Fourth Linguifex Relay/Minhast: Difference between revisions

(8 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)

Line 1:

== ~~Minhast Text~~ ==

== Introduction ==

~~Ikkūne kuriktahan iħyitahammā~~,

Minhast is a polysynthetic language that exhibits polypersonal cross-indexing on the verb, noun incorporation, and valence operations affixes. Its morphological alignment is Ergative-Absolutive, and canonical word order is SOV. The reader is advised to go to the [[Minhast]] wiki for details on valence operations, applicatives, noun incorporation, and antipassivation. Also helpful will be the discussions on the Connectives ''min'' and ''wa=''. In this text be on the lookout for noun incorporation and any operation that manipulates the S/O pivot.

~~Duħtaniktaharu~~, ~~ittaħyamekan~~,

~~Hakkumman~~.

~~Taħ watturħa kungatarabammā, ikšākarampā~~

== Minhast Text ==

~~Wahēk, šuxtān min turħa kurganaft, dutikšakinnarumā,~~

~~Wahēk, duħtiptayyariknenaru.~~

Ra'e, ~~wattā~~' ~~hittanankūyaranaft keħredāš tadammantankūyismattabu~~

''Ikkūne kuriktahan iħyitahammā,''

~~Wašia wakayyunar intakahešnuktararampi~~, ~~wammīn~~.

''Duħtaniktaharu, ittaħyamekan,''

''Hakkumman.''

''Taħ watturħa kungatarabammā, ikšākarampā''

''Wahēk, šuxtān min turħa kurganaft, dutikšakinnarumā,''

''Wahēk, duħtiptayyariknenaru.''

''Ra'e, wattā' hittanankūyaranaft keħredāš tadammantankūyismattabu''

''Wašia wakayyunar intakahešnuktararampi, wammīn.''

== Interlinear Gloss ==

Ikkūne kurg-tah-an iħy-tah-an=mā

''Ikkūne kurg-tah-an iħy-tah-an=mā''

Chieftain be.strong-2S.ABS-INTRANS be.high-2S.ABS-INTRANS=SUBORD

Chieftain be.strong-2S.ABS-INTRANS be.high-2S.ABS-INTRANS=SUBORD

~~Dut-han-ktah-ar-u, ittah-yam-ek-an~~

~~DAT.APPL-come-1S.ABS+2S.ERG-PST-TRANS, have-sea-1S.ABS-INTRANS,~~

~~Hakkum~~-m-an

''Dut-han-ktah-ar-u, ittah-yam-ek-an,''

Be.~~far~~-3S.~~ANIM~~.ABS-INTRANS

DAT.APPL-come-1S.ABS+2S.ERG-PST-TRANS, have-sea-1S.ABS-INTRANS,

~~Taħ watturħa kungat~~-~~Ø-ar-ab~~-an~~=mā, ikšāk-Ø-ar=ampā~~

''Hakkum-m-an.''

2S.~~ABS CONN=spirit look.forward.to.arrival~~-3S.ABS~~-PST-IMPF~~-INTRANS~~=SUBORD, request-3MS.ABS-PST-ANTIPASS+SUBORD~~

Be.far-3S.ANIM.ABS-INTRANS

~~Wahēk, šuxtān min turħa kurg~~-Ø-an=~~aft~~, ~~dut-~~ikšāk-nn-ar-u=mā

''Taħ watturħa kungat-Ø-ar-ab-an=mā, ikšāk-Ø-ar=ampā''

~~SEQUENTIAL~~.~~DISC, sky~~ CONN spirit be.~~great~~-3S.ABS-INTRANS=~~NMLZ~~, ~~DAT.APPL-~~request-3S.ABS~~+3S.ERG~~-PST-~~TRANS=~~SUBORD

2S.ABS CONN=spirit look.forward.to.arrival-3S.ABS-PST-IMPF-INTRANS=SUBORD, request-3MS.ABS-PST-ANTIPASS+SUBORD

Wahēk, dut-~~hitt-payyar~~-~~knen~~-ar-u

''Wahēk, šuxtān min turħa kurg-Ø-an=aft, dut-ikšāk-nn-ar-u=mā''

SEQUENTIAL.DISC, DAT.APPL-~~give-custom~~-1S.ABS+~~3MS~~.ERG-PST-TRANS

SEQUENTIAL.DISC, sky CONN spirit be.great-3S.ABS-INTRANS=NMLZ, DAT.APPL-request-3S.ABS+3S.ERG-PST-TRANS=SUBORD

Ra'e, ~~wa=hattā'~~ hitt-~~nannankūy~~-Ø-ar~~-an=aft keħre=dāš ta-idammat-nannankūy-m-satt-ab~~-u

''Wahēk, dut-hitt-payyar-knen-ar-u''

~~CONFIRM.EXPECT~~.DISC ~~CONN=NEG give-silver-3MS~~.~~ABS~~-~~PST-INTRANS=NMLZ death=MAL NEG=protect~~-~~silver~~-3S.ABS+~~3S.INANIM~~.ERG-~~FUT-IMPF~~-TRANS

SEQUENTIAL.DISC, DAT.APPL-give-custom-1S.ABS+3MS.ERG-PST-TRANS

~~Wašia wa=kayyun-ar nt-kah-ešnuk-tar-Ø-ar-ampi, wammīn.~~

~~DISTAL.ADV CONN=tree-PST INTENS-INVERSE.VOLITIONAL-tip-DISTR-3S.ANIM.ABS-PST-ANTIPASS, CAUSAL.DISC~~

''Ra'e, wa=hattā' hitt-nannankūy-Ø-ar-an=aft keħre=dāš ta-idammat-nannankūy-m-satt-ab-u''

CONFIRM.EXPECT.DISC CONN=NEG give-silver-3MS.ABS-PST-INTRANS=NMLZ death=MAL NEG=protect-silver-3S.ABS+3S.INANIM.ERG-FUT-IMPF-TRANS

''Wašia wa=kayyun-ar nt-kah-ešnuk-tar-Ø-ar-ampi, wammīn.''

DISTAL.ADV CONN=tree-PST INTENS-INVERSE.VOLITIONAL-tip-DISTR-3S.ANIM.ABS-PST-ANTIPASS, CAUSAL.DISC

== Glossing Key ==

1) DAT.APPL - Dative Applicative

# DAT.APPL - Dative Applicative

2) ERG - Ergative

# ERG - Ergative

3) ABS - Absolutive

# ABS - Absolutive

4) INTRANS - Intransitive

# DAT - Dative

5) TRANS - Transitive

# MAL - Malefactive

6) ANTIPASS - Antipassive

# INTRANS - Intransitive

7) CONN - Connective particle or clitic

# TRANS - Transitive

- Minhast has two kinds of Connectives: 'min' links two or more noun phrases (NP); 'wa=' links adjuncts with clauses

# ANTIPASS - Antipassive

8) ANIM - Animate

# CONN - Connective particle or clitic. Minhast has two kinds of Connectives: ''min'' links two or more noun phrases (NP); ''wa='' links adjuncts with clauses.

9) INANIM - Inanimate

# ANIM - Animate

~~10)~~ 1S - First person singular

# INANIM - Inanimate

~~11)~~ 2S - Second person singular

# 1S - First person singular

~~12)~~ 3S - Third person singular

# 2S - Second person singular

~~13)~~ SUBORD - Subordinative clitic

# 3S - Third person singular

~~14)~~ DISC - Discourse particle

# SUBORD - Subordinative clitic

~~15)~~ NEG - Negation particle, affix or clitic

# DISC - Discourse particle

~~16)~~ INTENS - Intensive

# NEG - Negation particle, affix or clitic

~~17)~~ INVERSE.VOLITIONAL - Inverse volitional affix, changes verbs that are semantically deliberate to accidental, and vice versa

# INTENS - Intensive

~~18)~~ DISTR - Distributive

# INVERSE.VOLITIONAL - Inverse volitional affix, changes verbs that are semantically deliberate to accidental, and vice versa

~~19)~~ PST - Past tense

# DISTR - Distributive

~~20)~~ FUT - Future tense

# PST - Past tense

~~21)~~ IMPF - Imperfect aspect

# FUT - Future tense

~~22)~~ DISTAL.ADV - Distal demonstrative adverb

# IMPF - Imperfect aspect

~~23)~~ SEQUENTIAL.DISC - Sequential discourse particle, similar to the Subordinative clitic. However, this particle implies also a shift in grammatical roles between the core arguments.

# DISTAL.ADV - Distal demonstrative adverb

~~24)~~ CONFIRM.EXPECT.DISC - Confirmatory-Expective discourse particle which indicates that the speaker expects the listener to agree what the speaker just said.

# SEQUENTIAL.DISC - Sequential discourse particle, similar to the Subordinative clitic. However, this particle implies also a shift in grammatical roles between the core arguments.

~~25)~~ CAUSAL.DISC - Discourse particle that indicates that the clause it is bound to was responsible for causing previous clauses to occur. It has wide scope over extended discourse.

# CONFIRM.EXPECT.DISC - Confirmatory-Expective discourse particle which indicates that the speaker expects the listener to agree what the speaker just said.

# CAUSAL.DISC - Discourse particle that indicates that the clause it is bound to was responsible for causing previous clauses to occur. It has wide scope over extended discourse.

~~== Additional Notes ==~~

**** WATCH OUT for noun incorporation!

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-== Minhast Text ==
+== Introduction ==
-Ikkūne kuriktahan iħyitahammā,
+Minhast is a polysynthetic language that exhibits polypersonal cross-indexing on the verb, noun incorporation, and valence operations affixes.  Its morphological alignment is Ergative-Absolutive, and canonical word order is SOV.  The reader is advised to go to the [[Minhast]] wiki for details on valence operations, applicatives, noun incorporation, and antipassivation.  Also helpful will be the discussions on the Connectives ''min'' and ''wa=''.  In this text be on the lookout for noun incorporation and any operation that manipulates the S/O pivot.
-Duħtaniktaharu, ittaħyamekan,
-Hakkumman.
-Taħ watturħa kungatarabammā, ikšākarampā
+== Minhast Text ==
-Wahēk, šuxtān min turħa kurganaft, dutikšakinnarumā,
-Wahēk, duħtiptayyariknenaru.
-Ra'e, wattā' hittanankūyaranaft keħredāš tadammantankūyismattabu
+''Ikkūne kuriktahan iħyitahammā,''<br/>
-Wašia wakayyunar intakahešnuktararampi, wammīn.
+''Duħtaniktaharu, ittaħyamekan,''<br/>
+''Hakkumman.''<br/>
+''Taħ watturħa kungatarabammā, ikšākarampā''<br/>
+''Wahēk, šuxtān min turħa kurganaft, dutikšakinnarumā,''<br/>
+''Wahēk, duħtiptayyariknenaru.''<br/>
+''Ra'e, wattā' hittanankūyaranaft keħredāš tadammantankūyismattabu''<br/>
+''Wašia wakayyunar intakahešnuktararampi, wammīn.''
 == Interlinear Gloss ==
-Ikkūne kurg-tah-an iħy-tah-an=mā
+''Ikkūne kurg-tah-an iħy-tah-an=mā''<br/>
-Chieftain be.strong-2S.ABS-INTRANS be.high-2S.ABS-INTRANS=SUBORD
+Chieftain be.strong-2S.ABS-INTRANS be.high-2S.ABS-INTRANS=SUBORD<br/>
-Dut-han-ktah-ar-u, ittah-yam-ek-an
-DAT.APPL-come-1S.ABS+2S.ERG-PST-TRANS, have-sea-1S.ABS-INTRANS,
-Hakkum-m-an
+''Dut-han-ktah-ar-u, ittah-yam-ek-an,''<br/>
-Be.far-3S.ANIM.ABS-INTRANS
+DAT.APPL-come-1S.ABS+2S.ERG-PST-TRANS, have-sea-1S.ABS-INTRANS, <br/>
-Taħ watturħa kungat-Ø-ar-ab-an=mā, ikšāk-Ø-ar=ampā
+''Hakkum-m-an.''<br/>
-S.ABS CONN=spirit look.forward.to.arrival-3S.ABS-PST-IMPF-INTRANS=SUBORD, request-3MS.ABS-PST-ANTIPASS+SUBORD
+Be.far-3S.ANIM.ABS-INTRANS<br/>
-Wahēk, šuxtān min turħa kurg-Ø-an=aft, dut-ikšāk-nn-ar-u=mā
+''Taħ watturħa kungat-Ø-ar-ab-an=mā, ikšāk-Ø-ar=ampā''<br/>
-SEQUENTIAL.DISC, sky CONN spirit be.great-3S.ABS-INTRANS=NMLZ, DAT.APPL-request-3S.ABS+3S.ERG-PST-TRANS=SUBORD
+S.ABS CONN=spirit look.forward.to.arrival-3S.ABS-PST-IMPF-INTRANS=SUBORD, request-3MS.ABS-PST-ANTIPASS+SUBORD<br/>
-Wahēk, dut-hitt-payyar-knen-ar-u
+''Wahēk, šuxtān min turħa kurg-Ø-an=aft, dut-ikšāk-nn-ar-u=mā''<br/>
-SEQUENTIAL.DISC, DAT.APPL-give-custom-1S.ABS+3MS.ERG-PST-TRANS
+SEQUENTIAL.DISC, sky CONN spirit be.great-3S.ABS-INTRANS=NMLZ, DAT.APPL-request-3S.ABS+3S.ERG-PST-TRANS=SUBORD<br/>
-Ra'e, wa=hattā' hitt-nannankūy-Ø-ar-an=aft keħre=dāš ta-idammat-nannankūy-m-satt-ab-u
+''Wahēk, dut-hitt-payyar-knen-ar-u''<br/>
-CONFIRM.EXPECT.DISC CONN=NEG give-silver-3MS.ABS-PST-INTRANS=NMLZ death=MAL NEG=protect-silver-3S.ABS+3S.INANIM.ERG-FUT-IMPF-TRANS
+SEQUENTIAL.DISC, DAT.APPL-give-custom-1S.ABS+3MS.ERG-PST-TRANS<br/>
-Wašia wa=kayyun-ar nt-kah-ešnuk-tar-Ø-ar-ampi, wammīn.
-DISTAL.ADV CONN=tree-PST INTENS-INVERSE.VOLITIONAL-tip-DISTR-3S.ANIM.ABS-PST-ANTIPASS, CAUSAL.DISC
+''Ra'e, wa=hattā' hitt-nannankūy-Ø-ar-an=aft keħre=dāš ta-idammat-nannankūy-m-satt-ab-u''<br/>
+CONFIRM.EXPECT.DISC CONN=NEG give-silver-3MS.ABS-PST-INTRANS=NMLZ death=MAL NEG=protect-silver-3S.ABS+3S.INANIM.ERG-FUT-IMPF-TRANS<br/>
+''Wašia wa=kayyun-ar nt-kah-ešnuk-tar-Ø-ar-ampi, wammīn.''<br/>
+DISTAL.ADV CONN=tree-PST INTENS-INVERSE.VOLITIONAL-tip-DISTR-3S.ANIM.ABS-PST-ANTIPASS, CAUSAL.DISC<br/>
 == Glossing Key ==
-) DAT.APPL - Dative Applicative
+# DAT.APPL - Dative Applicative
-) ERG - Ergative
+# ERG - Ergative
-) ABS - Absolutive
+# ABS - Absolutive
-) INTRANS - Intransitive
+# DAT - Dative
-) TRANS - Transitive
+# MAL - Malefactive
-) ANTIPASS - Antipassive
+# INTRANS - Intransitive
-) CONN - Connective particle or clitic
+# TRANS - Transitive
-	- Minhast has two kinds of Connectives: 'min' links two or more noun phrases (NP); 'wa=' links adjuncts with clauses
+# ANTIPASS - Antipassive
-) ANIM - Animate
+# CONN - Connective particle or clitic.  Minhast has two kinds of Connectives: ''min'' links two or more noun phrases (NP); ''wa='' links adjuncts with clauses.
-) INANIM - Inanimate
+# ANIM - Animate
-) 1S - First person singular
+# INANIM - Inanimate
-) 2S - Second person singular
+# 1S - First person singular
-) 3S - Third person singular
+# 2S - Second person singular
-) SUBORD - Subordinative clitic
+# 3S - Third person singular
-) DISC - Discourse particle
+# SUBORD - Subordinative clitic
-) NEG - Negation particle, affix or clitic
+# DISC - Discourse particle
-) INTENS - Intensive
+# NEG - Negation particle, affix or clitic
-) INVERSE.VOLITIONAL - Inverse volitional affix, changes verbs that are semantically deliberate to accidental, and vice versa
+# INTENS - Intensive
-) DISTR - Distributive
+# INVERSE.VOLITIONAL - Inverse volitional affix, changes verbs that are semantically deliberate to accidental, and vice versa
-) PST - Past tense
+# DISTR - Distributive
-) FUT - Future tense
+# PST - Past tense
-) IMPF - Imperfect aspect
+# FUT - Future tense
-) DISTAL.ADV - Distal demonstrative adverb
+# IMPF - Imperfect aspect
-) SEQUENTIAL.DISC - Sequential discourse particle, similar to the Subordinative clitic.  However, this particle implies also a shift in grammatical roles between the core arguments.
+# DISTAL.ADV - Distal demonstrative adverb
-) CONFIRM.EXPECT.DISC - Confirmatory-Expective discourse particle which indicates that the speaker expects the listener to agree what the speaker just said.
+# SEQUENTIAL.DISC - Sequential discourse particle, similar to the Subordinative clitic.  However, this particle implies also a shift in grammatical roles between the core arguments.
-) CAUSAL.DISC - Discourse particle that indicates that the clause it is bound to was responsible for causing previous clauses to occur.  It has wide scope over extended discourse.
+# CONFIRM.EXPECT.DISC - Confirmatory-Expective discourse particle which indicates that the speaker expects the listener to agree what the speaker just said.
+# CAUSAL.DISC - Discourse particle that indicates that the clause it is bound to was responsible for causing previous clauses to occur.  It has wide scope over extended discourse.
-== Additional Notes ==
-**** WATCH OUT for noun incorporation!