop/end this || pardon ⇄ excuse me | | sori ⇄ sorry || sploristop ⇄ sorry, but please lets stop/end this || pardon ⇄ excuse me | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | spliise ⇄ please || ckol ⇄ cheers || grelsing ⇄ greeting | ||
|- | |- | ||
| haloo ⇄ hello || hae ⇄ hi || hei ⇄ hey | | haloo ⇄ hello || hae ⇄ hi || hei ⇄ hey | ||
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| dae ⇄ good day/bye/<span lang="ne" dir="ltr">dag</span> || guutein ⇄ have a good one/goodbye || cau ⇄ bye | | dae ⇄ good day/bye/<span lang="ne" dir="ltr">dag</span> || guutein ⇄ have a good one/goodbye || cau ⇄ bye | ||
|- | |- | ||
| adjoo ⇄ adieu || ferwel ⇄ farewell || sees vii ⇄ see you/see you later | | adjoo ⇄ adieu || ferwel ⇄ farewell || sees vii ⇄ see us: see you/see you later | ||
|- | |- | ||
| wilkom ⇄ welcome/you're welcome || moost wilkom ⇄ most welcome/you are most welcome || guut morgen ⇄ good morning | | wilkom ⇄ welcome/you're welcome || moost wilkom ⇄ most welcome/you are most welcome || guut morgen ⇄ good morning | ||
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# they (singular proximate) ⇄ xiin | # they (singular proximate) ⇄ xiin | ||
# they (singular obviative) ⇄ diin | # they (singular obviative) ⇄ diin | ||
# it ⇄ et | |||
# they (plural) ⇄ dei | # they (plural) ⇄ dei | ||
# this ⇄ dit | # this ⇄ dit | ||
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# female ⇄ femlin | # female ⇄ femlin | ||
# male ⇄ manske | # male ⇄ manske | ||
# hermaphrodite ⇄ herm | |||
# androgyne ⇄ wenle | # androgyne ⇄ wenle | ||
# gender-neutral ⇄ nukjon (nutrei-kjon) | # gender-neutral ⇄ nukjon (nutrei-kjon) | ||
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# endo(-sex/cisgender) ⇄ ine(-sec/-kjon) | # endo(-sex/cisgender) ⇄ ine(-sec/-kjon) | ||
# trans(-sexual/-gender) ⇄ tverc(-sec/-kjon) | # trans(-sexual/-gender) ⇄ tverc(-sec/-kjon) | ||
# diverse/ | # diverse/variated/queer ⇄ veirai | ||
# human ⇄ huumas | # human ⇄ huumas | ||
# child, youngling ⇄ kind | # child, youngling ⇄ kind | ||
# child, progeny ⇄ cinder | # child, progeny ⇄ cinder | ||
# spouse, martial partner ⇄ jaing | # spouse, martial partner ⇄ jaing | ||
# parent ⇄ elter | # parent ⇄ elter | ||
# animal ⇄ diir | # animal ⇄ diir | ||
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# blood ⇄ blut | # blood ⇄ blut | ||
# bone ⇄ boun | # bone ⇄ boun | ||
# cartilage ⇄ brosk | |||
# fat (noun) ⇄ feit | # fat (noun) ⇄ feit | ||
# grease ⇄ greis | # grease ⇄ greis | ||
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# to float ⇄ flouten | # to float ⇄ flouten | ||
# to sink ⇄ zingken | # to sink ⇄ zingken | ||
# to flow ⇄ | # to flow ⇄ floisen | ||
# to swell ⇄ svelen | # to swell ⇄ svelen | ||
# to freeze ⇄ friisen | # to freeze ⇄ friisen | ||
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# hill ⇄ houvel | # hill ⇄ houvel | ||
# sand ⇄ sand | # sand ⇄ sand | ||
# road ⇄ | # road ⇄ veeg | ||
# water ⇄ vaater | # water ⇄ vaater | ||
# drop ⇄ drop | # drop ⇄ drop | ||
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# pink (pale red, magenta, cerise) ⇄ rooz | # pink (pale red, magenta, cerise) ⇄ rooz | ||
# beige ⇄ beic | # beige ⇄ beic | ||
# tan ⇄ taen | |||
# light ⇄ lict | # light ⇄ lict | ||
# hazy ⇄ hazi | # hazy ⇄ hazi | ||
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{{Special:PrefixIndex/Germian/|stripprefix=1}} | {{Special:PrefixIndex/Germian/|stripprefix=1}} | ||
== | ==Texts== | ||
===Fragments 31=== | |||
'''Fragments 31''' — Sapfo — Anne Carson | |||
=== | |||
''' | |||
Xiin, fuur jaik, saims eqalaik tsoo de gauds dat manske | |||
das oposit duu siten | |||
end hooren duu neer | |||
spraaken soutlyt | |||
en lahen fryktlyt, das inderde | |||
maaken jaikse hart fladeren in jaikse brost; | |||
fuur van jaik caiken aton duu naur ain kort taid | |||
et sain kain meer moigelic fuur jaik tsoo spraaken | |||
aber et sain als if jaikse tunge sain kaput | |||
end unmidelyt renen ain subtiil fiier over jaikse skind, | |||
Jaik kan nict siien mit jaikse ooges, | |||
end jaikse oors buze | |||
kaudsveit komen over jaik, drerende | |||
graipen jaik overal, jaik sain bleeker | |||
dan greis, end jaik saims neerlyt | |||
tsoo hacdurden. | |||
aber alding must hatauren, sinds ... | |||
------------------------------ | |||
That man seems to me to be equal to the gods | |||
who is sitting opposite you | |||
and hears you nearby | |||
speaking sweetly | |||
and laughing delightfully, which indeed | |||
makes my heart flutter in my breast; | |||
for when I look at you even for a short time, | |||
it is no longer possible for me to speak | |||
but it is as if my tongue is broken | |||
and immediately a subtle fire has run over my skin, | |||
I cannot see anything with my eyes, | |||
and my ears are buzzing | |||
a cold sweat comes over me, trembling | |||
seizes me all over, I am paler | |||
than grass, and I seem nearly | |||
to have died. | |||
but everything must be dared/endured, since ... | |||
[[Category:Languages]] | [[Category:Languages]] | ||
[[Category:Conlangs]] | [[Category:Conlangs]] | ||
[[Category:Germian]] |
Latest revision as of 23:54, 3 December 2024
Germian | |
---|---|
Germic | |
The Germian flag is inspired by the Dutch, German, British and Swedish flags. The crossing represents the intertwining of languages. | |
Pronunciation | [germiʃ] |
Created by | Jeppesper |
Date | 2022 |
Setting | Germanic languages |
Native to | Anyone |
Indo-European
| |
This article is private. The author requests that you do not make changes to this project without approval. By all means, please help fix spelling, grammar and organisation problems, thank you. |
Germian (Germic IPA: /germiʃ/) is a conlang created by Jeppesper beginning in 2022, germ stands for it being based of off Germanic languages. It could be thought of as a conditioned language since it is constructed to be regular, simple, recognizable and to lack grammatical gender and gender differentiation of nouns/pronouns. The conlang is mainly based on English, German, Dutch and Swedish, but it has to smaller extends also been influenced by Afrikaans, Danish, Norwegian, Yiddish, West-frisian, Luxembourgish and Icelandic.
Qualities
Alignment | Neutral alignment |
---|---|
Type | Analytical |
Tonal | No |
Genders | None |
Nouns decline according to | Case
Number Definiteness |
---|---|
Verbs conjugate according to | Tense
Aspect |
Adjectives decline according to | Comparision |
100% | Phonemic orthography |
---|---|
100% | Consistent noun & adjective declensions |
100% | Consistent verb conjugations |
0% | Noun/Pronoun gender differentiation |
+ | Swadesh inclusive |
+ | GSRD inclusive |
Phonology
Consonants
Bilabial | Labio-dental | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Labio-velar | Glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||||
Plosive | p b | t d | k g | |||||
Fricative | f v | s z | ʃ | h | ||||
Approximant | j | w | ||||||
Trill | r | |||||||
Lateral app. | l | |||||||
Clusters | ks kw |
Vowels
Front | Near-front | Central | Near-back | Back | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
High | iː yː | uː | |||
Near-high | ɪ ʏ | ʊ | |||
High-mid | eː | oː | |||
Mid | |||||
Low-mid | ɛ | ɔ | |||
Near-low | |||||
Low | a | ɑː | |||
Diphthongs | ɛ͡ɪ | a͡ɪ a͡ʊ | ɔ͡ɪ ɔ͡ʊ |
Orthography
Alphabet
Letter | Aa | Bb | Cc | Dd | Ee | Ff | Gg | Hh | Ii | Jj | Kk | Ll | Mm | Nn | Oo | Pp | Rr | Ss | Tt | Uu | Vv | Ww | Xx | Yy | Zz | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sound | /a/ | /b/ | /ʃ/ | /d/ | /ɛ/ | /f/ | /g/ | /h/ | /ɪ/ | /j/ | /k/ | /l/ | /m/ | /n/ | /ɔ/ | /p/ | /kw/ | /r/ | /s/ | /t/ | /ʊ/ | /v/ | /w/ | /ks/ | /ʏ/ | /z/ |
Name | /a/ | /beː/ | /ʃeː/ | /deː/ | /ɛ/ | /ɛf/ | /geː/ | /hoː/ | /ɪ/ | /jɛɪ/ | /kɛɪ/ | /ɛl/ | /ɛm/ | /ɛn/ | /ɔ/ | /peː/ | /kwuː/ | /ɛr/ | /ɛs/ | /teː/ | /ʊ/ | /vɛɪ/ | /wʏn/ | /ɛks/ | /ʏ/ | /zɛt/ |
Digraphs & Diphthongs
Digraphs & Diphthongs | Aa aa | Ee ee | Ii ii | Oo oo | Uu uu | Yy yy | Ng ng | Ai ai | Ei ei | Oi oi | Au au | Ou ou |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sound | /ɑː/ | /eː/ | /iː/ | /oː/ | /uː/ | /yː/ | /ŋ/ | /a͡ɪ/ | /ɛ͡ɪ/ | /ɔ͡ɪ/ | /a͡ʊ/ | /ɔ͡ʊ/ |
Name | lang a | lang e | lang i | lang o | lang u | lang y | /ɛŋ/ | /a͡ɪ/ | /ɛ͡ɪ/ | /ɔ͡ɪ/ | /a͡ʊ/ | /ɔ͡ʊ/ |
Translitteration of foreign letters/sounds
Foreign letters | Ðð | Þþ | Åå | Ææ Ää | Öö Øø | Üü | ẞß |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Foreign sounds | /ð/ | /θ/ | /o/ | /æ/ | /œ/ /ø/ | /ɵ/ /ʉ/ | /s/ |
Germian translitteration | dh | th | ao | ae | oe | ue | ss |
Phonotactics
- Note: These phonotactics may vary for loan words and words with foreign letter/sound translitterations.
1. There are no silent letters.
2. There is no phonemic reduced vowel sound like English's /ə/.
3. Multiple consonants, vowels and diphthong combinations interact as follows:
Double consonants (that aren't part of a digraph) are pronounced with a syllable break:
Example: bb = /b.b/
Vowels following each other that are not part of a vowel digraph/diphthong pair are not pronounced with a syllable break inbetween them:
Example: ia = /ɪa/
Example: iea = /ɪɛa/
Example: aioe = /a͡ɪ.ɔɛ/
The first 2 vowels that are viable as a vowel digraph/diphthong pair are the ones that will be pronounced as such:
Example: aii = /a͡ɪ.ɪ/
Example: eei = /eː.ɪ/
Not like: aii = /a.iː/
Not like: eei = /ɛ.ɛ͡ɪ/
Vowel digraph/diphthong pairs and single vowels that directly preceeds/follows a vowel digraph/diphthong pair are pronounced with a syllable break inbetween them:
Example: aaeiou = /ɑː.ɛ͡ɪ.ɔ͡ʊ/
Example: eaa = /ɛ.ɑː/
Example: aio = /a͡ɪ.ɔ/
Example: aaa = /ɑː.a/
Grammar
Syntax
Germian syntax follows a SVO (subject–verb–object) word order.
Descriptive examples:
Example: Jaik1 hav2 ain3 kat4. ⇄ I1 have2 a3 cat4.
Example: Jaik1 siien4 nite3 et5. ⇄ I1 do2 not3 see4 it5.
Example: Ain1 roud2 rous3. ⇄ A1 red2 rose3.
Example: Vat1 wilte4 duu3 dun5 6? ⇄ What1 do2 you3 want4 to5 do6?
Example: Vii1 brauke2 gouen3 in4 de5 morgen6. ⇄ We1 usually2 walk3 in4 the5 morning6.
Example: Siien4 du2 et5 nite3? ⇄ Do1 you (s.)2 not3 see4 it5?
Noun declenations
Case articles and number
Example | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Nominative-Definite | de kat | de kates |
Nominative-Indefinite | ain kat | (vleere) kates |
Possessive-Definite | de katese | de kateses |
Possessive-Indefinite | ain katese | (vleere) kateses |
Vocabulary
ain ⇄ a, an (singular indefinite article)
de ⇄ the (definite article)
kat ⇄ cat
vleere ⇄ several (plural indefinite "article")
Noun affixes
-er ⇄ (making-subject e.g. English's employer)
-iie ⇄ (making-object e.g. English's employee)
-ing ⇄ (state/condition e.g. English's childhood)
Verb conjugations
Infinitive/Imperative:
sainen ⇄ to be |
Simple | Progressive | Perfect | Imperfect |
---|---|---|---|---|
Present | sain ⇄ am/is/are | saine ⇄ being | hasainen ⇄ have/has been | |
Past | saind ⇄ was/were | sainde ⇄ was/were being | hadsainen ⇄ had been | |
Future | vil sain ⇄ will be | vil saine ⇄ will become | vil hasainen ⇄ will have been | |
Conditional | skalde hasainen ⇄ would have been | skalde sain ⇄ would be |
Infinitive/Imperative:
dunen ⇄ to do |
Simple | Progressive | Perfect | Imperfect |
---|---|---|---|---|
Present | dun ⇄ do | dune ⇄ doing | hadunen ⇄ have/has done | |
Past | dund ⇄ did | dunde ⇄ was/were doing | haddunen ⇄ had done | |
Future | vil dun ⇄ will do | vil dune ⇄ will be doing | vil hadunen ⇄ will have done | |
Conditional | skalde hadunen ⇄ would have done | skalde dun ⇄ would do |
Infinitive/Imperative:
haven ⇄ to have |
Simple | Progressive | Perfect | Imperfect |
---|---|---|---|---|
Present | hav ⇄ have | have ⇄ having | hahaven ⇄ have/has had | |
Past | havd ⇄ had | havde ⇄ was/were having | hadhaven ⇄ had had | |
Future | vil hav ⇄ will have | vil have ⇄ will be having | vil hahaven ⇄ will have had | |
Conditional | skalde hahaven ⇄ would have had | skalde hav ⇄ would have |
Modal auxiliary verbs
berhauce ⇄ need
brauke ⇄ brukar, usually do
burt ⇄ ought
durfo ⇄ may, to be permitted to, to be allowed to, dürf, få
kan ⇄ can, to be able
kaunde ⇄ could
moug ⇄ might
must ⇄ must
skal ⇄ shall
skalde ⇄ would
taure ⇄ dare
vil ⇄ will, going to
wilte ⇄ want
Verb affixes
-en ⇄ (making-verb)
Example | (Making-verb) | Progressive | Example phrase | Example phrase |
---|---|---|---|---|
vit ⇄ white | viten ⇄ whiten | vite ⇄ whitening | viten de tands ⇄ whiten the teeth | de vite faun de tands ⇄ the whitening of the teeth |
rii- ⇄ (repeat)
un- ⇄ (deprive)
ike- ⇄ (negate)
Example | (repeat) | (deprive) | (negate) |
---|---|---|---|
vit ⇄ white | riiviten ⇄ rewhiten | unviten ⇄ unwhiten | ike-vit ⇄ non-white |
Adjective comparison
-er ⇄ (comparative)
-est ⇄ (superlative)
Example | Positive/Negative | Comparative | Superlative |
---|---|---|---|
Adjective | groos | grooser | groosest |
Example: Et sain groos. ⇄ It is big.
Example: Et sain grooser dan dat. ⇄ It is larger than that.
Example: Et sain (de) groosest. ⇄ It is the largest.
Example: Et sain klain. ⇄ It is small.
Example: Et sain klainer dan dat. ⇄ It is smaller than that.
Example: Et sain (de) klainest. ⇄ It is the smallest.
Example: Et sain fiiler dan dat. ⇄ It is more than that.
Example: Et sain klimer dan dat. ⇄ It is less than that.
Example: Jaik wilte meer. ⇄ I want (even) more.
Example: Jaik wilte haven vleere. ⇄ I want to have several ones.
Vocabulary
dan ⇄ than
dat ⇄ that
de ⇄ the
et ⇄ it
fiil ⇄ many, much, a lot
groos ⇄ big
hav ⇄ have
jaik ⇄ I
klain ⇄ small
klim ⇄ little meer ⇄ even more, additional
sain ⇄ am/is/are
vleere ⇄ several
wilte ⇄ want
Adjective affix
-ic ⇄ (making-adjective)/(having qualities of)
Example | gold ⇄ gold | hund ⇄ dog |
---|---|---|
-ic | goldic | hundic |
Personal pronouns
Personal pronouns | Nominative | Possesive | Reflexive |
---|---|---|---|
1st person | jaik ⇄ I
vii ⇄ we |
jaikse ⇄ my/mine
viise ⇄ our/ours |
jaikself ⇄ myself
viiselfs ⇄ ourselves |
2nd person | duu ⇄ you (s.)
juu ⇄ you (pl.) |
duuse ⇄ your/yours (s.)
juuse ⇄ you/yours (pl.) |
duuself ⇄ yourself (s.)
juuselfs ⇄ yourselves (pl.) |
3rd person | xiin ⇄ they/this one (s. proximate./former. standard)
diin ⇄ they/that one (s. obviative./post-former.) et ⇄ it dei ⇄ they (pl.) |
xiinse ⇄ theirs (s.)
diinse ⇄ theirs (s.) etse ⇄ its deise ⇄ theirs (pl.) |
xiinself ⇄ themself (s.)
diinself ⇄ themself (s.) etself ⇄ itself deiselfs ⇄ themselves (pl.) |
Generic | eim ⇄ one | eimse ⇄ one's | eimself ⇄ oneself |
Numerals
1. Ordinal numbers are marked by adding the suffix "-ce" to a number.
2. Spaces are used to group digits in numerals e.g. 20 000.
3. Fractions are marked by adding the suffix "-deil" (deil ⇄ part, piece) to a number (exeption for "helft ⇄ half").
4. The comma is used as the decimal separator.
Capitalization
Capital letters are used for the first word of a sentence and for proper nouns.
The proper nouns in Germian are exclusively: personal names, place names, marketed titles and organization names.
Punctuation
Apostrophe
The apostrophe ( ’, ' ), is used to mark letters omitted in contractions.
Brackets
Brackets ( [...], (...), {...}, ⟨...⟩ ), are used for parenthesis, explanation or comment.
Question marks, exclamation points, semicolons, colons, periods and commas are placed inside the brackets when they apply only to the explanation or comment; if they syntactically apply to the sentence containing the material, they are placed outside the marks.
Colon
The colon ( : ) is used to start an enumeration and it is used between two clauses when the second clause otherwise clarifies the first.
Comma
The comma ( , ) is used to disambiguate the meaning of sentences, by providing boundaries between clauses and phrases.
The comma is also used as the decimal separator.
Dash and hyphen
The (en-) dash (–) is used:
1. as a replacement for a comma, when the subsequent clause significantly shifts the primary focus of the preceding text.
2. to indicate spans or differentiation, where it may replace "and", "to", or "through" e.g. numbers "1–10", and cross countries "US–Canada".
3. to mark someone speaking.
4. to mark the one who said something.
The hyphen/hyphen-minus ( ‐ ) is used:
1. as a line continuation when a word is broken across two lines.
2. to apply a prefix to a word for which there is no canonical compound word;
Ellipsis
An ellipsis ( ..., …, . . .) is used to mark omitted text or when a sentence trails off.
Exclamation mark
The exclamation mark ( ! ) is used to mark an exclamation.
Period/full stop/full point
The character known as the period/full stop/full point ( . ) serves multiple purposes. It is used to mark the end of a sentence, to indicate abbreviation, including of names as initials, as well as a separation marker when listing things with numbers e.g. "1. 2. 3.".
Question marks
The question mark ( ? ) is used to mark the end of a sentence which is a question.
Quotation marks
Quotation marks ( ‘...’, “...”, '...', "..." ) are used in pairs to set off quotation, with two levels for distinguishing nested quotations: single and double. Germian texts favours double quotation marks for the primary quotation.
Question marks, exclamation points, semicolons, colons, periods and commas are placed inside the quotation marks when they apply only to the quoted material; if they syntactically apply to the sentence containing or introducing the material, they are placed outside the marks.
Semicolon
The semicolon ( ; ) is used to separate two independent but related clauses. The semicolon is also used to separate list items when the list items contain commas.
Slash
The slash ( / ) is often used to indicate alternatives or two equivalent meanings or spellings. The slash can also be used in certain set phrases.
Abbreviations
Acronyms (initials for a phrase) and abbreviations are used in written Germian. They can be written in all caps, lowercase, title form and with periods.
Word creation
A word in Germian is created by looking at the equivalent words for it in English, German, Dutch and Swedish to then find the most prominant phonological features within these equivalent words. Then these features are used to create a word in accordance to germian phonology and orthography. Sometimes it is clear that these languages' equivalent words are very much the same and can be translated very phonologically e.g. through cat /kæt/ in English, Katze /katzɛ / in German, kat /kat/ in Dutch and katt /kat/ in Swedish, it becomes kat /kat/ in Germian. Sometimes there are more significant differences between words of the Germanic languages, but if they work well together they can just be merged together. When there are bigger differences between words of the four Germanic languages that can't be merged, then one can look at the word in other Germanic languages to even it out.
When words in the Germanic languages have differences that don't interact well, or when one just has an idea of an interesting sounding variation of the word that fits, then creative liberty can be pursued.
Sometimes there are many words for the same thing in a language, and for diversity's sake, many of them can have a Germian equivalent e.g. "cau" and "halo" from German's "ciao" and "hallo", "dae" from Dutch's "dag", "hei" from Swedish's "hej", "guutein" from English's "have a good one", and then Germian's exclusive "hae".
Sometimes there are strong similarities for a word within two of the four Germanic languages and between the other two Germanic languages but not between all four. Then both pairs get a Germian equivalent but with slightly different meanings e.g. German's "farb" with Swedish's "färg" made the Germian word "farb" (paint), and English's "color" with Dutch's "kleur" made the Germian word "kolur" (color).
Compound words
When creating a Germian compound word one ought to look at each of the 4 Germanic languages' equivalent words to decide how it will be formed. There are 3 types of compound words in Germian:
Closed compound words
Example: apel + juus = apeljuus ⇄ applejuice
Example: hamburger + brout = hamburgerbrout ⇄ hamburger bun, hamburger bread
Open compound words
Many open compound words function as nouns and are formed by combining a noun with another noun or with an adjective.
Example: video speil ⇄ video game
Example: ful moon ⇄ full moon
Hyphenated compound words
Hyphens are often used when a compound modifies a noun or verb.
Example: CD + - + caifa = CD-caifa ⇄ CD-disc
Example: maind + - + blasperen = maind-blasperen ⇄ mind-blowing
Loan words
Words from any other language that is getting a Germian equivalent will have to adapt the word to Germian phonology and orthography:
Example: déjà vu ⇄ deica vue
Words in the four Germanic languages of which the conlang is based on (English, German, Dutch and Swedish) that are loan words will be treated as any other word:
Example: sushi ⇄ suci
Example: motto ⇄ moto
Example: niche ⇄ niic
Sometimes Germian will loan words directly from one of the four Germanic languages.
Example: Wi-Fi ⇄ Wi-Fi
Example: internet ⇄ internet
Countries & languages
Creating words for country/region and language names is done through adapting the most standard and prominent endonymic name phonologically to Germian phonology and orthography e.g. Sverige /svɛrjɛ/ (Sweden) ⇄ Sverje. For languages the suffix "-ic" is added e.g. svenska /svɛnska/ (Swedish) ⇄ svenskaic
Words that are added to indicate specifics like "North" America, "South" America, "West" Frisian and names alike are to be translated to Germian and then added to the country/region or language name accordingly and as a closed compound word e.g. Nordamerika, Saudamerika, Vestfriskic.
Dictionary
Phrases
Jaik heiten... ⇄ My name is... | jaik ⇄ I | heiten ⇄ to be named, heiße, heet, heter |
Vat sain duuse name? ⇄ What is your name? | name ⇄ name | Spraten duu... ⇄ Do you speak... |
Jaik spraten nite... ⇄ I don't speak... | Jaik verctond nite. ⇄ I don't understand. | Veir sain de toilet? ⇄ Where is the toilet? |
Vur sain duu?/Vur sain et? ⇄ How are you?/How is it? How is it going? | Sain duu okee/ok? ⇄ Are you okay? | Sain et okee/ok? ⇄ Is it going okay? |
okee/ok ⇄ okay/ok | jaa ⇄ yes | nei ⇄ no |
njei ⇄ (yes/no)/well | jee ⇄ yeah | naa ⇄ nah |
maince ⇄ maybe | natuuric ⇄ of course | kain problem ⇄ no problem |
antswer ⇄ answer | genau, exakt, presiic, korekt, ret ⇄ exactly, precisely, correct, right | inkorekt, falc ⇄ incorrect, false/wrong |
tangke ⇄ thanks | tangke duu/juu (s./pl.) ⇄ thank you | fiil tangke ⇄ thank you very much |
stop! ⇄ stop! | help ⇄ help | akta! ⇄ look out! |
sori ⇄ sorry | sploristop ⇄ sorry, but please lets stop/end this | pardon ⇄ excuse me |
spliise ⇄ please | ckol ⇄ cheers | grelsing ⇄ greeting |
haloo ⇄ hello | hae ⇄ hi | hei ⇄ hey |
dae ⇄ good day/bye/dag | guutein ⇄ have a good one/goodbye | cau ⇄ bye |
adjoo ⇄ adieu | ferwel ⇄ farewell | sees vii ⇄ see us: see you/see you later |
wilkom ⇄ welcome/you're welcome | moost wilkom ⇄ most welcome/you are most welcome | guut morgen ⇄ good morning |
guut daag ⇄ good day | guut naftermiddaag ⇄ good afternoon | guut aufend ⇄ good evening |
guut nact ⇄ good night | jaik eliibe duu ⇄ I love you | Vur fiil sain dit? ⇄ How much is this? |
Swadesh+
- I ⇄ jaik
- we ⇄ vii
- you (singular) ⇄ duu
- you (plural) ⇄ juu
- they (singular proximate) ⇄ xiin
- they (singular obviative) ⇄ diin
- it ⇄ et
- they (plural) ⇄ dei
- this ⇄ dit
- that ⇄ dat
- here ⇄ heir
- there ⇄ daar
- who ⇄ viim
- whose ⇄ viis
- what ⇄ vat
- why ⇄ vatfuur
- which ⇄ velke
- where ⇄ veir
- when ⇄ van
- how ⇄ vur
- what kind of, what something's like ⇄ vurvat
- not ⇄ nite
- all ⇄ al
- none, no, not any ⇄ kain
- many ⇄ fiil
- few ⇄ veenig
- some ⇄ somige
- other ⇄ aader
- one ⇄ ein
- two ⇄ tvei
- three ⇄ drii
- four ⇄ fiir
- five ⇄ faif
- big ⇄ groos
- small ⇄ klain
- long ⇄ lang
- short ⇄ kort
- wide ⇄ breid
- narrow ⇄ smaal
- thick ⇄ dik
- thin ⇄ dun
- heavy ⇄ cveer
- light ⇄ leict
- female ⇄ femlin
- male ⇄ manske
- hermaphrodite ⇄ herm
- androgyne ⇄ wenle
- gender-neutral ⇄ nukjon (nutrei-kjon)
- genderless ⇄ zukjon (zunte-kjon)
- cultural gender ⇄ qukjon (qultural-kjon)
- inter(-sex/-gender) ⇄ jinen(-sec/-kjon)
- endo(-sex/cisgender) ⇄ ine(-sec/-kjon)
- trans(-sexual/-gender) ⇄ tverc(-sec/-kjon)
- diverse/variated/queer ⇄ veirai
- human ⇄ huumas
- child, youngling ⇄ kind
- child, progeny ⇄ cinder
- spouse, martial partner ⇄ jaing
- parent ⇄ elter
- animal ⇄ diir
- fish ⇄ fic
- bird ⇄ fogel
- dog ⇄ hund
- louse ⇄ laus
- snake ⇄ clang
- worm ⇄ wurm
- nature ⇄ natuur
- tree ⇄ trai
- forest ⇄ skoog
- stick ⇄ stape
- fruit ⇄ fruut
- seed ⇄ saed
- leaf ⇄ lauv
- root ⇄ wrootcel
- bark (of a tree) ⇄ bark
- flower ⇄ blom
- grass ⇄ grais
- rope ⇄ roup
- body ⇄ bodi
- organ ⇄ organ
- skin ⇄ skind
- leather ⇄ leder
- scale ⇄ sqeil
- meat ⇄ flec
- blood ⇄ blut
- bone ⇄ boun
- cartilage ⇄ brosk
- fat (noun) ⇄ feit
- grease ⇄ greis
- mucle ⇄ muskel
- guts ⇄ darm
- heart ⇄ hart
- brain ⇄ breihin
- liver ⇄ leever
- egg ⇄ eig
- horn ⇄ horn
- stinger ⇄ stakel
- antenna ⇄ anten
- tail ⇄ stvan
- feather ⇄ veder
- hair ⇄ har
- fur ⇄ fel
- head ⇄ hovd
- face ⇄ sicte
- ear ⇄ oor
- eye ⇄ ooge
- nose ⇄ noose
- snout ⇄ snuut
- mouth ⇄ mund
- beard ⇄ bard
- mustasch ⇄ mustac
- lip ⇄ lip
- tooth ⇄ tand
- tongue ⇄ tunge
- foot ⇄ fut
- leg ⇄ leg
- knee ⇄ knii
- hand ⇄ hand
- finger ⇄ finger
- nail (body part) ⇄ nagel
- claw ⇄ klau
- wing ⇄ ving
- belly ⇄ belai
- stomach ⇄ maage
- neck ⇄ hals
- nape ⇄ nek
- throat ⇄ keel
- back ⇄ rug
- breast, boob ⇄ brost
- chest ⇄ cest
- ass, butt ⇄ bump
- anus ⇄ anus
- urethra ⇄ uretra
- vagina ⇄ vagin
- vagina (juvenile) ⇄ vip
- clitoris ⇄ klitoris
- womb ⇄ wuum
- ovary ⇄ oovery
- ovum ⇄ oovum
- penis ⇄ peenis
- penis (juvenile) ⇄ pik
- scrotum, ballsack ⇄ skrung
- male genitals ⇄ prung
- glans ⇄ gleiskel
- testicle ⇄ testikel
- sperm ⇄ sperm
- to drink ⇄ dringken
- to eat ⇄ spiitsen
- to nibble ⇄ knibelen
- to bite ⇄ baiten
- to suck ⇄ saugen
- to spit ⇄ speiten
- to vomit ⇄ sparfen
- to blow ⇄ blousen
- to breathe ⇄ andemen
- to laugh ⇄ lahen
- to see ⇄ siien
- to hear ⇄ hooren
- to know ⇄ visten
- to think ⇄ tengken
- to smell ⇄ raukten
- to taste ⇄ spruufen
- to feel (emotionally) ⇄ kenden
- to feel (physicaly) ⇄ fuulen
- to touch ⇄ rooren
- to sense ⇄ sensen
- to fear ⇄ frangsten
- to sleep ⇄ slaapen
- to live ⇄ leven
- to die ⇄ cdurden
- to kill ⇄ douden
- to fight (combat) ⇄ straiden
- to fight (struggle) ⇄ kempen
- to hunt ⇄ jakten
- to hit ⇄ slaagen
- to cut ⇄ cneiden
- to chop ⇄ haken
- to stab ⇄ staben
- to share ⇄ deelen
- to split ⇄ spliten
- to scratch ⇄ skrapsen
- to dig ⇄ graven
- to swim ⇄ swimen
- to fly ⇄ fliigen
- to walk, to go ⇄ gouen
- to come ⇄ komen
- to lie (lay) ⇄ leegen
- to sit ⇄ siten
- to stand ⇄ standen
- to turn (intransitive) ⇄ dreiden
- to rise ⇄ staigen
- to fall ⇄ falen
- to give ⇄ geeven
- to take ⇄ neimen
- to hold ⇄ halden
- to squeeze ⇄ sqeesen
- to rub ⇄ ruben
- to wash ⇄ vasen
- to wipe ⇄ drooken
- to pull ⇄ pulen
- to push ⇄ druken
- to throw ⇄ troiven
- to catch ⇄ fangen
- to tie ⇄ binden
- to sew ⇄ snaien
- to count ⇄ reekenen
- to say ⇄ saagen
- to sing ⇄ singen
- to play ⇄ spleien
- to float ⇄ flouten
- to sink ⇄ zingken
- to flow ⇄ floisen
- to swell ⇄ svelen
- to freeze ⇄ friisen
- to burn ⇄ brenen
- fire ⇄ fiier
- sun ⇄ son
- star ⇄ ster
- earth ⇄ erd
- moon ⇄ mon
- salt ⇄ salt
- stone ⇄ steen
- dust ⇄ stov
- gravel ⇄ graus
- boulder ⇄ boulder
- ash ⇄ ask
- mountain ⇄ berg
- hill ⇄ houvel
- sand ⇄ sand
- road ⇄ veeg
- water ⇄ vaater
- drop ⇄ drop
- rain ⇄ regen
- river ⇄ flusd
- lake ⇄ see
- sea ⇄ haav
- waterstream ⇄ vaaterstroum
- waterfall ⇄ vaaterfal
- snow ⇄ snee
- ice ⇄ ais
- fog ⇄ neevel
- mist ⇄ mist
- tsunami ⇄ tsunaami
- air ⇄ luft
- cloud ⇄ woln
- sky ⇄ himel
- wind ⇄ wind
- smoke ⇄ rook
- disaster ⇄ katastrof
- color ⇄ kolur
- paint ⇄ farb
- red ⇄ roud
- orange ⇄ oranc
- yellow ⇄ gelu
- lime ⇄ laim
- green ⇄ grun
- turquoise ⇄ turkois
- cyan ⇄ cyan
- azure ⇄ azor
- blue ⇄ blo
- purple ⇄ prila
- magenta ⇄ magent
- cerise ⇄ ceri
- white ⇄ vit
- gray ⇄ gro
- black ⇄ svart
- brown (dark orange colors) ⇄ brun
- pink (pale red, magenta, cerise) ⇄ rooz
- beige ⇄ beic
- tan ⇄ taen
- light ⇄ lict
- hazy ⇄ hazi
- dark ⇄ dunkel
- night ⇄ nact
- day ⇄ daag
- year ⇄ jaur
- warm ⇄ varm
- cold ⇄ kald
- full ⇄ fol
- empty ⇄ lemtom
- new ⇄ nue
- old ⇄ old
- good ⇄ guut
- bad ⇄ slect
- ripe, mature ⇄ raif
- rotten ⇄ rotnen
- clean ⇄ crein
- dirty ⇄ smotsic
- straight ⇄ strak
- bent ⇄ bougd
- round ⇄ rund
- sharp (as a knife) ⇄ cerp
- dull (as a knife) ⇄ dulp
- smooth ⇄ glat
- ragged ⇄ rugd
- wet ⇄ vnot
- dry ⇄ drog
- near ⇄ neer
- far ⇄ faar
- right ⇄ rect
- left ⇄ lingks
- center ⇄ centraal
- north ⇄ nord
- south ⇄ saud
- east ⇄ oust
- west ⇄ vest
- at ⇄ aton
- in ⇄ in
- with ⇄ mit
- and ⇄ end
- if ⇄ ifals
- because ⇄ soodat
- name ⇄ name
- correct, right ⇄ korekt, ret
- incorrect, false/wrong ⇄ inkorekt, falc
Wordlists
Texts
Fragments 31
Fragments 31 — Sapfo — Anne Carson
Xiin, fuur jaik, saims eqalaik tsoo de gauds dat manske
das oposit duu siten
end hooren duu neer
spraaken soutlyt
en lahen fryktlyt, das inderde
maaken jaikse hart fladeren in jaikse brost;
fuur van jaik caiken aton duu naur ain kort taid
et sain kain meer moigelic fuur jaik tsoo spraaken
aber et sain als if jaikse tunge sain kaput
end unmidelyt renen ain subtiil fiier over jaikse skind,
Jaik kan nict siien mit jaikse ooges,
end jaikse oors buze
kaudsveit komen over jaik, drerende
graipen jaik overal, jaik sain bleeker
dan greis, end jaik saims neerlyt
tsoo hacdurden.
aber alding must hatauren, sinds ...
That man seems to me to be equal to the gods
who is sitting opposite you
and hears you nearby
speaking sweetly
and laughing delightfully, which indeed
makes my heart flutter in my breast;
for when I look at you even for a short time,
it is no longer possible for me to speak
but it is as if my tongue is broken
and immediately a subtle fire has run over my skin,
I cannot see anything with my eyes,
and my ears are buzzing
a cold sweat comes over me, trembling
seizes me all over, I am paler
than grass, and I seem nearly
to have died.
but everything must be dared/endured, since ...