User:Chrysophylax/fd: Difference between revisions

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==About==
Trying to re-engineer Dhannuá from scratch.
==Sound changes==
===unity===
#merge centum: [+palatal +velar] → [-palatal +velar]
#merge centum: [+palatal +velar] → [-palatal +velar]
#: ''*ḱléwos'' → ''*klewos''
#: ''*ḱléwos'' → ''*kléwos'' ‘fame’
#dental separation and simplification: TT → TsT → *ss
#dental separation and simplification: TT → TsT → *ss
#: *''bʰreud-tós'' → ''*bʰreussós''  
#: *''bʰreud-tós'' → ''*bʰreussós'' ‘broken’
#metathesis of thorn clusters: TK > KT
#metathesis of thorn clusters: TK > KT
#: ''*h₂rtkos'' → ''*h₂rktos''
#: ''*h₂rtkos'' → ''*h₂rktos'' ‘bear’
#loss of laryngeals before vowel (triple reflex, Greek-style)
#loss of laryngeals before vowel (triple reflex, Greek-style)
#: *h₁e → *e~i
#: *h₁e → *e~i
Line 14: Line 19:
#: *eh₃ → *ō
#: *eh₃ → *ō
#epenthetic *ə inserted before syllabic resonants
#epenthetic *ə inserted before syllabic resonants
#: ''*septṃ'' → ''*septəm''
#: ''*septṃ'' → ''*septəm'' ‘seven’
# Laryngeal collapse: *h₂ *h₃ → *hₔ (*H)
# *h₁ → h /#_V
#loss of laryngeal between two consonants: (CHC → CəC)
#loss of laryngeal between two consonants: (CHC → CəC)
#: *H → *ə  
#: *H → *ə (except: #_R where *H → h)
#CVHC → CV̄C
#CVHC → CV̄C
# *iH, *uH → ī, ū / _C
#Labiovelars reanalysed as sequence of plosive + *w
#Labiovelars reanalysed as sequence of plosive + *w
# *s + plosive → *ss / V_V, V_
# *s + plosive → *ss / V_V, V_
Line 24: Line 32:
# nasal + velar → *nn
# nasal + velar → *nn
# PT, KT join TT in → *ss
# PT, KT join TT in → *ss
#: ''*kh₂ptós'' → ''*kəssós''
#: ''*kəptós'' → ''*kəssós'' ‘taken’
#merger of *ə and short *a
#merger of *ə and short *a
#fricativization and devoicing of syllable-initial velar consonants before *w, *r, *l
#fricativization and devoicing of syllable-initial velar consonants before *w, *r, *l
Line 30: Line 38:
#lengthening of *a in closed and stressed syllables
#lengthening of *a in closed and stressed syllables
#labiovelar sequences simplify to *w / V_V
#labiovelar sequences simplify to *w / V_V
#: ''*ákwā'' → *''áwā''
#: ''*ákwā'' → *''áwā'' ‘water’
#raising of *o after *w
#raising of *o after *w
#:''*déywos'' → ''*déywus''
#:''*déywos'' → ''*déywus'' ‘god’
#[-voice +stop] → [+voice +stop] / R_V
#[-voice +stop] → [+voice +stop] / R_V
#lowering of *e → *æ when following syllable has a low vowel. (active surface filter)
#lowering of *e → *æ when following syllable has a low vowel. (active surface filter)
Line 41: Line 49:
#loss of *w before *u
#loss of *w before *u
#: *wī́wus → *wī́uz
#: *wī́wus → *wī́uz
#secondary athematic endings are added to the imperfective present and future
#secondary athematic endings are added to the imperfective present and future {{sc|1sg}}  and replace {{sc|1pl}}, {{sc|2pl}}, {{sc|3pl}}.
#: ''*kā́pyeōn'' < (''*kh₂p-yé-oh₂-m''); ''*kā́psyeōn'' ( < ''*keh₂p-s-yé-oh₂-m'')
#: ''*kā́pyeōn'' < (''*kh₂p-yé-oh₂-m''); ''*kā́psyeōn'' ( < ''*keh₂p-s-yé-oh₂-m'')
#: ''*kāpyéme'' < (''*kh₂p-ye-mé'')
# *ō → *ā
# *ō → *ā
#: ''*kā́psyeōn'' → ''*kā́psyeān''
#: ''*kā́psyeōn'' → ''*kā́psyeān''
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#: ''*bʰóweyeān'' → ''*bʰówæyæān'' ‘I warn’ ( < ''*bʰogʷ-éye-oh₂-m'')
#: ''*bʰóweyeān'' → ''*bʰówæyæān'' ‘I warn’ ( < ''*bʰogʷ-éye-oh₂-m'')
#Shift to strong initial expiratory stress
#Shift to strong initial expiratory stress
# *p *t *k → *β *ð *ɣ / V_V, R_
 
#: ''*kā́pyæān'' → ''*kā́βyæān''  
===end of unity===
# *z → *r / V_V, V_#
→ [[User:Chrysophylax/pf]]
#: ''*wī́uz'' → ''*wīur''
↓ Dhannic
# *p *t *k → *β *ð *ɣ / V_V, R_ (incomplete in insular branch)
#: ''*kā́pyæān'' → ''*kā́βyæān'' ‘I seize’
# *z → *r / V_V, V_# (only insular)
#: ''*wī́uz'' → ''*wīur'' ‘alive’
#merger of locative and instrumental cases
#merger of locative and instrumental cases
# *x → *s / _s
# *x → *s / _s
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# breaking of stressed open *é → *yá
# breaking of stressed open *é → *yá
#: ''*déyur'' → ''*dyáyur''
#: ''*déyur'' → ''*dyáyur''
# end of *e → *æ lowering
# new case endings: essive ''-ta'', comitative ''-we'' <ref>
# new case endings: essive ''-ta'', comitative ''-we'' <ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="background:white"
{| class="wikitable" style="background:white"
Line 94: Line 108:
|}</ref>
|}</ref>
# fortition of *β *ð *ɣ → *bʰ *dʰ *gʰ
# fortition of *β *ð *ɣ → *bʰ *dʰ *gʰ
#: ''*néβāt'' → ''*nébʰāt''
#: ''*néβāt'' → ''*nébʰāt'' ‘nephew’
# unstressed *ē → ai
# ''-yā'' (f.) ( < *-yeh₂) forms increase significantly.
#: ''*pádʰēr'' → ''*pádʰair''
# unstressed *ē → ai (operating during period of contraction)
#: ''*pádʰēr'' → ''*pádʰair'' ‘father’
# contraction
# contraction
#: *e + *o → ō
#: *o + *e → *ē
#: *æ, a + *a, ā → ā
#: *e + *o → *ō
#medial -j- loss
#: *æ, *a + *a, *ā → *ā
#medial -y- loss
#: ''*dyáyusta'' → ''*dyáusta'' ‘like a god’
#: ''*dyáyusta'' → ''*dyáusta'' ‘like a god’
#shortening of long final vowels after a stressed syllable
#loss of initial *H in clusters.
#: ''*wórān'' → ''*wóran'' ( < *gwʰor-éy-oh₂-m)
#: ''*Hrosā'' → ''*rosā'' ( < *Hroseh₂ )
#
#shortening of closed long final vowels after a stressed syllable
#
#: ''*wórān'' → ''*wóran'' ‘prepare’ ( < *gʷʰor-éy-oh₂-m)
#vocalisation of semi-vowels / #C_V
#: ''*dyáur'' → ''*diáur''
#<s>V:, V:C and VCC become standard</s>
#<s>: ''*wóran'' → ''*wṓrann'' </s>
# *ew → *u:
#: ''*lewmana'' → ''*lūmana'' 'first light of the day' ( < *léwk-mn-eh₂)
 
===later developments===
# *æ → *e
# {{sc|1sg.fut}} is de-iotated by analogy with the {{sc|1sg.pres}}
#: ''*kā́ssjan'' → ''*kā́ssan'' ‘I will seize’
#loss of middle endings with -r, forms with secondary middle endings win out
#: ''*bʰriágar'' → ''*bʰriága'' ‘I am brought to ruin’ ( < *bʰregh₂ér)
#: ''*bʰriágror'' → ''*bʰriágandho'' ‘they are brought to ruin’
#Verb raising (i.e. fronting) occurs more frequently. Transitive verbs also raise their argument after them.
#: ''*kā́ssan paldʰáron niábhas diáusta lūmanai'' ‘(Truly!) I will seize the settlement (of my) nephew as a (living) god by the first light of day’ ( < *kh₂p-s-yé-oh₂-m pḷth₂róm népōts deywós-?ta? léwk-mn-ey)
#: ''*pā́rssat sān so'' ‘He '''is''' asking her’ vs. ''*so sān pā́rssat'' ‘he asks her’
#A general trend of reanalysing collective nouns as singular feminines intensifies.
#:''*palla'' ‘several fortifications’ → ''*palla'' ‘city’ ( < *tpelHh₂)
#:''*walla'' ‘set of wheels’ → ''*walla'' ‘wagon’ ( < *kʷékʷlh₂)
# syllable bounding *n is lengthened
#: ''*kiasmanar'' → ''*kiasmannar'' ‘outriders, messengers’ ( < *kérs-mṇ-es through contamination with *kérs-mṇ-h₂ ‘group of messengers’)
#loss of unstressed, word-final short vowels in words where n(s) => 3.
#:''*aliendʰi'' → ''*aliendʰ'' ‘they feed’ ( < *h₂oléyenti)
#:''*bʰriágandʰo'' → ''*bʰriágandʰ'' ‘they are brought to ruin’
 
===even later===
# final n is lengthened
#:
 
 
===auronian dh.===
# g → Ø / #_V
#: ombhor ''spike'' < ( *gómbʰos), cf. Úis. ''gomfr''
 
===References===
===References===
<references />
<references />

Latest revision as of 17:38, 2 March 2018

About

Trying to re-engineer Dhannuá from scratch.

Sound changes

unity

  1. merge centum: [+palatal +velar] → [-palatal +velar]
    *ḱléwos → *kléwos ‘fame’
  2. dental separation and simplification: TT → TsT → *ss
    *bʰreud-tós → *bʰreussós ‘broken’
  3. metathesis of thorn clusters: TK > KT
    *h₂rtkos → *h₂rktos ‘bear’
  4. loss of laryngeals before vowel (triple reflex, Greek-style)
    *h₁e → *e~i
    *h₂e → *a
    *h₃e → *o
  5. loss of laryngeal after vowel, same as above but lengthening
    *eh₁ → *ē
    *eh₂ → *ā
    *eh₃ → *ō
  6. epenthetic *ə inserted before syllabic resonants
    *septṃ → *septəm ‘seven’
  7. Laryngeal collapse: *h₂ *h₃ → *hₔ (*H)
  8. *h₁ → h /#_V
  9. loss of laryngeal between two consonants: (CHC → CəC)
    *H → *ə (except: #_R where *H → h)
  10. CVHC → CV̄C
  11. *iH, *uH → ī, ū / _C
  12. Labiovelars reanalysed as sequence of plosive + *w
  13. *s + plosive → *ss / V_V, V_
    *st, *sk → *ss
  14. *m becomes *n before dentals and word finally.
  15. nasal + velar → *nn
  16. PT, KT join TT in → *ss
    *kəptós → *kəssós ‘taken’
  17. merger of *ə and short *a
  18. fricativization and devoicing of syllable-initial velar consonants before *w, *r, *l
  19. stress is retracted one step
  20. lengthening of *a in closed and stressed syllables
  21. labiovelar sequences simplify to *w / V_V
    *ákwā → *áwā ‘water’
  22. raising of *o after *w
    *déywos → *déywus ‘god’
  23. [-voice +stop] → [+voice +stop] / R_V
  24. lowering of *e → *æ when following syllable has a low vowel. (active surface filter)
  25. *s → *z / V_{V #}
  26. *h → Ø / #_{l r}
  27. innovation of future tense from desiderative -s- formation.
    *kā́psyeō ‘I will seize’ ( < *keh₂p-s-yé-oh₂)
  28. loss of *w before *u
    *wī́wus → *wī́uz
  29. secondary athematic endings are added to the imperfective present and future 1sg and replace 1pl, 2pl, 3pl.
    *kā́pyeōn < (*kh₂p-yé-oh₂-m); *kā́psyeōn ( < *keh₂p-s-yé-oh₂-m)
    *kāpyéme < (*kh₂p-ye-mé)
  30. *ō → *ā
    *kā́psyeōn → *kā́psyeān
  31. P K → f x / V_s
    *pā́ksyeān → *pā́xsyeān ‘I will fasten’ ( < *ph₂ḱ-s-yé-oh₂-m)
  32. *e → *æ / C_aC
    *bʰóweyeān → *bʰówæyæān ‘I warn’ ( < *bʰogʷ-éye-oh₂-m)
  33. Shift to strong initial expiratory stress

end of unity

→ User:Chrysophylax/pf ↓ Dhannic

  1. *p *t *k → *β *ð *ɣ / V_V, R_ (incomplete in insular branch)
    *kā́pyæān → *kā́βyæān ‘I seize’
  2. *z → *r / V_V, V_# (only insular)
    *wī́uz → *wīur ‘alive’
  3. merger of locative and instrumental cases
  4. *x → *s / _s
    *péxsyæān → *péssyæān ‘I will slap’ ( < *peḱ-s-yé-oh₂-m)
  5. breaking of stressed open *é → *yá
    *déyur → *dyáyur
  6. end of *e → *æ lowering
  7. new case endings: essive -ta, comitative -we [1]
  8. fortition of *β *ð *ɣ → *bʰ *dʰ *gʰ
    *néβāt → *nébʰāt ‘nephew’
  9. -yā (f.) ( < *-yeh₂) forms increase significantly.
  10. unstressed *ē → ai (operating during period of contraction)
    *pádʰēr → *pádʰair ‘father’
  11. contraction
    *o + *e → *ē
    *e + *o → *ō
    *æ, *a + *a, *ā → *ā
  12. medial -y- loss
    *dyáyusta → *dyáusta ‘like a god’
  13. loss of initial *H in clusters.
    *Hrosā → *rosā ( < *Hroseh₂ )
  14. shortening of closed long final vowels after a stressed syllable
    *wórān → *wóran ‘prepare’ ( < *gʷʰor-éy-oh₂-m)
  15. vocalisation of semi-vowels / #C_V
    *dyáur → *diáur
  16. V:, V:C and VCC become standard
  17. : *wóran → *wṓrann
  18. *ew → *u:
    *lewmana → *lūmana 'first light of the day' ( < *léwk-mn-eh₂)

later developments

  1. *æ → *e
  2. 1sg.fut is de-iotated by analogy with the 1sg.pres
    *kā́ssjan → *kā́ssan ‘I will seize’
  3. loss of middle endings with -r, forms with secondary middle endings win out
    *bʰriágar → *bʰriága ‘I am brought to ruin’ ( < *bʰregh₂ér)
    *bʰriágror → *bʰriágandho ‘they are brought to ruin’
  4. Verb raising (i.e. fronting) occurs more frequently. Transitive verbs also raise their argument after them.
    *kā́ssan paldʰáron niábhas diáusta lūmanai ‘(Truly!) I will seize the settlement (of my) nephew as a (living) god by the first light of day’ ( < *kh₂p-s-yé-oh₂-m pḷth₂róm népōts deywós-?ta? léwk-mn-ey)
    *pā́rssat sān so ‘He is asking her’ vs. *so sān pā́rssat ‘he asks her’
  5. A general trend of reanalysing collective nouns as singular feminines intensifies.
    *palla ‘several fortifications’ → *palla ‘city’ ( < *tpelHh₂)
    *walla ‘set of wheels’ → *walla ‘wagon’ ( < *kʷékʷlh₂)
  6. syllable bounding *n is lengthened
    *kiasmanar → *kiasmannar ‘outriders, messengers’ ( < *kérs-mṇ-es through contamination with *kérs-mṇ-h₂ ‘group of messengers’)
  7. loss of unstressed, word-final short vowels in words where n(s) => 3.
    *aliendʰi → *aliendʰ ‘they feed’ ( < *h₂oléyenti)
    *bʰriágandʰo → *bʰriágandʰ ‘they are brought to ruin’

even later

  1. final n is lengthened


auronian dh.

  1. g → Ø / #_V
    ombhor spike < ( *gómbʰos), cf. Úis. gomfr

References

  1. ^
    *dyáyur 'god'
    Number Singular Plural
    Nominative *dyáyur *dyáywer
    Vocative *dyáyu *dyáywer
    Genitive *dyáyuryor *dyáywān
    Accusative *dyáyun *dyáyuns
    Dative *dyáywei *dyáyuybhor
    Ablative *dyáywiad *dyáyuybhor
    Locative-Instrumental *dyáywei *dyáyuysu
    Essive *dyáyusta *dyáyuysta
    Comitative *dyáyuwe *dyáywezwe
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