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{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
| name = Tumachee | | name = Tumachee | ||
| nativename = yûkka | | nativename = yûkka tûmax | ||
| pronunciation=ʝúkʲɑ | | pronunciation=ʝúkʲɑ dúmɑx | ||
| setting = ''Sleeping Bull'' | | setting = ''Sleeping Bull'' | ||
| state = Sleeping Bull Confederacy | | state = Sleeping Bull Confederacy | ||
| Line 18: | Line 18: | ||
| notice=ipa | | notice=ipa | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Tumachee'''(''yûkka | '''Tumachee'''(''yûkka tûmax''; <small>Tumachee:</small> [[Help:IPA|[ʝúkʲɑ dúmɑx]]]) is a Tumachic language spoken by the Tumachee people in the fictional He-who-uses-the-loom River Basin(Tumachee: ''Kumâxâ Kexôskibân'') and the coast of the He-who-irrigates Lake(''Kumâzixâ Gzînbân'') of the North-western United States. It is the sole member of the Tumachic language family alongside Gzuwê. | ||
Tumachee is also an official language of the Sleeping Bull Confederacy, as the first, fifth and twentieth Sleeping Bulls were all Tumachee native or L2 speakers. | Tumachee is also an official language of the Sleeping Bull Confederacy, as the first, fifth and twentieth Sleeping Bulls were all Tumachee native or L2 speakers. | ||
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==Etymology== | ==Etymology== | ||
===Endonym=== | ===Endonym=== | ||
The Tumachee endonym, '' | The Tumachee endonym, ''tûmax'', is probably derived from the Proto-Tumachic word ''*dúmh₂s'', which means "wide prairie, lowland". As the ancient(and modern) Tumachee lived in relatively low-lying areas like river basins, this may explain the reason for it becoming an endonym. The Tumachee and Gzuwê words for "lowland" are also derived from ''*dúmh₂s'': Tumachee ''tumîxi'' and Gzuwê ''ttumiz''. | ||
===Exonym=== | ===Exonym=== | ||
The English exonym ''Tumachee'' has an origin in the language of the now extinct Jikiha(Tumachee: ''Gzîkka'') tribe, who were the first members of the Sleeping Bull Confederacy to interact with British colonisers. The Jikiha exchanged information on the other tribes and peoples in Sleeping Bull, and probably referred to the Tumachee people as ''*tú(ð)máki'', which is a plural form of ''*tú(ð)mág'', which was then loaned into English as initially ''Toumacke'' or ''Tumacki'' and then finally into ''Tumachee''. | The English exonym ''Tumachee'' has an origin in the language of the now extinct Jikiha(Tumachee: ''Gzîkka'') tribe, who were the first members of the Sleeping Bull Confederacy to interact with British colonisers. The Jikiha exchanged information on the other tribes and peoples in Sleeping Bull, and probably referred to the Tumachee people as ''*tú(ð)máki'', which is a plural form of ''*tú(ð)mág'', which was then loaned into English as initially ''Toumacke'' or ''Tumacki'' and then finally into ''Tumachee''. | ||
==History== | |||
Proto-Tumachic, the reconstructed ancestor of the two Tumachic languages, emerged around 600-700 years ago in modern-day Utah. Around 400 years ago, small populations that would eventually become the Tumachee would migrate west to the He-who-uses-the-loom River Basin, where they would settle in the lowland areas, as opposed to their distant mountain cousins in Utah, the Gzuwê. | |||
===Sleeping Bull Confederacy=== | |||
Around 200 years ago, | |||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Orthography=== | ===Orthography=== | ||
Tumachee uses the [[w:Latin script|Latin alphabet]], with some unique letters, notably circumflex vowels(âêîôû) and the cedilla h( | Tumachee uses the [[w:Latin script|Latin alphabet]], with some unique letters, notably circumflex vowels(âêîôû) and the cedilla h(x), with the new letters phonetically representing high tone and vowels and the voiceless palato-velar fricative respectively. | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | ||
| Aa<br>[ɑ]|| Ââ<br>[ɑ́] || Bb<br>[b][p] || Kk<br>[k] || Dd<br>[d][t]|| Ee<br>[e] | | Aa<br>[ɑ]|| Ââ<br>[ɑ́] || Bb<br>[b][p] || Kk<br>[k] || Dd<br>[d][t]|| Ee<br>[e] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Êê<br>[é]|| Gg<br>[g][k] || Hh<br>[ɦ] || | | Êê<br>[é]|| Gg<br>[g][k] || Hh<br>[ɦ] || Ḫx<br>[x] || Ii<br>[i] || Îî<br>[í] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Ll<br>[l] || Mm<br>[m] || Nn<br>[n̪] || Oo<br>[ɔ] || Ôô<br>[ɔ́] || Pp<br>[p] | | Ll<br>[l] || Mm<br>[m] || Nn<br>[n̪] || Oo<br>[ɔ] || Ôô<br>[ɔ́] || Pp<br>[p] | ||
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===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | ||
! colspan=2 | !! Labial !! Alveolar/<br>Dental !! Palatal | ! colspan=2 | !! Labial !! Alveolar/<br>Dental !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=2 | Plosive | ! rowspan=2 | Plosive | ||
! pulmonic | ! pulmonic | ||
| p b || t d || (c)<ref>Dialectic variation of /tʲ/.</ref> | | p b || t d || (c)<ref>Dialectic variation of /tʲ/.</ref> || k g || | ||
|- | |- | ||
! palatalised | ! palatalised | ||
| || tʲ dʲ | | || tʲ dʲ || || kʲ gʲ || | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan=2 | Nasal | ! colspan=2 | Nasal | ||
| m || n̪ | | m || n̪ || || (ŋ) || | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan=2 | Fricative | ! colspan=2 | Fricative | ||
| || s z || ʝ || | | || s z || ʝ || x || ɦ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan=2 | Affricate | ! colspan=2 | Affricate | ||
| || colspan=2 | t͡ɕ || | | || colspan=2 | t͡ɕ || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=2 | Approximant | ! rowspan=2 | Approximant | ||
! normal | ! normal | ||
| w || || (j)<ref>Dialectic variation of /ʝ/.</ref> | | w || || (j)<ref>Dialectic variation of /ʝ/.</ref> || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
! lateral | ! lateral | ||
| || l || (ʎ)<ref name="l">Dialectic variation of /l/.</ref> || || (ɫ)<ref name="l"></ref> | | || l || (ʎ)<ref name="l">Dialectic variation of /l/.</ref> || || (ɫ)<ref name="l"></ref> | ||
|} | |} | ||
====Initial voicing==== | ====Initial voicing==== | ||
Tumachee has initial voicing, meaning voiceless consonants are automatically voiced at the beginning of a word, though their orthographic representation is not changed, so ''âto'' is pronounced [átɔ] but ''sâto'' is pronounced [zátɔ]. | Tumachee has initial voicing, meaning voiceless consonants are automatically voiced at the beginning of a word, though their orthographic representation is not changed, so ''âto'' is pronounced [átɔ] but ''sâto'' is pronounced [zátɔ]. | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | ||
| Line 92: | Line 97: | ||
===Names=== | ===Names=== | ||
====Mononyms==== | ====Mononyms==== | ||
Traditionally, the Tumachee people have assigned mononyms to newborn children. These "baby names" usually have meanings related to when, where and/or how the baby was born, e.g. '' | Traditionally, the Tumachee people have assigned mononyms to newborn children. These "baby names" usually have meanings related to when, where and/or how the baby was born, e.g. ''Kêxalgzîgziwewakbân'', or "Boy born with difficulties under a full moon".<ref>This was the "baby name" of the first Sleeping Bull, according to Man of Long Speeches(''Ḫawayûkkabân'').</ref> Later on in life, a new name would be assigned to the person based on the person's achievements, merits or what they are known for, e.g. "Woman Who Walks a Lot"(''Ḫawakozozxes''), and very occasionally would they take a name given to them by a different tribe, e.g. "Sleeping Bull"(''Kîkzowalei''<ref>''Kîkzowalei'' is a literal translation of "Sleeping Bull"; most people nowadays call the Sleeping Bull ''Aleiê'', sometimes spelt ''Aleyé''.</ref>). | ||
====Modern names==== | ====Modern names==== | ||
In more recent times, most Tumachee people have adopted American-style polynyms, as in the first name-last name system, with the traditional mononyms often being used as middle names, e.g. John '' | In more recent times, most Tumachee people have adopted American-style polynyms, as in the first name-last name system, with the traditional mononyms often being used as middle names, e.g. John ''Kêxalwisusu''("Born At The River") Smith. | ||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
====Adjectives==== | ====Adjectives==== | ||
All nouns in Tumachee have their own adjective form, which is usually manifested in an agglutinate suffix form like ''- | All nouns in Tumachee have their own adjective form, which is usually manifested in an agglutinate suffix form like ''-mix''. Each noun has their own unique adjective/suffix form, meaning you could make basically any word by agglutinating a noun and a noun-derived suffix. For example, the word and name "Ox-like-the-water" would be ''Kîkwisyigûn''(''lit.'' ox.<small>NOM</small>-water.<small>ADJ</small>), with ''-yigûn'' being the suffix form of ''yîlgos'', water. | ||
===Numerals=== | ===Numerals=== | ||
Tumachee natively uses a base 7 counting system, though most modern Tumachee use the mostly universal base 10 counting system. | Tumachee natively uses a base 7 counting system, though most modern Tumachee use the mostly universal base 10 counting system. | ||
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| ''minnâ'' || 2 || two || 2 | | ''minnâ'' || 2 || two || 2 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''xûx'' || 3 || three || 3 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''xêrdaz'' || 4 || four || 4 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''sômzo'' || 5 || five || 5 | | ''sômzo'' || 5 || five || 5 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''entix'' || 6 || six || 6 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''ûrzun'' || 7 || seven || 7 | | ''ûrzun'' || 7 || seven || 7 | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! colspan=2 | First person | ! colspan=2 | First person | ||
| ''ud'' || '' | | ''ud'' || ''kûxod'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan=2 | Second person | ! colspan=2 | Second person | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Feminine | ! Feminine | ||
| '' | | ''xes'' || ''xesû'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Neuter/<br>Object | ! Neuter/<br>Object | ||
| Line 147: | Line 152: | ||
|} | |} | ||
=====Noun forms===== | =====Noun forms===== | ||
All the personal pronouns in Tumachee also act as nouns, as in ''bân'' can mean "he(singular)" or "one man". Other forms are a bit less logical: ''mikkê'' can mean "you(singular)" but also "any one person other than the speaker", or in other words, "an other person". Tumachee personal pronouns' suffix forms are also the same as their stems, so for example ''ôn'' can also be suffix ''-ôn''. In this way, along with rules regarding adjectives, one can create an agglutinate mononym for practically anything, such as '' | All the personal pronouns in Tumachee also act as nouns, as in ''bân'' can mean "he(singular)" or "one man". Other forms are a bit less logical: ''mikkê'' can mean "you(singular)" but also "any one person other than the speaker", or in other words, "an other person". Tumachee personal pronouns' suffix forms are also the same as their stems, so for example ''ôn'' can also be suffix ''-ôn''. In this way, along with rules regarding adjectives, one can create an agglutinate mononym for practically anything, such as ''Ûrberûrxês'', "Woman who makes soil", or ''Gzêkukzôbâniu'', "(Group of) men who like food". Many words are agglutinated this way: for example, the word for "Buddhist monk" is ''udgzîmkzôzunubân'', or "holy man who likes solitude", and the archaic word for "king" was ''Tumîxiwenembân'', or "man who owns the prairie". | ||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
| Line 153: | Line 158: | ||
Tumachee uses a VOS(verb-object-subject) constituent word order. | Tumachee uses a VOS(verb-object-subject) constituent word order. | ||
===Agglutination=== | ===Agglutination=== | ||
Like in German, Tumachee has the ability of creating new words by adding existing words together. For example, the word "pill" is '' | Like in German, Tumachee has the ability of creating new words by adding existing words together. For example, the word "pill" is ''sikkumix'', which is a combination of ''sikku'', "medicine" and ''-mix'', the suffix form of "small". | ||
====Stem & suffixes==== | ====Stem & suffixes==== | ||
Words in Tumachee have two forms: a stem and a suffix form. The stem form are the standalone words themselves, sometimes called the nominative declension. The suffix forms are used for agglutinate words like the ''- | Words in Tumachee have two forms: a stem and a suffix form. The stem form are the standalone words themselves, sometimes called the nominative declension. The suffix forms are used for agglutinate words like the ''-mix'' in ''sikkumix''. ''-mix'' is a suffix form of the adjective ''wêlmix'', meaning "small". | ||
===Noun case=== | ===Noun case=== | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Suffix | ! Suffix | ||
| ''-sô'' || ''- | | ''-sô'' || ''-xâ'' || ''-su'' || ''-ki'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Phrases=== | ===Phrases=== | ||
Latest revision as of 00:05, 6 October 2024
 | This article is a construction site. This project is currently undergoing significant construction and/or revamp. By all means, take a look around, thank you. |
| Tumachee | |
|---|---|
| yûkka tûmax | |
| Pronunciation | [ʝúkʲɑ dúmɑx] |
| Created by | Jukethatbox |
| Date | 2024 |
| Setting | Sleeping Bull |
| Native to | Sleeping Bull Confederacy |
| Native speakers | 78,000 (2024) 6,000 L2 speakers |
Tumachic
| |
Early form | Proto-Tumachic
|
| Official status | |
Official language in | Sleeping Bull Confederacy |
Tumachee(yûkka tûmax; Tumachee: [ʝúkʲɑ dúmɑx]) is a Tumachic language spoken by the Tumachee people in the fictional He-who-uses-the-loom River Basin(Tumachee: Kumâxâ Kexôskibân) and the coast of the He-who-irrigates Lake(Kumâzixâ Gzînbân) of the North-western United States. It is the sole member of the Tumachic language family alongside Gzuwê.
Tumachee is also an official language of the Sleeping Bull Confederacy, as the first, fifth and twentieth Sleeping Bulls were all Tumachee native or L2 speakers.
It is a highly agglutinative language with a very rare verb-object-subject basic word order and a free noun-adjective order. The language is also very context-reliant, where sentences can change meaning based on the context of the conversation.
Etymology
Endonym
The Tumachee endonym, tûmax, is probably derived from the Proto-Tumachic word *dúmh₂s, which means "wide prairie, lowland". As the ancient(and modern) Tumachee lived in relatively low-lying areas like river basins, this may explain the reason for it becoming an endonym. The Tumachee and Gzuwê words for "lowland" are also derived from *dúmh₂s: Tumachee tumîxi and Gzuwê ttumiz.
Exonym
The English exonym Tumachee has an origin in the language of the now extinct Jikiha(Tumachee: Gzîkka) tribe, who were the first members of the Sleeping Bull Confederacy to interact with British colonisers. The Jikiha exchanged information on the other tribes and peoples in Sleeping Bull, and probably referred to the Tumachee people as *tú(ð)máki, which is a plural form of *tú(ð)mág, which was then loaned into English as initially Toumacke or Tumacki and then finally into Tumachee.
History
Proto-Tumachic, the reconstructed ancestor of the two Tumachic languages, emerged around 600-700 years ago in modern-day Utah. Around 400 years ago, small populations that would eventually become the Tumachee would migrate west to the He-who-uses-the-loom River Basin, where they would settle in the lowland areas, as opposed to their distant mountain cousins in Utah, the Gzuwê.
Sleeping Bull Confederacy
Around 200 years ago,
Phonology
Orthography
Tumachee uses the Latin alphabet, with some unique letters, notably circumflex vowels(âêîôû) and the cedilla h(x), with the new letters phonetically representing high tone and vowels and the voiceless palato-velar fricative respectively.
| Aa [ɑ] |
Ââ [ɑ́] |
Bb [b][p] |
Kk [k] |
Dd [d][t] |
Ee [e] |
| Êê [é] |
Gg [g][k] |
Hh [ɦ] |
Ḫx [x] |
Ii [i] |
Îî [í] |
| Ll [l] |
Mm [m] |
Nn [n̪] |
Oo [ɔ] |
Ôô [ɔ́] |
Pp [p] |
| Ss [s] |
Tt [t] |
Uu [u] |
Ûû [ú] |
Ww [w] |
Yy [ʝ] |
| Zz [z] |
|||||
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar/ Dental |
Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | pulmonic | p b | t d | (c)[1] | k g | |
| palatalised | tʲ dʲ | kʲ gʲ | ||||
| Nasal | m | n̪ | (ŋ) | |||
| Fricative | s z | ʝ | x | ɦ | ||
| Affricate | t͡ɕ | |||||
| Approximant | normal | w | (j)[2] | |||
| lateral | l | (ʎ)[3] | (ɫ)[3] | |||
Initial voicing
Tumachee has initial voicing, meaning voiceless consonants are automatically voiced at the beginning of a word, though their orthographic representation is not changed, so âto is pronounced [átɔ] but sâto is pronounced [zátɔ].
Vowels
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u |
| Open-mid | e | ɔ |
| Open | ɑ |
Prosody
Tone
Tumachee has one tone that only appears on vowels, the high tone([˦]). Orthographically, it is marked by a circumflex(e.g. â).
Phonotactics
Tumachee mostly follows the syllable structure of (C)V(C), where C is any consonant and V is any vowel. The consonant [w] can act as both a vowel or a consonant, though unlike other vowels it has no high tone variation.
Morphology
Names
Mononyms
Traditionally, the Tumachee people have assigned mononyms to newborn children. These "baby names" usually have meanings related to when, where and/or how the baby was born, e.g. Kêxalgzîgziwewakbân, or "Boy born with difficulties under a full moon".[4] Later on in life, a new name would be assigned to the person based on the person's achievements, merits or what they are known for, e.g. "Woman Who Walks a Lot"(Ḫawakozozxes), and very occasionally would they take a name given to them by a different tribe, e.g. "Sleeping Bull"(Kîkzowalei[5]).
Modern names
In more recent times, most Tumachee people have adopted American-style polynyms, as in the first name-last name system, with the traditional mononyms often being used as middle names, e.g. John Kêxalwisusu("Born At The River") Smith.
Nouns
Adjectives
All nouns in Tumachee have their own adjective form, which is usually manifested in an agglutinate suffix form like -mix. Each noun has their own unique adjective/suffix form, meaning you could make basically any word by agglutinating a noun and a noun-derived suffix. For example, the word and name "Ox-like-the-water" would be Kîkwisyigûn(lit. ox.NOM-water.ADJ), with -yigûn being the suffix form of yîlgos, water.
Numerals
Tumachee natively uses a base 7 counting system, though most modern Tumachee use the mostly universal base 10 counting system.
| Tumachee | English | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Name | Digit | Name | Digit |
| kûnsu/ sêlo[6] |
0 | zero | 0 |
| kkêo | 1 | one | 1 |
| minnâ | 2 | two | 2 |
| xûx | 3 | three | 3 |
| xêrdaz | 4 | four | 4 |
| sômzo | 5 | five | 5 |
| entix | 6 | six | 6 |
| ûrzun | 7 | seven | 7 |
| îmmiko | 10 | eight | 8 |
Pronouns
Personal pronouns
| Singular | Plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| First person | ud | kûxod | |
| Second person | mikkê | mîkked | |
| Third person | Masculine | bân | bâniu |
| Feminine | xes | xesû | |
| Neuter/ Object |
ôn | lôu | |
Noun forms
All the personal pronouns in Tumachee also act as nouns, as in bân can mean "he(singular)" or "one man". Other forms are a bit less logical: mikkê can mean "you(singular)" but also "any one person other than the speaker", or in other words, "an other person". Tumachee personal pronouns' suffix forms are also the same as their stems, so for example ôn can also be suffix -ôn. In this way, along with rules regarding adjectives, one can create an agglutinate mononym for practically anything, such as Ûrberûrxês, "Woman who makes soil", or Gzêkukzôbâniu, "(Group of) men who like food". Many words are agglutinated this way: for example, the word for "Buddhist monk" is udgzîmkzôzunubân, or "holy man who likes solitude", and the archaic word for "king" was Tumîxiwenembân, or "man who owns the prairie".
Syntax
Constituent order
Tumachee uses a VOS(verb-object-subject) constituent word order.
Agglutination
Like in German, Tumachee has the ability of creating new words by adding existing words together. For example, the word "pill" is sikkumix, which is a combination of sikku, "medicine" and -mix, the suffix form of "small".
Stem & suffixes
Words in Tumachee have two forms: a stem and a suffix form. The stem form are the standalone words themselves, sometimes called the nominative declension. The suffix forms are used for agglutinate words like the -mix in sikkumix. -mix is a suffix form of the adjective wêlmix, meaning "small".
Noun case
Tumachee has five noun cases: the nominative, accusative, genitive, dative and instrumentative. Each case has at the very least its own suffix, though the instrumentative case has its own prefix to go with the suffix.
| Case | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | Accusative | Genitive | Dative | Instrumentative | |
| Prefix | ∅ | ke- | |||
| Suffix | -sô | -xâ | -su | -ki | |
Phrases
Nouns
Verbs
Sentences
Dependent clauses
Example texts
Other resources
- ^ Dialectic variation of /tʲ/.
- ^ Dialectic variation of /ʝ/.
- ^ a b Dialectic variation of /l/.
- ^ This was the "baby name" of the first Sleeping Bull, according to Man of Long Speeches(Ḫawayûkkabân).
- ^ Kîkzowalei is a literal translation of "Sleeping Bull"; most people nowadays call the Sleeping Bull Aleiê, sometimes spelt Aleyé.
- ^ kûnsu literally means "nothing", and is more commonly used colloquially and in basic arithmetic. sêlo is from English zero, and is more commonly used in relation to mathematics.