Aryan: Difference between revisions

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:{|
:{|
|-
|-
| colspan="5" | <span style="color:blue">*tad</span> dʰgʰā́m
| colspan="5" | <span style="color:blue">*aestad</span> dʰgʰā́m
|-
|-
| *tad || *dʰgʰā́m
| *aes-tad || *dʰgʰā́m
|-
|-
| <small>DEITIC</small>.<small>3PERSON</small>.<small>SINGULAR</small>.<small>NOMINATIVE</small> || soil(adjective).<small>SINGULAR</small>.<small>NOMINATIVE</small>
| <small>MASCULINE</small>.<small>3PERSON</small>-<small>DEITIC</small>.<small>3PERSON</small>.<small>SINGULAR</small>.<small>NOMINATIVE</small> || soil(adjective).<small>SINGULAR</small>.<small>NOMINATIVE</small>
|-
|-
| "that" || "person"
| "this" || "person"
|-
|-
| colspan="4" | ''<span style="color:blue">that</span> person''
| colspan="4" | ''<span style="color:blue">this</span> person''
|}
|}


Line 1,906: Line 1,906:
**pʰirás > pʰā́r = *dʰgʰūmás > *gʰā́mar, *gʰā́man
**pʰirás > pʰā́r = *dʰgʰūmás > *gʰā́mar, *gʰā́man
**pʰerós > *phṓr dʰ
**pʰerós > *phṓr dʰ
aes, eah<sub>0</sub>, ad, sa [animated distal], tad [inanimated distal], aestad, eātad, atad


===Lesson 2===
===Lesson 2===


German
German:<br>


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! !! Masculine !! Feminine !! Neuter !! Plural
! !! Masculine !! Feminine !! Neuter !! Plural
|-
|-
| Nominative || -er[1/2], -∅[3],-e[4] || -e[1/4], -ie[2], -∅[3] || -es[1], -as[2], -∅[3], -e[4] || -e[1/3], -ie[2], -en[4]
| Nominative || -er{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}} -∅{{ref|3|3}},-e{{ref|4|4}} || -e{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|4|4}}{{ref|5|5}}, -ie{{ref|2|2}}, -∅{{ref|3|3}} || -es{{ref|1|1}}, -as{{ref|2|2}}, -∅{{ref|3|3}}, -e{{ref|4|4}} || -e{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|6|6}}, -ie{{ref|2|2}}, -en{{ref|4|4}}{{ref|5|5}}, -er{{ref|7|7}}
|-
|-
| Accusative || -en[1/2/3], -en[4] || -e[1/3], -ie[2], -e[4] || -es/-as/-e[4] || -e/-ie/-en[4]
| Genitive || -es{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|6|6}}{{ref|7|7}}, -en{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|4|4}} || -er{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -en{{ref|4|4}} || -es{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -en{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|4|4}} || -er{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -en{{ref|4|4}}
|-
|-
| Dative || -em/-en[4] || -er/-en[4] || -em/-en[4] || -en/-en[4]
| Dative || -em{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -en{{ref|4|4}}, -e{{ref|6|6}}{{ref|7|7}} || -er{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -en{{ref|4|4}} || -em{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -en{{ref|4|4}} || -en{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|4|4}}{{ref|6|6}}{{ref|7|7}}
|-
|-
| Genitive || -es/-en[4] || -er/-en[4] || -es/-en[4] || -er/-en[4]
| Accusative || -en{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|4|4}} || -e{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|4|4}}, -ie{{ref|2|2}} || -es{{ref|1|1}}<ref>3</ref>, -as{{ref|2|2}}, -e{{ref|4|4}} || -e{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|3|3}}, -ie{{ref|2|2}}, -en{{ref|4|4}}
|}
|}
declension of adjectives without definite articles [1]>definite articles>indefinite articles>adjectives with definite articles
 
{{note|1|1}} Declension of adjectives without articles;
{{note|2|2}} Declension of definite articles;
{{note|3|3}} Declension of indefinite articles;
{{note|4|4}} Declension of adjectives with articles;
{{note|5|5}} Declension of regular feminine nouns;
{{note|6|6}} Declension of regular masculine nouns;
{{note|7|7}} Declension of regular neuter nouns.
 
Russian:<br>
 
{| class="wikitable"
! !! Masculine !! Feminine !! Neuter !! Plural
|-
| Nominative || -от{{ref|1|1}}, -ый{{ref|2|2}}, -ин{{ref|3|3}} || -а/-я{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|4|4}}{{ref|5|5}}, -ая{{ref|2|2}}, -ина{{ref|3|3}} || -о{{ref|1|1}}, -ое{{ref|2|2}}, -ино{{ref|3|3}} || -и/ы{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|4|4}}{{ref|5|5}}, -ые{{ref|2|2}}, -ины{{ref|3|3}}
|-
| Genitive || -ого{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}, -иного{{ref|3|3}} || -ой{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}, -иной{{ref|3|3}}, -и/ы{{ref|4|4}}{{ref|5|5}}{{ref|6|6}} || -ого{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}, -иного{{ref|3|3}} || -их{{ref|1|1}}, -ых{{ref|2|2}}, -иных{{ref|3|3}}, -∅/ь{{ref|4|4}}{{ref|5|5}}, -ей{{ref|6|6}}
|-
| Dative || -ому{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}, -иному{{ref|3|3}} || -ой{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}, -иной{{ref|3|3}}, -е{{ref|4|4}}{{ref|5|5}} || -ому{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}, -иному{{ref|3|3}} || -им{{ref|1|1}}, -ым{{ref|2|2}}, -иным{{ref|3|3}}, -ам/-ям{{ref|4|4}}{{ref|5|5}}{{ref|6|6}}
|-
| Accusative || -ого{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}, -иного{{ref|3|3}}  || -ту{{ref|1|1}}, -ую{{ref|2|2}}, -ину{{ref|3|3}}, -у{{ref|4|4}}{{ref|5|5}}{{ref|6|6}} || -о{{ref|1|1}}, -ое{{ref|2|2}}, -ино{{ref|3|3}} || -их{{ref|1|1}}, -ых{{ref|2|2}}, -иных{{ref|3|3}}, -∅/ь{{ref|4|4}}{{ref|5|5}}{{ref|6|6}}
|-
| Accusative || -от{{ref|1|1}}, -ый{{ref|2|2}}, -ин{{ref|3|3}} || -ту{{ref|1|1}}, -ую{{ref|2|2}}, -ину{{ref|3|3}}, -у{{ref|4|4}}{{ref|5|5}}{{ref|6|6}} || -о{{ref|1|1}}, -ое{{ref|2|2}}, -ино{{ref|3|3}}  || -и{{ref|1|1}}, -ые{{ref|2|2}}, -ины{{ref|3|3}}, -∅/ь{{ref|4|4}}{{ref|5|5}}{{ref|6|6}}
|-
| Instrumental || -им{{ref|1|1}}, -ым{{ref|2|2}}, -иным{{ref|3|3}} || -ой/-ою//-ей{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|4|4}}{{ref|5|5}}{{ref|6|6}}, -иной/-иною{{ref|3|3}}, -ю{{ref|6|6}} || -им{{ref|1|1}}, -ым{{ref|2|2}}, -иным{{ref|3|3}} || -ими{{ref|1|1}}, -ыми{{ref|2|2}}, -иными{{ref|3|3}}, -ами/-ями{{ref|4|4}}{{ref|5|5}}{{ref|6|6}}
|-
| Prepositional || -ом{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}, -ином{{ref|3|3}} || -ой{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}, -иной{{ref|3|3}}, -е{{ref|4|4}}{{ref|5|5}}{{ref|6|6}} || -ом{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}, -ином{{ref|3|3}} || -их{{ref|1|1}}, -ых{{ref|2|2}}, -иных{{ref|3|3}}, -ах/-ях{{ref|4|4}}{{ref|5|5}}{{ref|6|6}}
|}
 
{{note|1|1}} Declension of correlatives;
{{note|2|2}} Declension of non-possessive adjectives;
{{note|3|3}} Declension of possessive adjectives;
{{note|4|4}} Declension of animated feminine nouns ending in a palatal consonant and vowel;
{{note|5|5}} Declension of animated feminine nouns ending in a hard consonant and vowel or inanimated feminine nouns ending in a palatal consonant and vowel;
{{note|6|6}} Declension of inanimated feminine nouns ending in a palatal consonant and no vowel;
{{note|7|7}} Declension of ;
 
 
diese schöne Kone
эта красивая жена
ista pulchra uxor
*eātad kaláh0 gʷaînah0


==Syntax==
==Syntax==

Latest revision as of 03:22, 30 October 2024


Aryan (Pre-Expansion: *Airáh0, pronounced /ai̯ˈrəʔ/; Post-Expansion: *Āryā́, pronounced /aːˈri̯aː/) is an ab interiori language of Proto-Indo-Anatolian.

Aryan
*airáh0
Pronunciation[ai̯ˈrəʔ]
Created byVeno
Date8000-6000 BP
SettingCaucasus Mountains
Native speakers- (2024)
Pangaean Code
  • Aryan
Early form
Transitional Dialect
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Introduction

[...]
The language is demonstrared using two modern Indo-European languages (German and Russian) and two ancient ones (Latin and Greek).

Transitional Tables

From the Codes to Aryan

Aryan
p *phth / *ph / *phkh; *phkʷh
t *thkh; *thkʷh / *th / *thph
k *khph / *kh; *kʷ / *khth
b *bd / *b / *bg; *bgʷ
d *dg; *dgʷ / *d / *db
g *gb / *g, *gʷ / gd
pʼ *pʼtʼ / *pʼ; *p / *pʼkʼ; *pʼkʷʼ
tʼ *tʼkʷʼ / *tʼ, t / *tʼpʼ
kʼ kʼpʼ / *kʼ; *k; *kʷʼ / kʼtʼ
ɓ *bhdh / *bh / *bhgh; *bhgʷh
ɗ *dhgh; *dhgʷh / *dh / *dhbh
ɠ *ghbh / *gh; *gʷh / *ghdh

From Aryan to Indo-Anatolian Languages

Sanskrit Avestan O.C.S. Lithuanian Albanian Armenian Hittite Tocharian Greek Latin Goidelic Gothic
>*p p; pʰ p; f p p p h; w p; pp p p / pt p ∅ f; β
>*t x x
>*k x x
>*ḱ x x

p pt p ∅ f; b [β] [C 6] f; v, f[C 2] 


thorn clusters, *sD, *sR, ? *ts, ? Bartholomae's law...
Table 1. Reflexes of Proto-Indo-European single consonants
PIE Indo-Iranian Balto-Slavic Alb. Arm. Anatol. Toch. Greek Italic Celtic Germanic
Sanskrit Avestan O.C.S. Lith. Hitt. Latin Old Irish Gothic English
normal C+[j] [C 1] normal -C- [C 2] [C 1]
*p p; ph [pʰ] [C 3] p; f [C 4] p h;
w [C 5] 		p, pp p pt p ∅ f;
b [β] [C 6] 		f;
v, f[C 2]
*t t; th [t̪ʰ] [C 3] t; θ[C 4] t tʿ [tʰ] t, tt;
z [ts] [C 7] 		t;
c [c] [C 7] 		t s; tt/ss[C 5] t t th [θ] þ [θ];
d [ð]; [C 6] 		th;
d; [C 6]
*ḱ ś [ɕ] s š [ʃ] th [θ];
k[C 8] 		s k, kk k;
ś [ɕ][C 8] 		k c [k] c [k] ch [x] h;
g [ɣ] [C 6] 		h;
∅;[C 2]
y [C 6]
*k k; c [t͡ɕ]; [C 7]
kh [kʰ] [C 3] 		k; c [tʃ]; [C 7]
x[C 4] 		k;
č [tʃ]; [C 7]
c [ts][C 9] 		k k;
q [c][C 9] 		kʿ [kʰ]
*kʷ k;
s; [C 7]
q [c][C 9] 		ku, kku p;
t; [C 7]
k[C 10] 		qu [kʷ];
c [k] [C 11] 		ƕ [ʍ];
gw, w [C 6]
 wh;
w [C 6]
*b b; bh [C 3] b; β [C 12] b p b pt b b [b] -[β]- p
*d d; dh [C 3] d; δ [C 12] d d;
dh [ð][C 2] 		t ts;
ś [ɕ] [C 7] 		d z [zd] > [z] d d [d] -[ð]- t
*ǵ j [d͡ʑ];
h [ɦ] [C 3] 		z ž [ʒ] dh [ð];
g[C 8] 		c [ts] k k;
ś [ɕ][C 8] 		g g g [ɡ] -[ɣ]- k c / k;
ch[C 9]
*g g; j [d͡ʑ]; [C 7]
gh; [C 3] h [ɦ] [C 3] 		g; j [dʒ]; [C 7]
γ [C 12] 		g;
ž [ʒ]; [C 7]
dz[C 9] 		g g k
*gʷ g;
z; [C 7]
gj [ɟ][C 9] 		ku b;
d; [C 7]
g[C 10] 		u [w > v];
gu [ɡʷ] [C 13] 		b [b] -[β]- q [kʷ] qu
*pʰ bh [bʱ] b; β [C 12] b b;
w[C 2] 		p ph [pʰ] pt f;[C 14]
b 		b [b];
b [β];[C 2]
f [C 15] 		b;
v / f[C 16]
*tʰ dh [dʱ] d; δ [C 12] d t t;
c [c] [C 7] 		th [tʰ] tt/ss f;[C 14]
d;
b [C 17] 		d [d] -[ð]- d;
d [ð];[C 2]
þ [C 15] 		d
*ǵʰ h [ɦ] z ž [ʒ] dh [ð];
d[C 8] 		j [dz];
z[C 2] 		k k;
ś [ɕ] [C 7] 		kh [kʰ] h;
h / g[C 8] 		g [ɡ] -[ɣ]- g;
g [ɣ];[C 2]
g [x] [C 15] 		g;
y / w[C 16]
*gʰ gh [ɡʱ];
h [ɦ] [C 7] 		g; j [dʒ]; [C 7]
γ [C 12] 		g;
ž [ʒ]; [C 7]
dz[C 9] 		g g g;
ǰ [dʒ] [C 7]
*gʷʰ g;
z; [C 7]
gj [ɟ][C 9] 		ku ph [pʰ];
th [tʰ]; [C 7]
kh [kʰ][C 10] 		f;[C 14]
g /
u [w];[C 2]
gu [ɡʷ] [C 13] 		g;
b;[C 14]
w;[C 2]
gw [C 13] 		g;
b;[C 14]
w[C 2]
*s s h [h, x] s sh [ʃ];
gj [ɟ];[C 18]
h[C 2] 		h;
∅[C 2] 		š [s] s;
ṣ [ʂ] 		h;[C 14]
s;[C 19][C 15]/
∅;[C 2]
[¯] [C 20] 		i s;
r[C 2] 		s ʃ -[h]- s;
z [C 6] 		s;
r [C 6]
ṣ [ʂ][C 21] š [ʃ][C 21] x [x][C 21] š [ʃ][C 21]
*m m in m m [m] -[w̃]- m
*-m [C 15] m ˛ [˜] n ∅ n n -- m [˜] n ∅
*n n n;
˛ [˜] [C 15] 		n n;
ñ [ɲ] 		n in n
*l r (dial. l) r l l;
ll [ɫ][C 2] 		l /
ɫ [ɫ
> ɣ] 		l il l
*r r/l[C 22] r r [ɾ];
rr [r][C 2] 		r ir r
*y y [j] j [j] gj [ɟ];
∅ 		∅ y [j] z [zd] > [z] /
h;
∅ [C 2] 		?i i [j];
∅ [C 2] 		∅ j y
*w v [ʋ] v [w] v v [ʋ] v g / w w w > h / ∅ i u [w > v] f -∅- w
PIE Skr. Av. O.C.S. Lith. Alb. Arm. Hitt. Toch. Greek Greek+/j/ Latin Old Irish Gothic English

Notes for table 1:

  1. ^ a b A capital C stands for consonant in this table
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Between vowels
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Before an original h₂.
  4. ^ a b c Before a consonant or original laryngeal.
  5. ^ a b After a vowel.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i Following an unstressed vowel (Verner's law).
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Before a (PIE) front vowel (*i, *e).
  8. ^ a b c d e f Before a sonorant.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h Before secondary (post-PIE) front-vowels.
  10. ^ a b c Before or after a (PIE) u
  11. ^ Before or after a (PIE) rounded vowel (*u, *o).
  12. ^ a b c d e f In Younger Avestan, after a vowel.
  13. ^ a b c After n.
  14. ^ a b c d e f At the beginning of a word
  15. ^ a b c d e f At the end of a word.
  16. ^ a b Between vowels, or between a vowel and r, l (on either side)
  17. ^ After u, r or before r, l.
  18. ^ Before a stressed vowel
  19. ^ Before or after an obstruent (p, t, k, etc.; s)
  20. ^ Before or after a resonant (r, l, m, n).
  21. ^ a b c d After r, u, k, i (Ruki sound law).
  22. ^ rare

Consonant clusters

Proto-Indo-European also had numerous consonant clusters, such as *st, *ḱs. In most cases in most languages, each consonant in a cluster develops according to the normal development given in the table above. Many consonant clusters however also show special developments in multiple languages. Some of these are given by the following table (with cases of otherwise predictable development in gray):

Table 2. Reflexes of Proto-Indo-European consonant clusters
PIE Indo-Iranian Balto-Slavic Alb. Arm. Anatol. Toch. Greek Italic Celtic Germanic
Skr. Av. O.C.S. Lith. Hitt. Latin Old Irish Gothic English
normal C+[j]
*sr sr r str sr rr [r] (a)r š(ša)r ʃʃr rh n/a fr-, -br- sr str str
*tw tv θβ tv tv t kʿ [kʰ] ttu, ddu s-, -ss- n/a p? t þw thw
*dʰw dhv ðβ dv dv d ? tu, du f d dw dw
*dw dv (e)rk tu, du b tw tw
*tl sl kl, sl tl kl tl
*dl ll
*dn nn, ṇṇ
*ḱw śv sp sv šv s sk, š n/a qu [kʷ] cu [kʷ] Template:Transl [xʷ] wh
*ǵʰw hv zv žv z
*ǵw jv q [kʷ] qu [kw]
*sw sv xuu [xʷ] sv sv v, d[CC 1] kʿ [kʰ] normal dev. h n/a su [sw] s sw sw
*sp sp sp [CC 2] sp f sp [CC 2]
/ pʿ [pʰ] 		normal dev. sp [CC 2] ? sp f sp [CC 3]
*sbʰ spʰ
*sd d; ḷ[CC 4] > ḍ, ḍḍ zd zd zd st d -t- [d] st st
*sdʰ dh; ḷh[CC 4] > ḍh, ḍḍh zd zd zd sth -t- [d] zd d
*st st; ṣṭ[CC 4] st [CC 2] st sht [ʃt] st [CC 2] normal dev. st [CC 2] s; tt/ss[CC 5] st st [CC 3]
*sḱ ch [t͡ɕʰ]; cch[CC 5] s? sk š? h ?? č`; c`[CC 5] normal dev. sk; [CC 2]
kh [kʰ];[CC 6]
skh [skʰ] [CC 7] 		sc [sk] sc [sk] sk [CC 3] sh [ʃ]
*sk sk, {śc, ch}[CC 8] sk, sč [CC 2] normal dev. ? sk [CC 2] normal dev.
*skʷ norm. squ [skʷ] sq [CC 3]
*t+t [tst] tt; tth [CC 9] st; sθ?[CC 10] st s s? zt, zzašt, zzazz [tst] ss? st ss ss / st
*sǵ jj
*sgʰ jj[CC 8]
*dt tt st st st s ss ss [s]
*ddʰ ddʰ zd d t
*dʰt ddʰ zd, st st st
*pt pt ft t? pt t pt pt cht [xt] ft [CC 3]
*ḱt ṣṭ [ʂʈ] št [ʃt] st št [ʃt] kt ct [kt] ht [CC 3] ght [t] [CC 3]
*kt kt xt t? kt
*kʷt pt ct [kt]
*ps ps ps ps s, ss fs ps
*ts ts
*ḱs kṣ š sh [ʃ] ks x [ks] hs x [ks]
*ks kṣ[CC 4] xš[CC 4] (ks)
*kʷs kʷs ps x [ks]
*gs kṣ
*gʷs kṣ
*ǵʰs kṣ ž ks
*gʰs kṣ
*gʷʰs kṣ ps
*tḱ kṣ š k kt s
*tk kṣ xš kt
*dʰǵʰ kṣ z ž tk tk/k khth
*dʰgʰ kṣ tk
*dʰgʷʰ kṣ γž kts phth s
PIE Skr. Av. O.C.S. Lith. Alb. Arm. Hitt. Toch. Greek Greek+/j/ Latin Old Irish Gothic English


-->

Orthography

Trad. PIE Laryng. PIE Skr. Av. O.C.S. Lith. Arm. Alb. Toch. Hitt. Greek Latin[V 1] Proto-Celtic Gothic[V 2] Old English[V 1]
normal umlauted[V 3]
*e *e, *h₁e a e je, ie, e, i; ja[V 4] ä e, ʔe, i e i; aí [ɛ][V 5] e; eo[V 6] i; ie[V 6]
*a (*a[V 7]), *h₂e o a a ha, a ā ha, a a a æ; a;[V 8] ea[V 6] e; ie[V 6]
*o *h₃e o, a a a, e a o
*o a; ā[V 9]
*ə[V 10] *h₁[V 10] i i, ∅ ∅ a, ∅ ā ∅ e a a, ∅
*h₂[V 10] ḫ a
*h₃[V 10] ∅ o
*- *h₁-[V 11] ∅ e (a?) ∅ a, ∅ e (o) ∅
*h₂-[V 11] a ḫa a
*h₃-[V 11] a, ha o
*ē *ē, *eh₁ ā ě ė i o, ua a/e?; ā?[V 12] ē, e, i ē ī ē ǣ
*ā (*ā[V 7]), *eh₂ a o [oː] a a/o? a, ah ā > ē[V 13] ā ā ō ē
*ō *ō, *eh₃ uo u e a/ā?; ū?[V 12] a, ā ō ā; ū[V 12]
*i *i i ь i i i; e[V 14] ä i, ī i i; aí [ɛ][V 5] i
*ī *ih₁ ī i y [iː] i i ī ī ei [iː] ī
*ih₂ i
or (j)a?[V 15] 		yā ī or (j)ā?[V 15]
*ih₃ ī or (j)ō?[V 15]
*ei *ei, *h₁ei ai > ē ai > ōi,
āi > aē[V 9] 		ei; ie[V 16] i e ē ei ī ē
*oi *oi, *h₃ei ě ai; ie[V 16] e e, ai ē, ai oi ū oi ái ā ǣ
*ai (*ai[V 7]), *h₂ei ai ae ai
*ēi *ēi āi > ai; ā[V 12] āi; ā(i)[V 12] i i ē ēi ī? ei [iː] ī
*ōi *ōi (*oei) y; u[V 12] ai; ui[V 12] e, ai ai ōi ō u[V 12] ái ā ǣ
*āi *eh₂ei ě ai āi > ēi[V 13] ae
*u *u u ъ u u u; y[V 17] ä u u u u; o[V 18] u; aú [ɔ][V 5] u; o[V 19] y
*ū *uh₁ ū y ū y; i[V 12] u ū ū ȳ
*uh₂ u
or (w)a?[V 15] 		wā ū or (w)ā?[V 15]
*uh₃ ū or (w)ō?[V 15]
*eu *eu, *h₁eu au > ō ə̄u; ao[V 9] ju iau oy e u eu ū ou iu ēo īe
*ou *ou,*h₃eu u au a o, au ou áu ēa
*au (*au[V 7]), *h₂eu aw au au
*ēu *ēu āu > au āu u iau e ū? iu ēo
*ōu *ōu a au ō áu ēa
*m̥ *m̥ a ę im̃; um̃[V 20] am a äm a, un a em em, am um um ym
*m̥̅ *mh₁ ā ìm; ùm[V 20] ama mā mē mā
*mh₂ mā > mē[V 13]
*mh₃ mō
*m̥m *m̥m am ьm/ъm im; um[V 20] am am em am
*n̥ *n̥ a ę iñ; uñ[V 20] an än an a en en, an un un yn
*n̥̄ *nh₁ ā ìn; ùn[V 20] ana nā nē nā
*nh₂ nā > nē [V 13]
*nh₃ nō
*n̥n *n̥n an ьn/ъn iñ; uñ[V 20] an an en an
*l̥ *l̥ r̥ ərə lь/lъ il̃; ul̃[V 20] al il, li; ul, lu äl al la ol li;[V 21] al ul ul; ol[V 19] yl
*l̥̄ *lh₁ īr; ūr[V 22] arə ìl; ùl[V 20] ala al lā lē lā
*lh₂ lā > lē[V 13]
*lh₃ lō
*l̥l *l̥l ir; ur[V 22] ar ьl/ъl il; ul[V 20] al, la al el al
*r̥ *r̥ r̥ ərə rь/rъ ir̃; ur̃[V 20] ar ir, ri; ur, ru är ar, ur ra or ri;[V 21] ar aúr [ɔr] ur; or[V 19] yr
*r̥̄ *rh₁ īr; ūr[V 22] arə ìr; ùr[V 20] ara ra rā rē rā
*rh₂ rā > rē[V 13]
*rh₃ rō
*r̥r *r̥r ir; ur[V 22] ar ьr/ъr ir; ur[V 20] ar ar ar ar
Trad. PIE Laryng. PIE Skr. Av. O.C.S. Lith. Arm. Alb. Toch. Hitt. Greek Latin[V 1] Proto-Celtic Gothic[V 2] normal umlauted[V 3]
Old English[V 1]

Phonology

Sounds

Consonants

Aryan is reconstructed as having 41 consonants, with an assumption made that it would have maintained the 36 main consonants of the Pangaean Code in some form while adding a labialized series of velars. Later, sounds would be lost in Proto-Indo-European, et cetera.

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Pharyngeal Glottal
Nasal Voiceless *m̥ *n̥
Voiced *m *n
Plosive Voiceless *p *t *k *kʷ *ʔ
Voiced *b *d *g *gʷ
Aspirated- *ph *th *kh *kʷh
Aspirated+ *bh *dh *gh *gʷh
Ejective *p’ *t’ *k’ *kʷ’
Fricative Voiceless *s *x (*xʷ) *ħ *h
Voiced *z *ɣ (*ɣʷ) *ʕ *ɦ
Vibrant Voiceless *r̥
Voiced *r
Lateral Voiceless *l̥
Voiced *l
Approximant Voiceless *j̊ *ẘ
Voiced *j *w

Vowels

Pitch Accent

Meta-Segmentals

X

X

X

Supra-Segmentals

X

X

X

Taxology

Desinencies

Affixes

Roots

Clitics

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Semantics

Phememes

Phones

Morphemes

Phonemes

Tagmemes

Semes

Taxemes

Sememes

Prosodemes

Glossemes

Noemes

Oidemes

Morphology

Lesson 1

German:

dieser Mensch
dies-er Mensch
DEITIC.PROXIMAL-MASCULINE.SINGULAR.NOMINATIVE person
"this" "person"
this person

Russian:

этот человек
эт-от человек
DEITIC-MASCULINE.SINGULAR.NOMINATIVE person.NOMINATIVE
"this" "person"
this person

Latin:

iste homo
iste homo
DEITIC.PROXIMAL .NOMINATIVE person.NOMINATIVE
"that" "person"
that person

Greek:

οὗτος ἄνθρωπος
οὗτ-ος ἄνθρωπ-ος
DEITIC.PROXIMAL-MASCULINE.SINGULAR.NOMINATIVE person-MASCULINE.SINGULAR.NOMINATIVE
"this" "person"
this person

Aryan:

*aestad dʰgʰā́m
*aes-tad *dʰgʰā́m
MASCULINE.3PERSON-DEITIC.3PERSON.SINGULAR.NOMINATIVE soil(adjective).SINGULAR.NOMINATIVE
"this" "person"
this person

The above samples follow the term *tad instead of *sa, as the former is used to refer to third person in general. *sa *tad <

  • h0e * eah0 *as *ats
    • pʰirás > pʰā́r = *dʰgʰūmás > *gʰā́mar, *gʰā́man
    • pʰerós > *phṓr dʰ

aes, eah0, ad, sa [animated distal], tad [inanimated distal], aestad, eātad, atad

Lesson 2

German:

Masculine Feminine Neuter Plural
Nominative -er[1][2] -∅[3],-e[4] -e[1][4][5], -ie[2], -∅[3] -es[1], -as[2], -∅[3], -e[4] -e[1][3][6], -ie[2], -en[4][5], -er[7]
Genitive -es[2][3][6][7], -en[1][4] -er[1][2][3], -en[4] -es[2][3], -en[1][4] -er[1][2][3], -en[4]
Dative -em[1][2][3], -en[4], -e[6][7] -er[1][2][3], -en[4] -em[1][2][3], -en[4] -en[1][2][3][4][6][7]
Accusative -en[1][2][3][4] -e[1][3][4], -ie[2] -es[1][1], -as[2], -e[4] -e[1][3], -ie[2], -en[4]

^1 Declension of adjectives without articles; ^2 Declension of definite articles; ^3 Declension of indefinite articles; ^4 Declension of adjectives with articles; ^5 Declension of regular feminine nouns; ^6 Declension of regular masculine nouns; ^7 Declension of regular neuter nouns.

Russian:

Masculine Feminine Neuter Plural
Nominative -от[1], -ый[2], -ин[3] -а/-я[1][4][5], -ая[2], -ина[3] -о[1], -ое[2], -ино[3] -и/ы[1][4][5], -ые[2], -ины[3]
Genitive -ого[1][2], -иного[3] -ой[1][2], -иной[3], -и/ы[4][5][6] -ого[1][2], -иного[3] -их[1], -ых[2], -иных[3], -∅/ь[4][5], -ей[6]
Dative -ому[1][2], -иному[3] -ой[1][2], -иной[3], -е[4][5] -ому[1][2], -иному[3] -им[1], -ым[2], -иным[3], -ам/-ям[4][5][6]
Accusative -ого[1][2], -иного[3] -ту[1], -ую[2], -ину[3], -у[4][5][6] -о[1], -ое[2], -ино[3] -их[1], -ых[2], -иных[3], -∅/ь[4][5][6]
Accusative -от[1], -ый[2], -ин[3] -ту[1], -ую[2], -ину[3], -у[4][5][6] -о[1], -ое[2], -ино[3] -и[1], -ые[2], -ины[3], -∅/ь[4][5][6]
Instrumental -им[1], -ым[2], -иным[3] -ой/-ою//-ей[1][2][4][5][6], -иной/-иною[3], -ю[6] -им[1], -ым[2], -иным[3] -ими[1], -ыми[2], -иными[3], -ами/-ями[4][5][6]
Prepositional -ом[1][2], -ином[3] -ой[1][2], -иной[3], -е[4][5][6] -ом[1][2], -ином[3] -их[1], -ых[2], -иных[3], -ах/-ях[4][5][6]

^1 Declension of correlatives; ^2 Declension of non-possessive adjectives; ^3 Declension of possessive adjectives; ^4 Declension of animated feminine nouns ending in a palatal consonant and vowel; ^5 Declension of animated feminine nouns ending in a hard consonant and vowel or inanimated feminine nouns ending in a palatal consonant and vowel; ^6 Declension of inanimated feminine nouns ending in a palatal consonant and no vowel; ^7 Declension of ;


diese schöne Kone эта красивая жена ista pulchra uxor

  • eātad kaláh0 gʷaînah0

Syntax

Prosody

Sample text


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  1. ^ 3
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