Hammadhi: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit Advanced mobile edit |
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit Advanced mobile edit |
||
| (3 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) | |||
| Line 450: | Line 450: | ||
! Past passive participle | ! Past passive participle | ||
| ''lixī'' | | ''lixī'' | ||
|- | |||
! Future active participle | |||
| ''lixejj'' | |||
|- | |||
! Future passive participle | |||
| ''lixanejj'' | |||
|} | |} | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Finite forms of the verb ''lixām'' "to write" | |||
! Person | |||
! First | |||
! Second | |||
! Third | |||
! Zeroth | |||
|- | |||
! Aorist | |||
| ''lixam'' | |||
| ''lixaθ'' | |||
| ''lixat'' | |||
| ''lixand'' | |||
|- | |||
! Present active | |||
| ''lixānam'' | |||
| ''lixānaθ'' | |||
| ''lixānat'' | |||
| ''lixānand'' | |||
|- | |||
! Present passive | |||
| ''lixamānam'' | |||
| ''lixamānaθ'' | |||
| ''lixamānat'' | |||
| ''lixamānand'' | |||
|- | |||
! Past active | |||
| ''lixippam'' | |||
| ''lixippaθ'' | |||
| ''lixippat'' | |||
| ''lixippand'' | |||
|- | |||
! Past passive | |||
| ''lixiyam'' | |||
| ''lixiyaθ'' | |||
| ''lixiyat'' | |||
| ''lixiyand'' | |||
|- | |||
! Future active | |||
| ''lixejjam'' | |||
| ''lixejjaθ'' | |||
| ''lixejjat'' | |||
| ''lixejjand'' | |||
|- | |||
! Future passive | |||
| ''lixanejjam'' | |||
| ''lixanejjaθ'' | |||
| ''lixanejjat'' | |||
| ''lixanejjand'' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
<!-- | |||
The forms in the above table are indicative. The corresponding subjunctives are formed with the infix ''-ejj-'' between the stem and the personal ending - e.g. first person forms are ''lixejjam''--> | |||
<!-- | <!-- | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | ||
Latest revision as of 17:33, 9 April 2024
Hammadhi (native: حمّاذي /ħamːaːðiː/) is an Indo-Aryan language.
Introduction
Phonology
Orthography
Consonants
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar/ Palatal | Velar/ Uvular | Pharyngeal | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | م m | ن n | ݧ ñ ɲ | ڹ ŋ | ||||
| Stop | voiceless | پ p | ت t t̪ | ٿ t t | ك k | ء ʔ | ||
| voiced | ب b | د d d̪ | ڐ d d | ڭ ɡ | ||||
| emphatic | ڀ ṗ pˁ | ط ṭ t̪ˁ | ق q | |||||
| Affricate | voiceless | چ č tʃ | ||||||
| voiced | ج j dʒ | |||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | ف f | ث θ | س s | ش š ʃ | خ x χ | ح ḥ ħ | هـ h |
| voiced | ذ ð | ز z | غ ğ ʁ | ع ʕ | ||||
| emphatic | ص ṣ sˁ | |||||||
| Trill | ر r | |||||||
| Approximant | ل l | ي y j | و w | |||||
Comments:
¹ Dental stops are laminal, while alveolar stops are apical.
Vowels
| Short | Long | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Front | Back | Front | Back | |
| Close | بِ i | بُ u | بِي ī iː | بُو ū uː |
| Mid | بٖ e | بٗ o | بٖي ē eː | بٗو ō oː |
| Open | بَ a | بَا ā aː | ||
| Diphthongs | بَوْ au aw; بَيْ ai aj | |||
Prosody
Stress
Intonation
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
Morphology
Pronouns
Personal pronouns
| Person | Number | Familiarity | Direct | Oblique | Possessive |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | S | Informal | عاڹ ʕāŋ | مي mē | مج majj |
| Formal | هم ham | همان hamān | |||
| P | Informal | ||||
| Formal | بيڹ bēŋ | نو nō | نون nōn | ||
| 2 | S | Informal | پاڹ pāŋ | تي tē | تج tujj |
| Formal | چم čum | چمان čumān | |||
| P | Informal | ||||
| Formal | جوڹ jūŋ | بو bō | بون bōn | ||
| 3 | S | Informal | إيڹ ʔēŋ | نين nēn | أچ ʔačč |
| Formal | إيح ʔēħ | إيحان ʔēħān | |||
| P | Informal | ||||
| Formal | إم ʔim | جو jō | جون jōn | ||
Numerals
| # | Cardinal | Ordinal | Fractional |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | حݧ ħuññ | حݧم ħuññam | — |
| 1 | إك ʔekk | پشم pašam | ڀن ṗunn |
| 2 | بي bē | بيجم bījjam | هڐا haddā |
| 3 | ٿي tē | ٿيجم tījjam | ٿباغ tibāğ |
| 4 | صوار ṣawār | صوارم ṣawāram | صوٿ ṣaut |
| 5 | ڀنز ṗanz | ڀنزم ṗanzam | |
| 6 | سٿ satt | سٿم sattam | |
| 7 | حت ħatt | حتم ħattam | |
| 8 | هٿا hattā | هٿام hattām | |
| 9 | نو naww | نوم nawwam | |
| 10 | دح daħ | دحم daħam | |
| 11 | ياذح yāðaħ | ياذحم yāðaħam | |
| 12 | باذح bāðaħ | باذحم bāðaħam | |
| 13 | ٿيذح tēðaħ | ٿيذحم tēðaħam | |
| 14 | صوڐح ṣaudaħ | صوڐحم ṣaudaħam | |
| 15 | ڀنڐح ṗandaħ | ڀنڐحم ṗandaħam | |
| 16 | حولح ħōlaħ | حولحم ħōlaħam | |
| 17 | حذح ħaððaħ | حذحم ħaððaħam | |
| 18 | هٿاذح hattāðaħ | هٿاذحم hattāðaħam | |
| 19 | نوذح nōðaħ | نوذحم nōðaħam | |
| 20 | بيح bīħ | بيحم bīħam | |
| 21 | بيحا إك bīħā ʔekk | بيحا إكم bīħā ʔekkam | |
| 30 | ٿيح tīħ | ٿيحم tīħam | |
| 40 | صواريح ṣawārīħ | صواريحم ṣawārīħam | |
| 50 | ڀنزيح ṗanzīħ | ڀنزيحم ṗanzīħam | |
| 60 | سٿيح sattīħ | سٿيحم sattīħam | |
| 70 | حتيح ħattīħ | حتيحم ħattīħam | |
| 80 | هٿائيح hattāʔīħ | هٿائيحم hattāʔīħam | |
| 90 | نويح nawwīħ | نويحم nawwīħam | |
| 100 | حو ħaww | حوم ħawwam | |
| 101 | حو إك ħaww ʔekk | حو إكم ħaww ʔekkam | |
| 200 | بي حو bē ħaww | بي حوم bē ħawwam | |
| 1000 | حاچ ħāč | حاچم ħāčam | |
Nouns
Verbs
Stems
Tenses
Example verb: lixām "to write"
The verb lixām "to write" is conjugated as follows:
| Infinitive | lixām |
|---|---|
| Present active participle | lixān |
| Present passive participle | lixamān |
| Past active participle | lixipp |
| Past passive participle | lixī |
| Future active participle | lixejj |
| Future passive participle | lixanejj |
| Person | First | Second | Third | Zeroth |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aorist | lixam | lixaθ | lixat | lixand |
| Present active | lixānam | lixānaθ | lixānat | lixānand |
| Present passive | lixamānam | lixamānaθ | lixamānat | lixamānand |
| Past active | lixippam | lixippaθ | lixippat | lixippand |
| Past passive | lixiyam | lixiyaθ | lixiyat | lixiyand |
| Future active | lixejjam | lixejjaθ | lixejjat | lixejjand |
| Future passive | lixanejjam | lixanejjaθ | lixanejjat | lixanejjand |