Fourth Linguifex Relay/Minhast

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Introduction

Minhast is a polysynthetic language that exhibits polypersonal cross-indexing on the verb, noun incorporation, and valence operations affixes. Its morphological alignment is Ergative-Absolutive, and canonical word order is SOV. The reader is advised to go to the Minhast wiki for details on valence operations, applicatives, noun incorporation, and antipassivation. Also helpful will be the discussions on the Connectives min and wa=. In this text be on the lookout for noun incorporation and any operation that manipulates the S/O pivot.

Minhast Text

Ikkūne kuriktahan iħyitahammā,
Duħtaniktaharu, ittaħyamekan,
Hakkumman.

Taħ watturħa kungatarabammā, ikšākarampā
Wahēk, šuxtān min turħa kurganaft, dutikšakinnarumā,
Wahēk, duħtiptayyariknenaru.

Ra'e, wattā' hittanankūyaranaft keħredāš tadammantankūyismattabu
Wašia wakayyunar intakahešnuktararampi, wammīn.

Interlinear Gloss

Ikkūne kurg-tah-an iħy-tah-an=mā
Chieftain be.strong-2S.ABS-INTRANS be.high-2S.ABS-INTRANS=SUBORD

Dut-han-ktah-ar-u, ittah-yam-ek-an,
DAT.APPL-come-1S.ABS+2S.ERG-PST-TRANS, have-sea-1S.ABS-INTRANS,

Hakkum-m-an.
Be.far-3S.ANIM.ABS-INTRANS

Taħ watturħa kungat-Ø-ar-ab-an=mā, ikšāk-Ø-ar=ampā
2S.ABS CONN=spirit look.forward.to.arrival-3S.ABS-PST-IMPF-INTRANS=SUBORD, request-3MS.ABS-PST-ANTIPASS+SUBORD

Wahēk, šuxtān min turħa kurg-Ø-an=aft, dut-ikšāk-nn-ar-u=mā
SEQUENTIAL.DISC, sky CONN spirit be.great-3S.ABS-INTRANS=NMLZ, DAT.APPL-request-3S.ABS+3S.ERG-PST-TRANS=SUBORD

Wahēk, dut-hitt-payyar-knen-ar-u
SEQUENTIAL.DISC, DAT.APPL-give-custom-1S.ABS+3MS.ERG-PST-TRANS

Ra'e, wa=hattā' hitt-nannankūy-Ø-ar-an=aft keħre=dāš ta-idammat-nannankūy-m-satt-ab-u
CONFIRM.EXPECT.DISC CONN=NEG give-silver-3MS.ABS-PST-INTRANS=NMLZ death=MAL NEG=protect-silver-3S.ABS+3S.INANIM.ERG-FUT-IMPF-TRANS

Wašia wa=kayyun-ar nt-kah-ešnuk-tar-Ø-ar-ampi, wammīn.
DISTAL.ADV CONN=tree-PST INTENS-INVERSE.VOLITIONAL-tip-DISTR-3S.ANIM.ABS-PST-ANTIPASS, CAUSAL.DISC

Glossing Key

  1. DAT.APPL - Dative Applicative
  2. ERG - Ergative
  3. ABS - Absolutive
  4. DAT - Dative
  5. MAL - Malefactive
  6. INTRANS - Intransitive
  7. TRANS - Transitive
  8. ANTIPASS - Antipassive
  9. CONN - Connective particle or clitic. Minhast has two kinds of Connectives: min links two or more noun phrases (NP); wa= links adjuncts with clauses.
  10. ANIM - Animate
  11. INANIM - Inanimate
  12. 1S - First person singular
  13. 2S - Second person singular
  14. 3S - Third person singular
  15. SUBORD - Subordinative clitic
  16. DISC - Discourse particle
  17. NEG - Negation particle, affix or clitic
  18. INTENS - Intensive
  19. INVERSE.VOLITIONAL - Inverse volitional affix, changes verbs that are semantically deliberate to accidental, and vice versa
  20. DISTR - Distributive
  21. PST - Past tense
  22. FUT - Future tense
  23. IMPF - Imperfect aspect
  24. DISTAL.ADV - Distal demonstrative adverb
  25. SEQUENTIAL.DISC - Sequential discourse particle, similar to the Subordinative clitic. However, this particle implies also a shift in grammatical roles between the core arguments.
  26. CONFIRM.EXPECT.DISC - Confirmatory-Expective discourse particle which indicates that the speaker expects the listener to agree what the speaker just said.
  27. CAUSAL.DISC - Discourse particle that indicates that the clause it is bound to was responsible for causing previous clauses to occur. It has wide scope over extended discourse.