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| ==Unnamed Wiobosphere language== | | == Burmese roms == |
| | === v0 === |
| <poem> | | <poem> |
| Consonants:
| | Ŧăȷā hmȷạ·ŧạ luc·lac khȷīnh nẹ mă tuê |
| p b m mh f v ł (''b, p, m, hn, f, w, ł'')
| | ta.ra: hmya. ta. lwat lap hkrang: nai. ma. swe |
| t d n nh th dh l (''d, t, n, hn, þ, ð'')
| | [tɪ.já m̥ja̰.ta̰ lʊʔ.laʔ t͡ɕʰɪ́ŋ nɛ̰ mə t̪wè ǀ] |
| s z c dz (''s, ns, ŧ, đ'')
| |
| sz ż cz dż (retroflexes) (''sr, r, dr, tr'')
| |
| š ž č dž (postalveolars) (''schi, nschi, gi, ki'')
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| ś ź ć dź (sj-sounds) (''schl, nschl, kl, gl'')
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| j (''j'')
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| k g ŋ ŋh ch (''g, k, ng, hng, sch'')
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| h ʔ (''h, Ø'')
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| Vowels:
| | Độ pȷê, độ mȷê |
| i w ó (''ie, u, uo'')
| | tui. prany, tui. mre |
| e y o (''e, ö, å'')
| | [do̰ pjè ǀ do̰ mjè ǁ] |
| a (''ei'')
| |
|
| |
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| ij ół (''iej uoł'')
| | Mȷā lu khat·tê̄nh nhê̄nh·gkhȷan zxê bộ |
| ej eł oj oł
| | mya: lu hkap sim: ngrim: hkyam: ce hpo. |
| aj aw ał
| | [mjá lù kʰaʔ.t̪éɪ̯ŋ ɲéɪ̯ɰ̃.d͡ʑán zè βo̰ ǀ] |
| ia wa óa
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| h ʔ
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| Tones:
| | Khuỵnh ŧu·nhı hmȷạ, wa·đạ phȷu·xınh đŧệ pȷê |
| 1:
| | hkwang. tu nyi hmya. wada. hpyu cang tai. prany |
| 2:
| | [kʰwɪ̰ŋ tù.ɲì m̥ja̰ ǀ wà.da̰ (ǀ) pʰjù.sɪ̀ŋ dḛ pjè ǀ] |
| 3:
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| 4:
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| 5:
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| 6:
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| 7:
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| 8:
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| </poem>
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|
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|
| ==Nurian==
| | Độ pȷê, độ mȷê |
| *''dwch'' - grass
| | tui. prany tui. mre |
| *''dwncha'' - I am a grass.
| | [do̰ pjè ǀ do̰ mjè ǁ] |
| *''dwchyn'' - my grass
| |
| *''dwchys'' - thy (m) grass
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| *''dwchŷ'' - thy (f) grass
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| *''dwcho'' - his grass
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| *''dwchi'' - her grass
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| *''dwchaf'' - our (exc) grass
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| ==Tamil/Basque hybrid==
| | Pȷı·đŧhong·zxụ ămuê ămȷē ŧı·đŧạn zxê |
| ==Nail Polish script==
| | prany htaung cu. a mwi a.mrai: tany tam. ce |
| <poem>
| | [pjì.dàʊ̯ŋ.zṵ ʔə.mwè ʔ(ə.)mjɛ́ tì.da̰ŋ zè] |
| peṭh = bear = ɤ
| |
| teñmhyff = mushroom = ɷ
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| tsordh = hourglass = χ
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| señ = head = ɵ
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| tleba = goblet = ʋ
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| llbhera = clock = ɸ
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| ṭílhyll = cloud = ɯ
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| ṣuet = rose = ɘ
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| cmath = jaw = ɜ
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| bañr = hill = ʌ
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| drídlh = river = ʭ
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| dzítra = fence = ʜ
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| zalhyth = ant = ɶ
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| dlyrṣa = plough = ʄ
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| ła = human being = ɧ
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| ḍarbha = seesaw = ʎ
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| ẓí = hair = ɪ
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| genw = foot = ɺ
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| mínth = arm = ʏ
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| núryt = star = ʞ
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| ngwler = boat = ʁ
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| ryłeth = tree = ʡ
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| líff = moon = ɔ
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| uúthma = whale = ɚ
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| iachta = navel = ʘ
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| Terg ''fozabh'' = root = ɻ
| |
| lenition sign = ː
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| a: ʱ ''ła ẓhery'' | | Ă·đêch·ŧhan pȷụ bpê, ŧhênh·tênh zxộ lê |
| e: ˠ ''peṭh ẓhery''
| | a.dhithtan pru. pe htin: sim: cui. le |
| i: ʷ ''ṭílhyll ẓhery''
| | [ʔ(ə.)deɪ̯ʔ.tʰàn pjṵ βè ǀ tʰéɪ̯ŋ.t̪éɪ̯ŋ zo̰ lè ǁ] |
| o: ˣ ''tsordh ẓhery''
| |
| ú: ˧˥ ''núryt ẓhery''
| |
| w: ʶ ''ngwler ẓhery''
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| y: ˀ ''ryłeth ẓhery''
| |
| A nasal vowel is written with an ǃ after its oral counterpart, so for example, deñr (three) is <ʭˠǃʡ>.
| |
| </poem>
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|
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|
| ==Blablabla==
| | Găba mă kȷê, Mȷăma pȷê |
| <poem>Seiber Zäufstohr des Neibchen pim der Kohrstänge
| | kambha ma. kye, mranma prany |
| Smiley like
| | [ɡ(ə.)βà mə t͡ɕè ǀ mjə.mà pjè ǀ] |
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| what does that mean in Wiob?
| | Độ bô̄·boā ămuê xıch mộ khȷıch mȷat nô̄ bê |
| seib and neib should be words
| | tui. bhui: bwa: a.mwe cac mui. hkyac mrat nui: pe |
| or neif
| | [do̰ βó.bwá (ʔə.)mwè sɪʔ mo̰ t͡ɕʰɪʔ mjaʔ nó βè ǁ] |
| seib: snow
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| Neif SHOULD NOT mean cloud
| | Pȷi·đŧhong·zxụ gô ătet pê̄ lộ độ ka goe mălê |
| neif - plaque
| | prany htaung cu. kui a.sak pe: lui. tui. ka kwai ma.le |
| seip, neib in Wä.
| | [pjì.dàʊ̯ŋ.zṵ ɡò ʔ(ə.)t̪ɛʔ pé lo̰ do̰ kà ɡwɛ̀ m(ə.)lè ǀ] |
| or Seibe > Seippe
| |
|
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|
| seippe looks finnishy
| | Đa độ pȷê đa độ mȷê độ panh·net mȷê |
| | da tui. prany da tui. mre tui. puing nak mre |
| | [dà do̰ pjè dà do̰ mjè do̰ pàɪ̯ŋ.nɛʔ mjè ǀ] |
|
| |
|
| maybe Wätzmer can be finnishy?
| | Độ pȷê, độ mȷê, ăkjô̄ gô nhı·nha zxoa độ đăđuê |
| | tui. prany tui. mre a.kyui: kui nyi nya cwa tui. ta.twe |
| | [do̰ pjè ǀ do̰ mjè ǀ ʔ(ə.)t͡ɕó ɡò ǀ ɲì.ɲà zwà do̰ d(ə.)dwè ǀ] |
|
| |
|
| vätsmär
| | Ŧhān xhong ba zxộ lê, độ ta·wung bê ăphô̄·ŧan mȷê |
| w/ consonant gradation perhaps
| | htam: hcaung pa sui. le tui. ta wan pe a. hpui: tan mre |
| | [tʰán sʰàʊ̯ŋ bà zo̰ lè ǀ do̰ tà.wʊ̀ŋ bè ʔ(ə.)pʰó.tàn mjè ǁ] |
| | </poem> |
|
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|
| <tsm> is more estonianish however | | === v1 === |
| | <poem> |
| | Tyȷā hmȷȧtȧ luqlaq khȷīɴ nɛ̇ my þwe |
| | Dȯ pȷe, dȯ mȷe |
| | Mȷā lu khaqþēɴ nȷēɴgkhȷaɴ zse bȯ |
| | Khwiɴ tunȷı hmȷȧ, wadȧ phȷusıɴ dtė pȷe |
| | Dȯ pȷe, dȯ mȷe |
| | Pȷıdthɔɴzsu̇ ymwe ymȷɛ̇ tıdtȧɴ zse |
| | Ydeqthaɴ pȷu̇ bpe, thenþeɴ zsȯ le |
| | Gyba my kȷe, Mȷyma pȷe |
| | Dȯ bōbwā ymwe sıq mȯ khȷıq mȷaq nō be |
| | Gyba my kȷe, Mȷyma pȷe |
| | Dȯ bōbwā ymwe sıq mȯ khȷıq mȷaq nō be |
| | Pȷidthɔɴzsu̇ go yþɛq pē lȯ dȯ ka gwɛ myle |
| | Da dȯ pȷe da dȯ mȷe dė pɛɴnɛq mȷe |
| | Dȯ pȷe, dȯ mȷe, ykjō go nȷınȷa zwa dȯ dydwe |
| | Thāɴ shɔɴ ba zsȯ le, dȯ þawuɴ be yphōtaɴ mȷe |
| | </poem> |
| | === v2 === |
| | <poem> |
| | Tyjā hmjătă luqlaq khjīɴ nɛ{{breve}} my þwe |
| | Dŏ pje, dŏ mje |
| | Mjā lu khaqþēɴ njēɴgkhjaɴ zse bŏ |
| | Khwĭɴ tunji hmjă, wadă phjusiɴ dtĕ pȷe |
| | Dŏ pje, dŏ mje |
| | Pjidthɔɴzsŭ ymwe ymjɛ{{breve}} tıdtăɴ zse |
| | Ydeqthaɴ pjŭ bpe, thenþeɴ zsŏ le |
|
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|
| estonian tends to syncope
| | Gyba my kje, Mjyma pje |
| the native name is Wäßßma
| | Dŏ bōbwā ymwe siq mŏ khjiq mjaq nō be |
| | Gyba my kje, Mjyma pje |
| | Dŏ bōbwā ymwe siq mŏ khjiq mjaq nō be |
| | Pjĭdthɔɴzsŭ go yþɛq pē lŏ dŏ ka gwɛ myle |
| | Da dŏ pje da dŏ mje dĕ pɛɴnɛq mje |
| | Dŏ pȷe, dŏ mȷe, ykjō go njinja zwa dŏ dydwe |
| | Thāɴ shɔɴ ba zsŏ le, dŏ þawuɴ be yphōtaɴ mje |
| | </poem> |
| | === v3 === |
| | Deliberately English/German-like |
|
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| vätsma
| | Ch for aspiration, þ/ð for dental stops |
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| looks like an Estonian word
| | Superscript the original consonant before a voiced initial that's a result of voicing sandhi |
| der Meichtel und die kreuge haben den Ofel angeschninkelt!
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| Kypyyseltä välmeseltyksemistä tavaallon tyyhytyöksä.
| | <poem> |
| Was und wemm war des Gemminges?
| | Rimes: |
| Und Pfurges ummärten den Sieberschmüstchen
| | ị i ī ịn in īn it |
| | ẹ e ē ạne ane āne ate |
| | ạre are āre ịne ine īne ite |
| | ạ a ā ạn an ān at et |
| | ạw aw āw ọun oun ōun out |
| | ọ o ō ọne one ōne ote |
| | ụ u ū ọon oon ōon oot |
| | </poem> |
|
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|
| Kemminget ovat kyttämmäydän huoppenusta.
| | <poem> |
| | <sup>k</sup>gəba ma che, myəma pye |
| | dọ bōbwā əmwe sit mọ chhit myat nō be |
| | </poem> |
|
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|
| kas siibris on õimisääksud vuudel riiskunäiglises?
| | == World's worst romanization for Vietnamese == |
| Neuber und Seigen driechen das Fauensammer.
| | === Initials === |
| | <poem> |
| | ñ ɟ̃ ỹ q̃ = m n nh ng |
| | n{{lsb}} n þ ɟ ꞃ y q = p b t đ tr ch c/k/qu |
| | f ɟ{{lrb}} q{{lrb}} = ph th kh |
| | ſ p{{lrb}} = x s |
| | ƿ ȷ j r = v d gi g |
| | λ p = l r |
| | </poem> |
|
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|
| Smiley smile
| | The initials ʔ h are indicated by placing spiritus lenis and spiritus asper above the first letter, and {{angbr|ƿ}} is used for the /w/ medial: ƿηɟ̃, Ƿ{{lsb}}ηɟ̃, ƿ{{lrb}}ηɟ̃s = viên, Uyên, huyền. |
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|
| gibberish is fun!
| | === Nuclei === |
| Zwümmel und Zwäffer!
| | * u ɯ w e ɘ ə ɵ æ a ɐ ɑ = i/y ư u ê ơ â ô e a ă o |
| | * η ξ ω = ia/iê, ưa/ươ, ua/uô |
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| jah, kindlasti, tsvümmelist ja tsvähverist põiruksid määdesti külimadelt!
| | === Finals === |
| Der Miedramm hat die Konstingation in die Jaltengrohm eingesporchen.
| | * ñ ɟ̃ ỹ q̃ = m n nh ng |
| | * n ɟ y q = p t ch c |
| | * ι υ = /-j -w/ |
| | === Tones === |
| | tones: -0 -s -b -m -v -d = ngang, huyen, sac, nang, hoi, nga |
|
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| der Strahme der hüffneden ist an síreochta dréag agus fhóineocht.
| | ==Hōbispellum Jōhannis Tōtiscē== |
| Und dauchte die Miegung.
| | <poem> |
| | 1:1 In occinunquā vore Verbum, ante Verbum vore ob Hutum, ante Hutus vore Verbum. |
| | 1:2 Tod vore in occinunquā ob Hutum. |
| | 1:3 Alla terque eum magāta sunt, ante enū eō magātum est nēctis, quod magātum est. |
| | 1:4 In eō līpum vore, ante līpum vore lūctum lūbium. |
| | </poem> |
|
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|
| Und Schmacht. Und Teichlacht. Und Teiceacht.
| | ==Semantic drifts== |
| Und jusche die mortächtlein
| | ===Truth=== |
| Smiley frown
| | *true/proof > guilt |
| | *to stand, to stay, to be straight up > to be true |
| | *true/show/prove > to vindicate > to win |
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| Agus sráineann an mhóilte i bhfáirdeacha.
| | ==Dakelh/Tlingit inspired Dodellic== |
| Ei weh und ojeh
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| i don't know if that' s real german
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| egg pain and ojeh
| | ==Bylȳn== |
| Knau und Schmau
| | [[Main_Page/Themsarian]] |
| An dtrídeach tú leim an mheidreach?
| |
| Ei is also an old fashioned exclamation
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| Na łbacach na świecznych do włórwych.
| | put in Dodellic; Wdm substrate |
| as in "ei Großmutter, was hast du für große Ohren"
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| deshchervennya lakitsa
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| Nie! Jest neirmych na strówniech, ha shadoch ve mildavoch.
| | phonology: |
| Waski i mrzetny po dzieciół
| | */m n p b t d tš dž k g (glottal stop) f s š x H h v z ž r l/ {{angbr|m n p b t d ť ď k g q f s š ch x h v z ž r l}} |
| | */a e i u y a: e: i: u: y: ai au iə uə/ {{angbr|a e i u y aa ee ii uu yy ai au ie ua}} |
| | **Responsible for Wdm vowel shift: *u > ü, *o > u, *a > o, *ä > a |
| | *pitch accent |
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| Mi voloch ha shamach, agus táimeach und türmach.
| | ==Trician doublets== |
| eyn shechen
| | *Thensarian ardlaccātom > atxagátañ (via Nurian) ~ dlahgað (via Tigol) ~ glyçád (via glăchad) ~ plahad (via Clofabosin placadin) - various stringed instruments |
| mayn kullishke un di mipfnle
| | *Pida (Mărotłian teacher) ~ pda (Dr.) ~ Modern Wdm. pra (honorific pronoun) |
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| oy vey!
| | ==Silly language family trees== |
| | *Trigonic languages |
| | **Sinitic |
| | ***Mandarin |
| | ***Cantonese |
| | ****Schwyzerdütsch |
| | ***Sinaitic |
| | ****Phoenician |
| | *****Greek |
| | ******Inuktitut |
| | **Coshitic |
| | ***Vietnamese |
| | ****Sinh |
| | ****Tanh |
| | ****Sech |
| | ***Hyperbolgarian |
| | ***Beta |
| | ***Proto-Afro-Asiatic |
| | **Deltan languages (aka Newtono-Leibnizic) |
| | ***Hessian German |
| | ***Turingian German |
| | ****[[Tyrith]] (from older ''*Türiŋit'') |
| | ****Lambda calculus |
| | ****Mathematica |
| | ****C++ |
| | *****Sanskrit |
| | **Triforcian languages |
| | ***Hylian |
| | ****Tritriforcian languages |
| | *****Tritritriforcian languages |
| | ******... |
| | *******Sierpińskian |
|
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| Oy mishchal ist ein midavoth und ein tedirgim.
| | ==Qiala Gaivuan's Dwarvish== |
| und ich shterre di shracht und oych die oymerchen.
| | Wäßßmerian/Highlands Wiobian consonant shift (stolen wholesale from High German consonant shift): |
| ja, eyn mitzle un eyn tertzoym ham di porses geshnoyllen
| |
|
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|
| Ein mitzle? Lo! Ein Mitzle!
| | Phase 1 (final or intervocallic): |
| | /p/ > /f/ <''f''> |
| | /t/ > /s/ <''ß''> |
| | /c/ > /ç/ > later /z/ bzw. /ʃ/ <''s/sch''> |
| | /k/ > /x/ > later /χ/ <''ch''> |
|
| |
|
| (one mitzle? No! Not one mitzle!) | | Phase 2 (initial, geminated or after a resonant) |
| Smiley smile
| | /p/ > /pf/ <''pf''> |
| und die maspeles-muvtzech ham alle die prettung
| | /t/ > /ts/ <''ßß''> > word initially /s/ <''ß''> |
| making up fake hebraeo-yiddish as I go
| | /c/ > /cç/ > later /''tʃ''/ <zsch> |
| | /k/ > /kx/ > later /''χ''/ <ch> |
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| |
|
| und die dréanoigh na chloiste is clóireach
| | Phase 3 |
| na chloszczi isz martechim!
| | /b/ > /p/ fortis or lenis <''p''> |
| lo ha jaddur!
| | /d/ > /t/ fortis or lenis <''t''> |
| | /ɟ/ > /c/ fortis or lenis <''z''> |
| | /g/ > /k/ fortis or lenis <''k''> |
|
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|
| i like "Ein mitzle? Lo! Ein Mitzle!"
| | Other changes: |
| inna al marjaab wa-l tasfiis!
| | /θ~ð/ > /d/ > later lenis /t/ <''d''> |
| | /f~v/ > /b/ > later lenis /p/ <''b''> (after a vowel) |
| | /sk, çk/ > sch /ʃ/ |
| | Auslautverhärtung |
|
| |
|
| al-qaaḥut almushaḍḍazar?
| | ==Paucal of humility== |
| Laaaaaaaa!
| | There are three numbers: singular ({{sc|sg}}) representing one object, paucal ({{sc|pc}}) for a few, and plural ({{sc|pl}}) for many. The paucal form usually denotes two to nine items, but the boundary between paucal and plural is quite fluid; a paucal could be used for a larger number for contrast with a much larger number of things. The plural number in pronouns also serves as an honorific; complementarily, using paucal pronouns where a plural is expected entails a "dishonorific", humble or pejorative meaning. |
| Kam tamtik anta wa talawwid!
| | ==Something with my old Tsjoen grammar== |
| *throws table*
| | Txapoalli? Naquic? |
| mattaku, hachigeru makimatte no watadehakaru no!
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|
| Ana taflīqan mukhayyadun wa shaaribun aqqarāmatun. Wa ḥalaafliṭan wa sífeann i bhfáigeanna agus mo táilibh. Wa khiirat agus takatemo donna kawemiʕazu no tawatte mo bhfakemasu.
| | ==Manxome (Manx-Hmoob hybrid)== |
| addaqamaatio
| | A close relative of Skellan with the GVS? Or is this just Ko? |
| al-marjimaatio et desinqaatio
| |
|
| |
|
| *japanese ire over arab dominance intensifies*
| | Cedilla and double vowel mania |
| emathiemon!
| |
| ho makalos emaphiston kai phegmarrestai!
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| Makarebhyam madhiśrāmi vṛṇyāni tam bharevyaham
| | Mix in a little Dutch? |
| kekhammerentai gar he bore en o maksino
| |
|
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| Tūryam te carkate bāhuḥ manobhidram tamāṅkṣyasi
| | ==IE conlang ideas== |
| | *'want' from bhr-h1s- (bear-DES) |
| | *"try 1SG-ACC VERB-INF" = try to VERB me (actually looks pretty german) |
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| Kṣairyam dhāryam mahantrebhir maho dhvāntam pradeśyatha
| | =="Ah, meine Treußer" gibs== |
| Veak smae leang kngaat!
| | *Săchał yang hălsreaf chrăthüng fi pdath yas măfongșor! Wănguas fi binreach wangsăfab thearłăsab făneyșumab pălontumab acsitumab gopliximab fizoraximab prozamumab cabituzumab... Ah, endocebuxin! |
| | *sčʼutaʔɬ čəd dzəlxʷʔad ʔal kʷi sqʷadbəʔid! shuʔədəb šiƛ̕x̌adil stab dzastidil balustadil xʷəʔsdətapril kʷinapazil bəsmanadil quizoradil daquinadil sperotidil prolixudil... Ah, endolucrifen! |
|
| |
|
| Mahataḥ sarvamṛkṣyeṣu pheṇya te śuryatām bhavet
| | ==Some old gibs== |
| | Neuber und Seigen driechen das Fauensammer. |
| | Und Pfurges ummärten den Sieberschmüstchen |
| | der Meichtel und die kreuge haben den Ofel angeschninkelt! |
| | der Strahme der hüffneden ist an síreochta dréag agus fhóineocht. |
| | (irish gib is also easy to adapt) |
| | Und dauchte die Miegung. |
| | Agus sráineann an mhóilte i bhfáirdeacha. |
| | An dtrídeach tú leim an mheidreach? |
| | und die dréanoigh na chloiste is clóireach |
| makk praom krenn tae leontóin agus dreangachtaí | | makk praom krenn tae leontóin agus dreangachtaí |
| bhonom ebhrtyois ma ghrtyoysom
| | Zohnung schweifen der mahl tröhnen |
| | |
| Cáróidh meim fhíreasá sróidheamh táin a chúloigh a fháir a cheim | | Cáróidh meim fhíreasá sróidheamh táin a chúloigh a fháir a cheim |
| Kmei Weat nour Seir Mott
| |
|
| |
| Zohnung schweifen der mahl tröhnen śvetyadhārṇena vīkṣyate
| |
|
| |
| is that Wiob or Trây gibberish?
| |
| Smaek teat mairiuil na schwecker
| |
| trây/Khmer
| |
| Na mhfeargamh fiom galleabh ta bhaltuine
| |
| Schweif - tail in German
| |
|
| |
| sróitreáneidh na pradhaoibhiú té bheir sa dhímeá 'bhifeóirsi tha | | sróitreáneidh na pradhaoibhiú té bheir sa dhímeá 'bhifeóirsi tha |
| Má leichteoir mí ngarreann h-Aoidhinneachtóir
| |
|
| |
|
| fake netagin or fake irish?
| | Pirandetam ver ketassinosin ket ligerinogenine |
| Geamhalann na bprúchaí i mhfárdhúla agus i bpódha
| |
|
| |
|
| that's netagin!
| | Du sümmelst so gapfer an, wenn du in solch schnöpfen, geschrammten Hückeln inframierst! Ich ingräliere dir, indem ich dir einen Beschlaubszwicher antabere. Ich möchte dir einen schlaarige Garulierer anzülfen, damit du in gezührigen Anschniegsgahmen verschnülzern kannst. |
|
| |
|
| nope it's irish
| | die Anschrängerungen verkiech die Redangierungen, indem sie deren Gespalchsfeunungen rekredabierte. |
| just using <mhf> on purpose
| | Der Aufschlied zwand die Mäste, um ihrer Begeifigungen zu verknieren. |
| | Αν ο φαγγαλος τεθεγμασται την ψαθην και τον κιμαρρον! |
| | Αναι μεν γαρ δεδαγγασμενοι ηλετησαν ινε τον φραθμον. |
| | Ο φιστώτης και η νίψ κεκλαμμένοι εισίν. |
|
| |
|
| wtf?
| | Sʼeik beih Đâh kglumm gnüar Haem Päh jehn knuck Lö Mott nihr ngå Pluh Reaz Sra Ksaot teap klav Waü Zeay Þael |
|
| |
|
| dalarong sangsawit ngrampa memanterjenegan prapat
| | Azz kemm jick gno Sruck bâzz skång mäch dö' Lümm dak mihn mu påhng Sjä Kbael Pfeiz rao Smau tngaör zbaü lean Sek Woh tböhng sia Koas Tuah Gnüang |
| Múr habe ich geschngötteachtart?
| |
|
| |
|
| barukantar pepanggaltun maring salwasatar panam
| | ==Scope of negation== |
| weataveasaat di miireanaakuuh
| | different negative markers for scope |
| dunno what i'm doing here
| |
|
| |
|
| dāng de hēishú le chāngshuár xūn píngzài chū qián de qiébuqié
| | ==Llanfair...gogogoch gib== |
| langsakat maa thao weun tai fai miin!
| | Reduplication (goch > gogogoch) |
| saanikotaar miteeasaLaNTar metaRRasammaL
| |
|
| |
|
| Klingon?!
| | ==Fyxámian national anthem== |
| Tamil, Wich taRRu me deachtar
| | ===Eevo=== |
| | ===English translation=== |
| | ====Verse 1==== |
| | <poem> |
| | [...] |
| | [...] |
| | ''From antipode to antipode'' |
| | ''Men of thy deeds do sing.'' |
| | </poem> |
| | ====Refrain==== |
|
| |
|
| vaghbe' Da fat pIgh SuD ghet awt!
| | ==Book and paper titles in Eevo== |
| | *(''A Bound for the Number of Points on Elliptic Curves over Finite Fields'') |
| | *(''Spectral Sequences of Algebraic Varieties'') |
| | *''Mroga-xiv ry blwhir jybinþylisár ar jonda jynéeb'' (''Zeta Functions of Algebraic Curves over Finite Fields'') (fT 2259) |
| | *''Regular Temperaments'' |
|
| |
|
| 'the fat pig should get out'
| | ==Primitive Seargais== |
| PirakanninaL keTareNappayiyum geretayyaRRankal
| |
|
| |
|
| kiNTaar cirutayil paaravaik kaaNil paNTaar tavaraiyum chuuzham
| | <poem> |
| caleNakettaraTTiyaiyuul naNNar veetavaakaneetarmutayaikurum
| | long vowels: |
| | a: e: i: o: u: æ: ø: y: from |
| | broad á aí/ai/oi oí/uí/ui ó/ao ú/ua/ui ái ói/aío/aoi úi/oío/uío/uai |
| | slender eá ei/éi/éa í/ia/iai eo iú/io/iu ea/éa/eai/eái eoi iúi/ío |
|
| |
|
| vaLapperum toolaikku maaRRamait tanakku
| | éa becomes æ: before broad d, n, l and r, and e: elsewhere |
| kaLippuRam taaviNaic ceRRal
| | ui becomes u: before broad d, n, l and r, and i: elsewhere |
| cevamaNezharal metiNNeeturekaR kakkettuyi neekatayikum
| |
| I don't know if I really sound Tamil
| |
| especailly with all the missing liquids
| |
| Letavaceemooyitum!!
| |
|
| |
|
| maNarcciyil takuminpa taazhvartam karattil vaNalaaka puRRamaitthuc caal
| | short vowels: |
| | a e i o u -> a ʲa ʲɨ a ɨ |
|
| |
|
| kiTTamait terittamin vaLivaNNa maRRayail
| | changes from proto seargais to seargais |
| muTTalak kaNattiyam taaLpar
| | high vowels move one POA |
| | (u -> ü, ü -> i but aü stays put) |
| | there's the merger |
| | now o becomes u to fill in the gap, a becomes o and æ becomes a |
| | a e i o u æ ø y -> |
| | o e i u y a ø i |
| | e -> ə |
| | which triggers i -> ia, ia -> e, y -> i, u -> ɨ, o -> u, a -> ua, ua -> o |
| | so i get |
| | a e i o u æ ø y ia ua ai au ay -> |
| | o e i u y a ø i ia ua ai au ay -> |
| | u ə ia ɨ i ua _ ia e o ai au _ |
| | ø -> ɛ -> a while ay -> aɨ |
| | u ə ia ɨ i ua a ia e o ai au aɨ (i now have all the vowels!) |
| | breathy voice ablaut patterns: |
| | e/i/ai -> ə/ia/ai |
| | o/u/au -> ɨ/i/au |
| | ö/ü/aü -> a/ia/aɨ |
| | chaotic! |
|
| |
|
| Tamil is really easy to fake
| | a/ua -> u/o |
| | ä/ia -> ua/e |
|
| |
|
| wattanachot prangkhun thaweephan khwaanprapong chattana prathaangkhot thongphun
| | spelling: a e i o u y w = /a e i o u ə ɨ/ |
|
| |
|
| Initial <g> is not very Tamil
| | short a -> y |
| | short ɨ -> w (very few modern Seargais speakers make the distinction between the short vowels using y for both) |
| | </poem> |
| | ===Seargais superstrate=== |
| | <poem> |
| | same breathy voice pattern except there's a GVS |
| | a e i o u ä ö ü ua ia ai au aü -> |
| | o i ai u au e ü aü uo ie ä a a |
| | compare |
| | u ə ia ɨ i ua a ia e o ai au aɨ |
| | these are heard by seargais speakers as |
| | o i ai u au ə ɨ aɨ e o e a a |
| | </poem> |
| | ===Seargais consonants=== |
| | <poem> |
| | p t q pʰ tʰ χ m n w θ ʟ r tɬ ɬ (broad) |
| | f ts k f ts kʰ m n j s ɬ r tʃ ʃ (slender) |
|
| |
|
| that's a great party trick
| | Urú'ed: |
| | m n ʟ mʰ nʰ χ m n pf θ ʟ r nl tɬ (broad) |
| | m n ŋ mʰ nʰ ŋʰ m n f ts ɬ r n tʃ (slender) |
| | the combined set of phonemes: |
| | p pʰ t tʰ k kʰ q |
| | f θ s ɬ ʃ χ |
| | pf ts tɬ tʃ |
| | m mʰ n nʰ ŋ ŋʰ nl |
| | j w ʟ r |
| | h is missing |
| | broad sm and sn can become h |
| | urúing to tʰ |
| | actually it should stay as θm and θn |
| | θm -> voiceless m -> h also works |
| | it doesn't impact the morphology |
|
| |
|
| know the words for hello in may languages and then start gibbing away
| | </poem> |
| | |
| Sawatdee! Khun prongchawaan thaeng sat paan thung khramaat laew waenphon!
| |
|
| |
|
| Hola! De treños cazón que ballerebádelos danjos de la huachongas!
| | ==Huichaltzah's alien language== |
| | p pʰ t tʰ ts tsʰ tɬ tɬʰ k kʰ kʟ kʟʰ |
| | s ɬ x h |
| | m n ŋ |
| | l ʟ w j |
| | a e i o ar er ir or (rhotic vowels) |
|
| |
|
| As an ancient Indian sage once said, "Pṛthībhir uktyām patiśeṣya vāram", which means "Life is bullshit"
| | Grammar: Rhotic vowel harmony, CW with many cases |
|
| |
|
| i love the look of sanskrit
| | ==Bändli== |
| | Zulu pseudo-gib |
|
| |
|
| i have to create vruszka
| | ===Initials=== |
|
| |
|
| by the way that last one:
| | schm, m > m, mh |
| cevamaNezharal metiNNeeturekaR kakkettuyi neekatayikum
| |
| sounded more like Malayalam
| |
|
| |
|
| do you plan to have any languages with a dravidian esthetic?
| | schn, n > n, nh |
|
| |
|
| the retroflex mania language is essentially a parody of dravidian
| | schng/kn, ng > ng, ngh |
|
| |
|
| ʈɳopɭaɖa ɭaaɭaɳ = hello everybody
| | sp, p, b, gep/geb > p, ph, bh, b |
|
| |
|
| in my conworld Mategian grammar is very close to Dravidian
| | st, t, d, get/ged > t, th, dh, d |
|
| |
|
| q’ù tǎr ùk fˁǎt qʷˁ’ǒn χá sàw ŋúk qˁér
| | ŧ, sŧ, đ, geŧ/geđ > qh, q, nqh, gq |
|
| |
|
| fake crockartoot
| | k, g, gek/geg > kh, gh, g |
|
| |
|
| Dyszły ŋąłydhmen fęchułszcz łyv hłórneth.
| | r > hh |
|
| |
|
| fake nail polish
| | f, w > f, v |
|
| |
|
| what do you think?
| | fl, kl, schl > hl |
|
| |
|
| maybe a malayalam-style Azzanic language?
| | bl, gl > dl |
|
| |
|
| you already have ṭ and ḍ
| | pfr, fr, tr, kr, schr > kl /x~kx/ |
|
| |
|
| you can deveop other retroflexes
| | br, dr, gr > gl /ɣ~gɣ/ |
|
| |
|
| my favorite is "Und Schmacht. Und Teichlacht. Und Teiceacht."
| | j > y |
|
| |
|
| (of the gibberish sentences we constructed)
| | schw > f |
|
| |
|
| Schmacht looks extremely German (i think it even means something - slow?)
| | z, s, sch > s, z, sh |
| Teichlacht is also German but we can see a little Irish creeping up
| |
| Teiceacht is extremely Irish
| |
| Du sümmelst so gapfer an, wenn du in solch schnöpfen, geschrammten Hückeln inframierst!
| |
| Ich ingräliere dir, indem ich dir einen Beschlaubszwicher antabere. Ich möchte dir einen schlaarige Garulierer anzülfen, damit du in gezührigen Anschniegsgahmen verschnülzern kannst.
| |
|
| |
|
| wiob intensifies
| | ent- > prenasalization |
| Anlenig mallerst du in befüderten Ginderungen, und dann wirst du nach kraubigen Hälnern mackeln, um ninnige Stupfinger Retzungen schmauer aufzustähren und zu verzeimen.
| |
| Schleitere Hachtshagerungen beschimmst du in meiner Wängelstrauge an. Beiche dir gut! Ich zauge deine Wirche!
| |
| M
| |
| Mögest du eine schnaub hankierte Räuferei haben!
| |
| (Schmacht: hunger, yearning)
| |
| And there is a labeled diagram with the labels:
| |
| (Die Zammergeschaltung
| |
| Die Bekeuderung
| |
| Die Aufgräumer
| |
| das Gemätz
| |
| die Wegeln
| |
| die Zuschwiedsschreisterkräubchen
| |
|
| |
|
| voynich!
| | ===Consonants=== |
| die Zammergeschnaltung(
| | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |
| not schaltung
| |
| Stupfinger Retzungen sounds like a German MacGuffin
| |
| Eh, was betarrst du? ist das schmüßig für dich?
| |
| Academic German gibberish
| |
| die Anschrängerungen verkiech die Redangierungen, indem sie deren Gespalchsfeunungen rekredabierte.
| |
| Der Aufschlied zwand die Mäste, um ihrer Begeifigungen zu verknieren.
| |
| Αν ο φαγγαλος τεθεγμασται την ψαθην και τον κιμαρρον!
| |
| Αναι μεν γαρ δεδαγγασμενοι ηλετησαν ινε τον φραθμον.
| |
| Ο φιστώτης και η νίψ κεκλαμμένοι εισίν.
| |
| fake ancient Greek (with reduplication too)
| |
| (i don't have a polytonic keyboard here)
| |
| | |
| the fake tamil was the best
| |
| η αρρώμη και η ψώρα ετεμψαν.
| |
| έτεμψαν
| |
| αμινίζω γαρ σημιλώς γοννάρης
| |
| | |
| I aminize as the symil has been gonnared!
| |
| Pirandetam ver ketassinosin ket ligerinogenine.</poem>
| |
| ==Clofabinylin==
| |
| <poem>
| |
| Methavir nalaminyl mekerylide ester axoram. (I speak about love and hate.)
| |
| Etholin methogen klerax? (Are you saving it for me?)
| |
| Methazopropevir nalam, elir propyl zafaramine yzodam. (We love him, therefore we celebrate his inauguration.)
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| -az(o)- (plural; also the pluractional clitic)
| |
| -in, -0 (nominative)
| |
| -ine (accusative)
| |
| -yl (genitive, attributive, rel clause)
| |
| -(e)tam (dative)
| |
| -ox (instrumental)
| |
| -one (comitative)
| |
| -ane (essive)
| |
| -anol (separative)
| |
| -anal (lative)
| |
| -ene (inessive)
| |
| -enol (elative)
| |
| -enal (illative)
| |
| -yne (adessive)
| |
| -ynol (ablative)
| |
| -ynal (allative)
| |
| -ide (and/also, like Latin -que)
| |
| -ogen (benefactive)
| |
| -yl ester (about)
| |
| -oic (causative)
| |
| -ile (terminative)
| |
| | |
| Methavir nalam - I love.
| |
| Methavir nalax - Do I love?
| |
| Methavir nalane - Yes, I do love.
| |
| Methavir nalem - I do not love.
| |
| Methavir nalex - Do I not love?
| |
| Methavir nalene - No, I do not love.
| |
| | |
| Nala! - Love!
| |
| Nale! - Do not love!
| |
| | |
| nalevam - be loved
| |
| nalexam - make sb/sth love
| |
| | |
| Does your gargerist tilsey a rearvar?
| |
| | |
| </poem>
| |
| | |
| ==Neckthai==
| |
| ===Capital===
| |
| <poem>
| |
| ''ritte muse kleime Spiuger,''
| |
| ''... Brackes ... nir,''
| |
| ''... Wiuger,''
| |
| ''... nie Vîer.''
| |
| </poem>
| |
| | |
| ==Wetzmerian==
| |
| ===Nouns=== | |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible " style=" text-align: center;" | |
| ! colspan="3" | ''Wande'' (f.) - body
| |
| |- | | |- |
| ! style="width: 90px;" | Case | | ! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | |
| ! style="width: 150px;" | Singular | | ! rowspan="2" | Labial |
| ! style="width: 150px;" | Plural | | ! colspan="2" | Alveolar |
| | ! rowspan="2" | Palatal |
| | ! rowspan="2" | Velar |
| | ! rowspan="2" | Glottal |
| |- | | |- |
| ! Nominative | | ! central |
| | ''Wande'' || ''Wanda''
| | ! lateral |
| |- | | |- |
| ! Accusative | | ! rowspan="4" | Click |
| | ''Wande'' || ''Wanda''
| | ! plain |
| |-
| | | |
| ! Genitive
| |
| | ''Wande'' || ''Wanda''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Dative
| |
| | ''Wands'' || ''Wandans''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Predicative
| |
| | ''Wande'' || ''Wanda''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ==Proto-Wiobic==
| |
| ===Nouns===
| |
| ====Masculine====
| |
| ====Feminine====
| |
| ====a-stems====
| |
| ====i-stems====
| |
| ====u-stems====
| |
| ====∅-stems====
| |
| | |
| ===Verbs===
| |
| ====Thematic====
| |
| ====Athematic====
| |
| ===Adjectives===
| |
| | |
| ==Future Korean==
| |
| ===Transliteration===
| |
| <poem>
| |
| ㄱ '''k''' ㄲ '''kk''' ㅋ '''kh''' -ㅇ '''ŋ'''
| |
| ㄷ '''t''' ㄸ '''tt''' ㅌ '''th''' ㄴ '''n'''
| |
| ㅂ '''p''' ㅃ '''pp''' ㅍ '''ph''' ㅁ '''m'''
| |
| ㅈ '''ty''' ㅉ '''tty''' ㅊ '''thy''' ㅅ '''s''' ㅆ '''ss'''
| |
| ㄹ '''r''' ㅎ '''h'''
| |
| | |
| ㅏ '''a''' ㅐ '''ä''' ㅑ '''ja''' ㅒ '''jä''' ㅘ '''oa'''
| |
| ㅓ '''e''' ㅔ '''ë''' ㅝ '''we''' etc.
| |
| ㅗ '''o''' ㅚ '''ö''' ㅛ '''jo'''
| |
| ㅜ '''w''' ㅟ '''wi''' ㅠ '''jw'''
| |
| ㅡ '''u''' ㅣ '''i''' ㅢ '''ui'''
| |
| </poem>
| |
| | |
| ===Sound changes===
| |
| */sʰ/ > /h̰/ / #_, /s/ C_
| |
| */s͈/ > /s/
| |
| */pʰ tʰ tɕʰ kʰ/ > /f θ ʃ x/
| |
| */h/ > ∅
| |
| | |
| ==Wiobian vowel changes==
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| ! | |
| ! Late Classical Wiobian
| |
| ! Early Middle Wiobian
| |
| ! Late Middle Wiobian
| |
| ! Modern Standard Wiobian
| |
| |- | |
| ! short ''i''
| |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | {{IPA|ǃ}} |
| | | |
| | | |
| | |- |
| | ! aspirated |
| | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | {{IPA|ǃʰ}} |
| | | |
| | | |
| |- | | |- |
| ! long ''i'' | | ! nasalised |
| | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | {{IPA|ᵑǃ}} |
| | | |
| | | |
| | |- |
| | ! breathy nasalised |
| | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | {{IPA|ᶢǃʱ}} |
| | | |
| | | |
| |- | | |- |
| ! short ''ü'' | | ! rowspan="2" | Nasal |
| | | | ! plain |
| | | | | {{IPA|m}} |
| | | {{IPA|n}} |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | ŋ |
| | | |
| |- | | |- |
| ! long ''ü'' | | ! breathy |
| | | {{IPA|mʱ}} |
| | | {{IPA|nʱ}} |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | {{IPA|ŋʱ}} |
| | | | | |
| | |- |
| | ! rowspan="4" | Stop |
| | ! voiceless |
| | | {{IPA|p}} |
| | | {{IPA|t}} |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | | | |
| | | |
| | |- |
| | ! aspirated |
| | | {{IPA|pʰ}} |
| | | {{IPA|tʰ}} |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | {{IPA|kʰ}} |
| | | |
| | |- |
| | ! breathy |
| | | {{IPA|b}} |
| | | {{IPA|d}} |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | {{IPA|ɡ}} |
| | | |
| | |- |
| | ! implosive |
| | | {{IPA|ɓ}} |
| | | ɗ |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | ɠ |
| | | |
| | |- |
| | ! rowspan="2" | Fricative |
| | ! voiceless |
| | | {{IPA|f}} |
| | | {{IPA|s}} |
| | | {{IPA|ɬ}} |
| | | {{IPA|ʃ}} |
| | | x |
| | | {{IPA|h}} |
| | |- |
| | ! breathy |
| | | {{IPA|v}} |
| | | {{IPA|z}} |
| | | {{IPA|ɮ}} |
| | | |
| | | ɣ |
| | | {{IPA|ɦ}} |
| |- | | |- |
| ! short ''u'' | | ! rowspan="2" | Approximant |
| | | | ! plain |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | {{IPA|l}} |
| | | {{IPA|j}} |
| | | | | |
| | | |
| | |} |
| | |
| | ===Vowels=== |
| | i ï u e ë o ä a /i ɨ u e ə o æ ɑ/ |
| | |
| | ===Tones=== |
| | No tone |
| | |
| | ==Some Clofablang== |
| | *Vowels: æ ɪ i ʌ ə ʊ ʉ |
| | *Vowel harmony groups: |
| | **high tense: i ʉ |
| | **high lax: ɪ ʊ |
| | **low: æ ʌ |
| | **ə is neutral |
| | |
| | ==Russo-Salish== |
| | {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center" |
| |- | | |- |
| ! long ''u'' | | !rowspan="2" colspan="2"| |
| | | | !colspan="2" | Labial |
| | | | !colspan="2" | Alveolar |
| | | | !rowspan="2" | Retroflex |
| | | | !colspan="2" | Velar |
| | !rowspan="2" | Glottal |
| |- | | |- |
| ! short ''e'' | | ! <small>hard</small> |
| |
| | ! <small>soft</small> |
| |
| | ! <small>hard</small> |
| |
| | ! <small>soft</small> |
| |
| | ! <small>soft</small> |
| | ! <small>hard</small> |
| |- | | |- |
| ! long ''e'' | | !rowspan="2"| Nasal |
| | | | !<small>glottalized</small> |
| | | | | || |
| | | n̪ʼ || nʲʼ |
| | | | | |
| | | ŋʲʼ |
| | | ŋʼ |
| | | | | |
| |- | | |- |
| ! short ''ö'' | | !<small>plain</small> |
| | | | | m || mʲ |
| | | | | n̪ || nʲ |
| | | | | |
| | | ŋʲ |
| | | ŋ |
| | | | | |
| |- | | |- |
| ! long ''ö'' | | !rowspan="3" | Stop |
| | | | !<small>plain</small> |
| | | | | || |
| | | | | t̪ || tʲ |
| | | | | |
| | | kʲ |
| | | k |
| | | ʔ |
| |- | | |- |
| ! short ''o'' | | !<small>ejective</small> |
| | | | | || |
| | | | | t̪ʼ || tʲʼ |
| | | | | |
| | | kʲʼ |
| | | kʼ |
| | | | | |
| |- | | |- |
| ! long ''o'' | | !<small>voiced</small> |
| | | b || bʲ |
| | | d̪ || dʲ |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| Line 554: |
Line 623: |
| | | | | |
| |- | | |- |
| ! short ''ä'' | | !rowspan="3" | Affricate |
| | | | !<small>plain</small> |
| | | || |
| | | ts || tsʲ |
| | | tʂ |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| |- | | |- |
| ! long ''ä'' | | !<small>ejective</small> |
| | | | | || |
| | | tsʼ || tsʲʼ |
| | | tʂʼ |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| |- | | |- |
| ! short ''a'' | | !<small>voiced</small> |
| | | | | || |
| | | dz || dzʲ |
| | | dʐ |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| |- | | |- |
| ! long ''a'' | | !rowspan="2"|Fricative |
| | | | !<small>voiceless</small> |
| | | | | f || fʲ |
| | | | | s || sʲ |
| | | | | ʂ |
| | | xʲ |
| | | x |
| | | h |
| |- | | |- |
| ! short ''å'' | | !<small>voiced</small> |
| | | | | v || vʲ |
| | | | | z || zʲ |
| | | | | ʐ |
| | | ɣʲ |
| | | ɣ |
| | | | | |
| |- | | |- |
| ! long ''å'' | | !rowspan=2| Approximant |
| | !<small>glottalized</small> |
| | | || |
| | | lˠʼ || lʲʼ |
| | | | | |
| | | jʼ |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| |
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| ==Themsarian/de==
| |
| :''Der korrekte Titel dieses Artikels lautet "Themsarisch".''
| |
|
| |
| Die '''themsarische Sprache''', auch bezeichnet als '''Edles Themsarisch''', ist eine alte talsmische Sprache, die im Andaegṓr-Imperium gebräuchlich war.
| |
|
| |
| ==Netagin/de==<!--
| |
| Die '''Netagin'''-Sprache (Netagin: ''brítz nˀAthághín'' 'Sprechen in unserer Welse') ist eine Sprache, welche sowohl Wurzelkonsonanten als auch Anlautmutationen verwendet. (vgl. Hebräisch.)-->
| |
|
| |
| ==PIE in Hebrew==
| |
| This Hebrew abjadic script is based on the glottalic theory: "voiced" stops are written as Hebrew emphatic consonants, and "breathy voiced" stops are written as voiced stops. Also note that the "palatal" series of stops is transcribed with the Hebrew affricate series (thus showing a coincidental Satem bias).
| |
|
| |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
| |
| !colspan="8"|'''Consonants'''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
| |
| ! rowspan="2" | [[labial consonant|Labial]]
| |
| ! rowspan="2" | [[coronal consonant|Coronal]]
| |
| ! colspan=3| [[dorsal consonant|Dorsal]]
| |
| ! rowspan="2" | [[Laryngeal theory|Laryngeal]]
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <small>palatal</small>
| |
| ! <small>plain</small>
| |
| ! <small>labial</small>
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| |
| | {{heb|מ}} *{{PIE|m}}
| |
| | {{heb|נ}} *{{PIE|n}}
| |
| | || || ||
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan=3| [[Stop consonant|Plosive]]
| |
| ! <small>voiceless</small>
| |
| | {{heb|פ}} *{{PIE|p}}
| |
| | {{heb|ת}} *{{PIE|t}}
| |
| | {{heb|ס}} *{{PIE|ḱ}}
| |
| | {{heb|כ}} *{{PIE|k}}
| |
| | {{heb|כ׳}} *{{PIE|kʷ}}
| |
| |
| |
| |- | | |- |
| ! <small>voiced/ejective?</small> | | !<small>plain</small> |
| | ({{heb|פ׳}} *{{PIE|b}}) | | | || |
| | {{heb|ט}} *{{PIE|d}} | | | lˠ || lʲ |
| | {{heb|צ}} *{{PIE|ǵ}} | | | |
| | {{heb|ק}} *{{PIE|g}} | | | j |
| | {{heb|ק׳}} *{{PIE|gʷ}}
| |
| | | | | |
| |-
| |
| ! <small>(breathy) voiced</small>
| |
| | {{heb|ב}} *{{PIE|bʰ}}
| |
| | {{heb|ד}} *{{PIE|dʰ}}
| |
| | {{heb|ז}} *{{PIE|ǵʰ}}
| |
| | {{heb|ג}} *{{PIE|gʰ}}
| |
| | {{heb|ג׳}} *{{PIE|gʷʰ}}
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="2" | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| |
| |
| |
| | {{heb|ש}} *{{PIE|s}}
| |
| | || ||
| |
| | {{heb|א}} *Ø<BR/>{{heb|ה}} *{{PIE|h₁}}<BR/>{{heb|ע}} *{{PIE|h₂}}<BR/>{{heb|ע׳}} *{{PIE|h₃}}
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="2" | [[liquid consonant|Liquid]]
| |
| |
| |
| | {{heb|ר}} *{{PIE|r}}<BR/>{{heb|ל}} *{{PIE|l}}
| |
| | || || ||
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="2" | [[Semivowel]]
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | {{heb|י}} *{{PIE|y}}
| |
| |
| |
| | {{heb|ו}} *{{PIE|w}}
| |
| | | | | |
| |} | | |} |
|
| |
|
|
| |
|
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width:250px; text-align: center;" | | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;" |
| | ! style="width: 90px; "| |
| | ! style="width: 90px; " |Front |
| | ! style="width: 90px; " |Central |
| | ! style="width: 90px; " |Back |
| |- | | |- |
| !colspan="2"|Ablaut grades | | ! style="" |Close |
| | | i |
| | | |
| | | u |
| |- | | |- |
| |{{heb|אֶ}} *{{PIE|e}}||{{heb|אָ}} *{{PIE|o}} | | ! style="" |Mid |
| | | |
| | | ə |
| | | |
| |- | | |- |
| |{{heb|אֵ}} *{{PIE|ē}}||{{heb|אֹ}} *{{PIE|ō}}
| | ! style="" |Open |
| |-
| | | |
| |colspan="2"|{{heb|אְ}} *Ø
| | | a |
| |}
| | | |
| | |
| ===Schleicher's fable===
| |
| <p align=center>{{heb|<big>עָ֫וְיְש הֶ֫סְוׂשךֶ׳</big>}}</p>
| |
| | |
| <p align=center><big>h<sub>2</sub>ówis h<sub>1</sub>ék’wōsk<sup>w</sup>e</big></p>
| |
| | |
| <p align=center>{{heb|עָ֫וְיְש, יֶ֫שְמְין עְוְלְעְנֶ֫ע נֶאֶ֫הֶשְת, טֶטָרְסֶ הֶ֫סְוָנְש, תָ֫ם, וָ֫זָם קֶ֫׳רְעְוְם וֶ֫זָנְתְם, תָ֫ם, בָ֫רָם מֶ֫צָעְם, תָ֫ם, דְזֶ֫מָנְם עָאְסְ֫ו בֶ֫רָנְתְם. עָ֫וְיְש הֶ֫סְוָבָש אֶוֶוְכֶ׳(ת): סֵרְט עְגְנְוְתָי מָי וְיְטְנְתֶ֫י דְזְמָ֫נְם הֶ֫סְוָנְש עֶ֫זצָנְתְם. הֶ֫סְוׂש הֶוֶוְך׳: סְלְוְדְי, עָוְי! סֵרְט עְגְנְוְתָי וְיְטְנְתְבָ֫ש: דְזֶ֫מֹ(ן), פָ֫תְיְס, עְוְלְנֶ֫עְם עָ֫וְיָם כְ׳נֶוְתְי שֶ֫בָי גִ֫׳רְמָם וֶ֫שְתְרָם; עֶ֫וְיְבָשךֶ׳ וְלְעְנֶ֫ע נֶ֫הֶסְתְי. תָ֫ט סֶסְלְוְוׂ֫ש עָ֫וְיְש עֶ֫צְרָם אֶבְוְקֶ(ת).}}</p>
| |
| | |
| <p align=center>h<sub>2</sub>ówis, (H)jésmin h<sub>2</sub>wlh<sub>2</sub>néh<sub>2</sub> ne éh<sub>1</sub>est, dedork’e (h<sub>1</sub>)ék’wons, tóm, wóg’<sup>h</sup>om g<sup>w</sup>érh<sub>2</sub>um wég’<sup>h</sup>ontm, tóm, b<sup>h</sup>órom még’oh<sub>2</sub>m, tóm, d<sup>h</sup>g’<sup>h</sup>émonm h<sub>2</sub>oHk’ú b<sup>h</sup>érontm. h<sub>2</sub>ówis (h<sub>1</sub>)ék’wob<sup>h</sup>os ewewk<sup>w</sup>e(t): k’ḗrd h<sub>2</sub>g<sup>h</sup>nutoj moj widntéj d<sup>h</sup>g’<sup>h</sup>mónm (h<sub>1</sub>)ék’wons h<sub>2</sub>ég’ontm. (h<sub>1</sub>)ék’wōs ewewk<sup>w</sup>: k’lud<sup>h</sup>í, h<sub>2</sub>ówi! k’ḗrd h<sub>2</sub>g<sup>h</sup>nutoj widntb<sup>h</sup>ós: d<sup>h</sup>g’<sup>h</sup>émō(n), pótis, h<sub>2</sub>wlnéh<sub>2</sub>m h<sub>2</sub>ówjom k<sup>w</sup>newti séb<sup>h</sup>oj g<sup>wh</sup>érmom wéstrom; h<sub>2</sub>éwib<sup>h</sup>osk<sup>w</sup>e h<sub>2</sub>wlh<sub>2</sub>néh<sub>2</sub> né h<sub>1</sub>esti. Tód k’ek’luwṓs h<sub>2</sub>ówis h<sub>2</sub>ég’rom eb<sup>h</sup>uge(t).</p>
| |
| | |
| ==Semitic notes==
| |
| | |
| u/i merge: Ge'ez; a/i merge: (kinda) Hebrew; a/u merge: (kinda) Socovíc as of 3/16/2015
| |
| | |
| ==Or maybe settle for this==
| |
| {{cardo|iómo, ióma, ióme, iomúma, iomíma, iomíma<br/>
| |
| léla, léla, léla, leláto, leláte, leláte}}
| |
| | |
| | |
| {{cardo|ásmoro, ásmor; tásmoro, tásmor; tásmori; iásmoro, iásmor; iásmori; násmoro, násmor; tásmoru; iásmoru}}
| |
| | |
| ==North Semlang 2nd try==
| |
| *still want conditional a/u merger and nasal Vs
| |
| *i-umlaut
| |
| **a, u > ø / _Ci
| |
| **ā > é / _Ci
| |
| **u > ø / _Ci
| |
| **ū > ý / _Ci
| |
| **aw > ǿ / _Ci
| |
| **ay > í / _Ci
| |
| *need to start from triptotic declension here:
| |
| | |
| ===PNSem===
| |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
| |
| |- | |
| ! Nominative
| |
| | ''yawmu'' || ''yawmā(mi)'' || ''yawmū(ma)'' | |
| |-
| |
| ! Accusative
| |
| | ''yawma'' || ''yawmay(mi)'' || ''yawmī(ma)''
| |
| |- | |
| ! Genitive
| |
| | ''yawmi'' || ''yawmay(mi)'' || ''yawmī(ma)''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ===Early===
| |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Nominative
| |
| | ''jóm'' || ''jómá(mi)'' || ''jómú(m)''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Accusative
| |
| | ''jóm''~''jómi'' || ''jómé(mi)'' || ''jómí(m)''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Genitive
| |
| | ''jómi'' || ''jómé(mi)'' || ''jómí(m)''
| |
| |} | | |} |
|
| |
|
| ==Judeo-Indo-Aryan== | | ==Salish + Old Chinese== |
| A modern Indo-Aryan language spoken by Jews in India.
| | m n ŋ ŋʷ |
| | mʼ nʼ ŋʼ ŋʷʼ |
| | p t ts k kʷ q qʷ ʔ |
| | pʼ tʼ tsʼ kʼ kʷʼ qʼ qʷʼ |
| | b d dz g gʷ ɢ ɢʷ |
| | s r rʼ l lʼ (+ phar'd versions of each) |
| | a e i o u ə |
|
| |
|
| *Use Babylonian Hebrew, not Tiberian Hebrew
| | ==CW language sketch== |
| *Differs more from Hindustani than Yiddish does from German
| | m n |
| *Lot of additional palatalization
| | p t ts k q |
| | b d dz g |
| | s h ʀ |
| | w l r j |
|
| |
|
| ==Atzòpic==
| | i u |
| {{Infobox language
| | e o |
| |image =
| | æ a |
| |imagesize =
| |
| |name = Atzòpic
| |
| |nativename = hìzbut atzòpį
| |
| |pronunciation= [atsəˈpĩ]
| |
| |region =
| |
| |extinct =
| |
| |fam1=Zachydic
| |
| |fam2=Raxo-Talsmic
| |
| |fam3=Ractamic
| |
| |familycolor=zachydic
| |
| |ancestor=Old Atzòpic
| |
| |script= Raxic script
| |
| |iso3=
| |
| |notice=IPA
| |
| }}
| |
|
| |
|
| ''Neguąsitł Linguifeczix, acthìzbutètł dǫsix uicìx!''
| | ==Some auxlang?== |
| | | ===Consonants=== |
| Motivated by Raxic C[+ejective]V > Atzòpic C[-ejective]V[+creaky] - Hence the ejectives disappear.
| | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; text-align:center;" |
| | | |+ '''Consonants''' |
| /ks/ > /xs/ > /ʃ/
| | ! colspan="2" | |
| | | ! |Labial |
| Seven cases:
| | ! |Coronal |
| | | ! |Palatal |
| *nominative -Ø
| | ! |Velar |
| *accusative ''-z''
| | ! |Glottal |
| *genitive ''-c'' (animate sg.?)/''-z'' (inanimate sg.?)/''-u'' (animate pl.?)
| |
| *dative ''-tł''
| |
| *locative-comitative ''-x''
| |
| *ablative ''-ː~'' (nasalized vowel)
| |
| *instrumental ''-ːl''
| |
| | |
| Vowels change according to historical stress positions as well as historical ejective consonants. The Ractamic stress/vowel system start out similarly to Latin, but develop in very different directions.
| |
| | |
| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align:center;" | |
| ! colspan="10" | Consonants
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="width: 136px; "| | |
| ! rowspan="2" style="width: 68px; " |Labial | |
| ! colspan="2" style="width: 136px; " |Coronal | |
| ! rowspan="2" style="width: 68px; " |Palatal | |
| ! colspan="2" style="width: 136px; " |Velar | |
| ! rowspan="2" style="width: 68px; " |Uvular | |
| ! rowspan="2" style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="width:68px;" |<small>central</small>
| |
| ! style="width:68px;" |<small>lateral</small>
| |
| ! style="width:68px;" |<small>plain</small>
| |
| ! style="width:68px;" |<small>labialized</small>
| |
| |- | | |- |
| ! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal | | ! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal |
| Line 802: |
Line 741: |
| | '''n''' /n/ | | | '''n''' /n/ |
| | | | | |
| | | | | '''ŋ''' /ŋ/ |
| | <span style="color:gray;">[ŋ]</span>
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | | | | |
| |- | | |- |
| ! rowspan="2" style="" |Plosive | | ! rowspan="2" |Plosive |
| ! |<small>tenuis</small> | | ! |<small>unaspirated</small> |
| | '''p''' /p/ | | | '''b''' /p/ |
| | '''t''' /t/ | | | '''d''' /t/ |
| | | '''j''' /tɕ/ |
| | | '''g''' /k/ |
| | | | | |
| |
| |
| | '''c''' /k/
| |
| | '''qu''' /kʷ/
| |
| |
| |
| | '''h''' /ʔ/
| |
| |- | | |- |
| ! |<small>aspirated</small> | | ! |<small>aspirated</small> |
| | '''b''' /pʰ/ | | | '''p''' /pʰ/ |
| | '''d''' /tʰ/ | | | '''t''' /tʰ/ |
| |
| | | '''ch''' /tɕʰ/ |
| |
| | | '''k''' /kʰ/ |
| | '''g''' /kʰ/ | |
| | '''gu''' /kʷʰ/ | |
| |
| |
| | | | | |
| |- | | |- |
| ! colspan="2" style="" |Fricative | | ! colspan="2" style="" |Fricative |
| | '''f''' /f/ | | | '''f''' /f/ |
| | '''z''' /s~z/ | | | '''s''' /s/ |
| | '''ł''' /ɬ/ | | | '''sh''' /ɕ/ |
| | '''x''' /ʃ/ | | | '''kh''' /x/ |
| | | | | '''h''' /h/ |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |<span style="color:gray;">[ʰ~ɦ]</span>
| |
| |- | | |- |
| ! rowspan="2" style="" |Affricate | | ! colspan="2" |Approximant |
| ! |<small>tenuis</small>
| | | '''w''' /w~v/ |
| | | '''l''' /l/; '''r''' /r/ |
| | | '''y''' /j/ |
| | | | | |
| | '''tz''' /ts/
| |
| | '''tł''' /tɬ/
| |
| | '''tx''' /tʃ/
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | | | | |
| | |- |
| | ! colspan="2" |Trill |
| | | | | |
| |- | | | '''r''' /r/ |
| ! |<small>aspirated</small>
| |
| | | | | |
| | '''dz''' /tsʰ/
| |
| | '''dł''' /tɬʰ/
| |
| | '''dx''' /tʃʰ/
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | |} |
| | |
| | ===Vowels=== |
| | |
| | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" |
| | |+ '''Vowels''' |
| |- | | |- |
| ! colspan="2" style="" |Approximant | | ! style="width: 60px; "| |
| | | | ! style="width: 60px; " |Front |
| | '''s''' /ɹ/ | | ! style="width: 60px; " |Central |
| | '''l''' /l/ | | ! style="width: 60px; " |Back |
| | '''y''' /j/
| | |- |
| | | | ! style="" |Close |
| | '''u''' /w/ | | | '''i''' /i/ |
| |
| |
| | | | | |
| | | '''u''' /u/ |
| | |- |
| | ! style="" |Mid |
| | | '''e''' /e/ |
| | | '''ə''' /ø~ə~ɤ/ |
| | | '''o''' /o/ |
| |- | | |- |
| ! colspan="2" style="" |Trill | | ! style="" |Open |
| |
| |
| | '''r''' /r/
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | | | | |
| | | | | '''a''' /a/ |
| | | | | |
| |} | | |} |
|
| |
|
| ==Tīzian==
| | Diphthongs: '''ai ao''' /ai au/ |
| Another Ractamic/Neo-Raxic thing
| |
|
| |
|
| ==Music theory terminology== | | ===Phonotactics=== |
| *blackwood[10] major: ''rāmáth'' 'diurnal'
| | Consonant clusters are disallowed, except medial geminates and -NC- sequences. Only /p t k m n ŋ/ can come in word-final position. |
| *blackwood[10] minor: ''mináth'' 'nocturnal'
| |
| *the different ways of subtly tuning/i.e. well-temperaments are called 'seasons' (that lengthen or shorten the day and night).
| |
|
| |
|
| ==Juttjick Kâmrâ' Waong== | | ==Σȣομʚ== |
| '''I.'''
| |
|
| |
|
| ''Juttjick Kâmrâ' Waong,''<br/>
| | Καʚκκʚ ʚⱶμʚσετ συντυϝητ ϝαπαʚνα ια τασαϝερταʚσʚνα αρϝολτααν ια οʚκεȣκσʚλτααν. Ⱶεʚλλε ον αννεττȣ ιηρκʚ ια οματȣντο, ια ⱶεʚδην ον τοʚμʚτταϝα τοʚσʚααν κοⱶτααν ϝελιευδεν ⱶεγγεσση. |
| ''Ngüe Quur fâm'oy Plaong;''<br/>
| |
| ''Zott Mâmzäk prâbeis''<br/>
| |
| ''Loch lea Dâmgnenn Zweis!''<br/>
| |
| ''Wnirr Jâmtâmlech ngou,''<br/>
| |
| ''Feytaön zitt zâ Smou''<br/>
| |
| ''Möt målei Jimkbael,''<br/>
| |
| ''Seüruz daodue hael''<br/>
| |
|
| |
|
| | ==Qe!== |
| | Jāheqozron vemālaerus qe doñanqerosy. |
| | |
| | ==Pristac Guanorliviroc== |
|
| |
|
| <poem> | | <poem> |
| An ever-present companion,
| | Leißelbeiger Glündesschnock, |
| S/he sought us out in our distress,
| | bhfaoigh na dhruisce leis an ngloc, |
| | с куздом твачу зблодащок, |
| | pristac guanorliviroc! |
| | |
| | Tyűlöszöbbes hávaltok, |
| | ṇentronné veux mains du roque, |
| | geuteureun madeul ryeonmok, |
| | pristac guanorliviroc! |
| | |
| | Iūcullātur plexē hoc, |
| | Takzitxerri ezbantzok, |
| | Ηζειν ευθρασιν στουροκ, |
| | pristac guanorliviroc! |
| | |
| | Nguyết sảnh xưa nỡn hầng màu trọc, |
| | Cuālliquimeh huixōtloc, |
| | tʰˁawk pgəts məlˁaj n̊əŋs qʷʰˁraʔ tkʰˁens nˁrok, |
| | pristac guanorliviroc! |
| | |
| | Raamaanujanniaviusuq- |
| | qanngutsijałłaumiartuq, |
| | Post hoc ergo propter hoc, |
| | pristac guanorliviroc! |
| | |
| | Zíj phlàa vîek rang dèt Bangkok, |
| | Satthayaarongsamphonnok, |
| | Pikna la-magtef litzmok, |
| | pristac guanorliviroc! |
| </poem> | | </poem> |
|
| |
|
| ==Talsmic== | | ==Finno-Arabic== |
| ===Themsarian===
| | /t tˁ k q ʔ f s sˁ x χ h m n l r w j a aa ə əə i ii u uu ai au əi əu ia ua iə uə/ |
| In Themsarian the topic is NOT prominent - the topic comes immediately after the verb most of the time?
| |
|
| |
|
| ===Old Vernacular Talsmic=== | | ==Irish with pharyngealized consonants== |
| Old Vernacular Talsmic dialects are largely similar to Noble Themsarian, but there are grammatical, lexical and stylistic differences:
| |
| *Using the subject-infinitive more and more, eventually to express various aspectual and modal meanings.
| |
| **The synthetic preterite falls into disuse, being supplanted by the "after {{sc|infinitive-subject}}" construction.
| |
| *Collapses all state distinctions in adjectives (into the former predicative form)
| |
| *The dual is often not used, except for emphasis or stylistic reasons.
| |
|
| |
|
|
| |
|
| Given topic prominence and topicalization = fronting, new (discourse-new) subject is fronted, since it is new topic. Then this becomes a topic prominent/V2 language as in vernacular Talsmic. Relative clauses are by default VSO but can undergo fronting for focus. Discourse-new object is fronted as well.
| | /a/: a ea ae eae |
| | /e/: oeu eu oe e |
| | /i/: ai ia aia i |
| | /o/: o uo uea ue |
| | /u/: aua ua au u |
|
| |
|
| ===Qelorian=== | | ==Uncanny valley Korean== |
| *The subject of a relative clause is indexed by adding a pronominal suffix on the head (if they are different)
| | Consonants: /m n ŋ bʰ dʰ dzʰ gʰ p t ts k f s fʰ sʰ h w j r ʔ/ |
|
| |
|
| ===Núrian===
| | Postvocalic /ʔ/ may be realized as creaky voice. |
| "Double Irish" aesthetic? Namely, fricatives 'h' + aspiration written with 'h'. The same could be accomplished with slenderness with...?
| |
|
| |
|
| ==Diachronics lab==
| | Vowels: /i ɨ u e ə o ɛ ɔ æ a/ |
| Pluractionality ≈ antipassive
| |
|
| |
|
| we exc/inc > we formal/intimate
| | ==Proto-Eomujic== |
| | *ä, a, e, o |
| | *eu, i <- syllabic resonants |
|
| |
|
| Demonstrative/definite affix > construct state: PL-clam-those [of the] man > PL-clam-CONST man
| | *p t k p’ t’ k’ b d g |
| | *s z ts ts’ ʂ ʐ ʈʂ ʈʂ’ |
| | *m n ŋ r l ʀ w j h |
| | ==Gleb phonologies== |
| | ===SEA-esque=== |
| | m̥ m n̻̥ n̻ ɲ̥ ɲ |
| | mb mɓ̰ nd̻ nɗ̰̻ nɗ̱̰ nd͡ʒ |
| | pʰ p b ɓ̰ tʰ̻ t̻ d̻ ɗ̰̻ t͡s̻ ɗ̱̰ t͡ʃʰ t͡ʃ d͡ʒ kʰ k |
| | ɸ β s̻ z̻ ʃ ʒ x h |
| | l̻ j w |
|
| |
|
| Classifiers are in construct state
| | i iː ɨ ɨː u uː |
| | e eː ɘ ɘː o oː |
| | ɛ ɛː ɜ ɜː ɔ ɔː |
| | a aː |
| | ===Indic-esque=== |
| | m̥ m n̥ n ɳ̥ ɳ ɲ̥ ɲ |
| | pʰ p b tʰ t d ʈʰ ʈ ɖ t͡ʃʰ t͡ʃ d͡ʒ kʰ k g ʔ |
| | f v s z ʂ ʐ ʃ ʒ x ɣ h |
| | r ɽ j |
| | i u |
| | ɪ ʊ |
| | ɑ |
|
| |
|
| this CL NOUN > the.GENDER NOUN
| |
|
| |
|
| apposition NOUN-1SG NOUN > CL-1SG NOUN > of_i-1SG NOUN_i
| | (C1)V(C2) |
|
| |
|
| PREP-3SG NOUN > CASE.SG-NOUN
| | C1: a consonant |
|
| |
|
| CONJ VERB NOUN > PREP NOUN
| | V: a vowel |
|
| |
|
| evidential-marking "because" or "therefore", as opposed to the protasis verb
| | C2: a non-palatal consonant other than a postalveolar consonant or one of /d g z ɣ/; i.e. one of /m̥ m n̥ n pʰ p b tʰ t kʰ k ʔ f v s x h r/ |
|
| |
|
| feminine > abstract > honorific
| | ===Pseudo-Polynesian=== |
|
| |
|
| ==Witcanese==
| | m n̻ p b t̻ d̻ k g l̻ j w i u ɪ ʊ e o ɛ ɔ a |
| Wetcanese is a mainly agglutinative, head-final language.
| |
|
| |
|
| :''Kòtih wanaih kèpwanchè.''
| | (C)V |
| ::<small>1SG.GEN-ERG mother-ERG 1SG.ABS-hate-WIT</small>
| |
| ::My mother used to hate me.
| |
| ===Phonology===
| |
| Wetcanese has a simple syllable structure relative to most European languages. Permissible syllable shapes are V, CV, VC, CVC, CGV, and CGVC where G is a glide.
| |
|
| |
|
| ===Grammar===
| | C: a consonant |
| ====Nouns====
| | |
| {| class="greentable lightgreenbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 440px; text-align: center;"
| | V: a vowel |
| |-
| | |
| ! colspan="5"| '''Noun Declension'''
| | Gleb seed 1516956979 |
| |-
| | |
| !scope="row" width="110px"|Number→<br/>Case↓
| | ===Liquidless pseudo-French=== |
| !colspan="2" width="165px" scope="col"|Singular
| | m n̻ ṉ p b t̻ d̻ t͡ʃ d͡ʒ k g f v s̻ z̻ ʃ ʒ h w i y u ɛ ɛ̃ œ œ̃ ɔ ɔ̃ a ã |
| !colspan="2" width="165px" scope="col"|Plural
| | |
| |-
| | (C1)V(C2) |
| !scope="row"|Absolutive
| | |
| |colspan="2"|''-0''
| | C1: a consonant |
| |colspan="2"|''-w'', ''-u''
| | |
| |-
| | V: a vowel |
| !scope="row"|Ergative
| | |
| |colspan="2"|''-ih''
| | C2: a consonant |
| |colspan="2"|''-wih''
| | |
| |-
| | Gleb seed 1601724777 |
| !scope="row"|Dative
| | |
| |colspan="2"|''-af''
| | ===A nice one=== |
| |colspan="2"|''-waf''
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|Locative
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-him''
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-uhim'', ''-whim''
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|Ablative
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-chay''
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-uchay'', ''-wchay''
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|Comitative
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-yã''
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-uyã'', ''-wyã''
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|Instrumental
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-run''
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-urun'', ''-wrun''
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|Essive
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-hòg''
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-uhòg'', ''-whòg''
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|Genitive
| |
| |colspan="4"|''-t-'' (see Genitive declension)
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| ====Adjectives and Genitives====
| | m n̻ nʲ̻ tʰ̻ t̻ kʰ k kʷ f s̻ l̻ i iː u uː ɛ ɛː ɛ̃ ɛ̃ː ɔ ɔː ɔ̃ ɔ̃ː a aː ã ãː |
| Adjectives (including genitives) agree with the noun in case and number. Adjectives take the same endings as nouns. However, many adjectives are genitive adjectives formed form nouns, corresponding to the adjectival suffix in other languages.
| |
|
| |
|
| | (C1)V(C2) |
|
| |
|
| {| class="greentable lightgreenbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 440px; text-align: center;"
| | C1: a consonant |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="5"| '''Genitive Declension'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row" width="110px"|Number→<br/>Case↓
| |
| !colspan="2" width="165px" scope="col"|Singular
| |
| !colspan="2" width="165px" scope="col"|Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|Absolutive
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-t''
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-tèw''
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|Ergative
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-tih''
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-twih''
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|Dative
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-taf''
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-twaf''
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|Locative
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-thim''
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-tuhim''
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|Ablative
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-tchay''
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-tuchay''
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|Comitative
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-tyã''
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-tuyã''
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|Instrumental
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-tèrun''
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-turun''
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|Essive
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-thòg''
| |
| |colspan="2"|''-tuhòg''
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|Genitive
| |
| |colspan="4"|''-tèt-''
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| ====Verbs====
| | V: a vowel |
| Verbs in Wetcanese have no tense or aspect inflection; instead, there is evidentiality and mood which can do double duty as certain tenses The irrealis is the default, unmarked mood/evidentiality, serving the role of the infinitive or the future in other languages.
| |
|
| |
|
| {| class="greentable lightgreenbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 275px; text-align: center;"
| | C2: a consonant other than /nʲ̻/ |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="2"| '''Wetcanese mood/evidentiality affixes'''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! width="110px"|irrealis
| |
| | width="165px"|''-Ø''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|witness
| |
| |''-chè''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|emphatic
| |
| |''-kòd''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|jurative
| |
| |''-tèmuh''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|quotative
| |
| |''-sha''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|mirative
| |
| |''-quh''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|hearsay
| |
| |''-ot''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|inferential
| |
| |''-eq''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|assumptive
| |
| |''-rwè''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|optative
| |
| |''-mes''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|imperative
| |
| |''-wõ''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|potential
| |
| |''-hiw''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|desiderative
| |
| |''-pãs''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|admonitive
| |
| |''-ay''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|permissive
| |
| |''-hyè''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| :''Phátu nuku'''chè'''...''
| | Gleb seed 1364524938 |
| ::''When did I last see it... (lit. When it was_located-I saw...)''
| |
|
| |
|
| The mirative marks new information that the speaker is witnessing. It often corresponds to present tense. In narratives it is used to exhort the listener for attention.
| | ===vaguely Clofab=== |
| | consonants: |
|
| |
|
| :''Qayòlih milám huga'''quh'''.''
| | m n mb nd ndz ŋg p b t d ts dz k g mv nz f v s z h r w |
| ::''Hey, the demon's chasing the dog!/Behold, the demon chased the dog.''
| |
|
| |
|
| The quotative is used for information from third-party sources deemed to be authoritative. As such it is the evidential most often encountered in narratives.
| | vowels: |
|
| |
|
| :''Qayòlih milám huga'''sha'''.''
| | a e i o u |
| ::''The demon chased the dog. (narrative)''
| |
|
| |
|
| The admonitive is used in prohibitions and warnings, and for negative purpose clauses.
| | syllable structure: (C)V |
|
| |
|
| :''Phi qhashãs'''ay'''''
| | Gleb seed 1390372573 |
| ::''Do not wander around''
| |
| :''ha ãbè mòsip'''ay'''''
| |
| ::''lest this be forgotten''
| |
|
| |
|
| Wetcanese makes use of verbal affixes, instead of intonation (like English) or word order (as in some European languages and Celtic/Hebrew), in order to focus a constituent.
| | ===Liquidless phonology=== |
| | m̥ m n̥ n ŋ̥ ŋ mpʰ mb ntʰ nd ŋkʰ pʰ p b tʰ t d kʰ k ʔ f s x |
|
| |
|
| {| class="greentable lightgreenbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 275px; text-align: center;"
| | a e ɛ i o ɔ u |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="2"| '''Focus prefixes'''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! width="110px"|absolutive
| |
| | width="165px"|''ne-''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|ergative
| |
| |''hin-''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|beneficiary
| |
| |''mac-''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|instrument
| |
| |''qo-''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|location
| |
| |''ya-''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|source
| |
| |''hòt-''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|goal
| |
| |''up-''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|time
| |
| |''al-''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| ==TAM session==
| | (C)V(N) |
| {| class="greentable lightgreenbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 660px; text-align: center;"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="2"| '''Aspect-mood clitics'''
| |
| |-
| |
| |Ø
| |
| |aorist
| |
| |-
| |
| |''d(i)-''
| |
| |progressive
| |
| |-
| |
| |
| |
| |prospective
| |
| |-
| |
| |
| |
| |inceptive
| |
| |-
| |
| |
| |
| |continuative
| |
| |-
| |
| |
| |
| |pausative
| |
| |-
| |
| |
| |
| |resumptive
| |
| |-
| |
| |
| |
| |cessative
| |
| |-
| |
| |
| |
| |retrospective
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| | C: a consonant |
|
| |
|
| {| class="greentable lightgreenbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 660px; text-align: center;"
| | V: a vowel |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="9"| '''Person-tense clitics'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|Number→<br/>Person↓
| |
| !colspan="2" scope="col"|Singulative
| |
| !colspan="2" scope="col"|Generic/Partitive
| |
| !colspan="2" scope="col"|Plurative
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="9"| '''Present'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|1
| |
| |colspan="2"|''*na-''
| |
| |colspan="4"|''*xa-'' (exclusive); ''*ŋe-'' (inclusive)
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|2
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="4"|''*sa-''
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|3
| |
| |colspan="2"|''*zə-''
| |
| |colspan="2"|''*cə-''
| |
| |colspan="2"|''*za-''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="9"| '''Past'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|1
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="4"|
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|2
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="4"|
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|3
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="9"| '''Future'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|1
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="4"|
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|2
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="4"|
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|3
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="9"| '''Jussive'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|1
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="4"|
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|2
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="4"|
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|3
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| {| class="greentable lightgreenbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 660px; text-align: center;"
| | N: a nasal; i.e. one of /m̥ m n̥ n ŋ̥ ŋ/ |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="9"| '''Person enclitics'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|Number→<br/>Person↓
| |
| !colspan="2" scope="col"|Singulative
| |
| !colspan="2" scope="col"|Generic/Partitive
| |
| !colspan="2" scope="col"|Plurative
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|1
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="4"|
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|2
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="4"|
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|3
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| ===Nominal declension===
| | Gleb seed 1408165181 |
|
| |
|
| {| class="greentable lightgreenbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 660px; text-align: center;"
| | ==A Damin== |
| |-
| | *Nasals: ɱ n̼ ɳ ɲ |
| ! colspan="17"| '''Declension'''
| | *Plosives: d̼ ʈ c' |
| |-
| | *Affricates: tθ ʡħ |
| !scope="row"|Number→
| | *Fricatives: ð̼ θ̱ ç |
| !colspan="2" rowspan="2" scope="col"|Generic
| | *Clicks: ʞ |
| !colspan="4" scope="col"|Partitive
| | *Liquids: ʙ ʟ ʢ |
| !colspan="4" scope="col"|Singulative
| | *vowels: y ɤ æ |
| !colspan="4" scope="col"|Plurative
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|Definiteness→
| |
| !colspan="2"|<small>'''Indefinite'''</small>
| |
| !colspan="2"|<small>'''Definite'''</small>
| |
| !colspan="2"|<small>'''Indefinite'''</small>
| |
| !colspan="2"|<small>'''Definite'''</small>
| |
| !colspan="2"|<small>'''Indefinite'''</small>
| |
| !colspan="2"|<small>'''Definite'''</small>
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|Unpossessed
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|1sg
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|2sg
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|3sg.animate
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|3sg.inanimate
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|1ex
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|1in
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|2pl
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|3pl.animate
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|3pl.inanimate
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|Impersonal
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|Partitive
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| ==No idea if this will work== | | ==from An Bhlaoighne== |
| | <poem> |
| | big: go qhéith |
| | small: go mionn (from Latin "minimus") |
| | long: go mheal |
| | short: go laomh |
| | wide: go raoi |
| | narrow: go cuachar |
| | thick: go scúil |
| | thin: go h-ádh |
| | woman: an fháixe, na bhfáixe |
| | man: an beathra, na mbeathra |
| | child: an stíotha, na stíotha |
| | mother: an feadhan-fháixe? |
| | father: an feadhan-beathra? |
| | na bhfeadhan-fháixe, na bhfeadhan-beathra |
| | wife: an sleith-fháixe |
| | husband: an sleith-beathra |
| | na dhsleith-fháixe, na dhsleith-beathra |
| | fish: an déimhe, na dhéimhe |
| | bird: an chuar, na cuar |
| | (all these are from the bhadhagha gib) |
| | dog: an lior, na lior |
| | louse: an h-úmha, na n-úmha |
| | snake: an bhfaost, na faost |
| | worm: an ghean, na ngean |
| | tree: an daodha, na dhaodha |
| | forest: an ríne, na ríne |
| | stick: an cuath, na chuath |
| | fruit: an thamha, na dtamha |
| | seed: an páile, na páile |
| | leaf: an fhuix, na bhfuix |
| | root: an dhóife, na dhóife |
| | bark: an cior, na cior |
| | flower: an qeógh, na qheógh |
| | grass: an rúiche, na rúiche |
| | rope: an mbuad, na bhuad |
| | skin: an geabh, na gheabh |
| | meat: an ceith, na gceith |
| | blood: an dhséabha, na dhséabha |
| | bone: an reist, na reist |
| | fat: an xuile, na xuile |
| | egg: an qé, na qhé *hmoob intensifies* |
| | horn: an n-aire, na h-aire |
| | tail: an h-aoi, na h-aoi |
| | feather: an gcoít, na choít |
| | hair: an núcha, na núcha |
| | head: an snith, na snith |
| | ear: an dtiocha, na tiocha |
| | eye: an fheirn, na bhfeirn |
| | nose: an gaoine, na ngaoine |
| | mouth: an cnuile, na chnuile |
| | tooth: an iacha, na h-iacha |
| | tongue: an bhlaoighne? 😀 |
| | fingernail: an sciofhth, na sciofhth |
| | foot: an reithe, na reithe |
| | leg: an ndeocha reith, na dheocha reith |
| | knee: an xionn reith, na dhxionn reith |
| | hand: flúin |
| | an bhflúin, na fhlúin |
| | arm: an ndeocha bhflúin, na dheocha bhflúin |
| | elbow: an xionn bhflúin, na dhxionn bhflúin |
| | wing: an ceamh, na gceamh |
| | belly: an táile, na tháile |
| | guts: an nquinneach, na quinneach |
| | neck: an xaoiphe, na xaoiphe |
| | back: an mbíolbh, na bíolbh |
| | breast: an dhsracht, na sracht |
| | heart: an luisc, na luisc |
| | liver: an steóisc, na dhsteóisc |
| | go neábha 'to drink' |
| | go séic 'to eat' |
| | go xumhadh 'to bite' |
| | go scéimh 'to suck' |
| | go fiara 'to spit, to eject' |
| | go fiara an néitheasach 'to vomit' |
| | go fíoxa 'to blow' |
| | go stúimhe 'to breathe' |
| | go sraoth 'to laugh' |
| | go bhfeirthe 'to see' |
| | go dtiodh 'to hear' |
| | go xeólaigh 'to know' |
| | go bhrainne 'to think' |
|
| |
|
| {| class="greentable lightgreenbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 660px; text-align: center;"
| | to smell: go mbuir |
| |-
| | fear: an xaoithe, na dhxaoithe |
| ! colspan="9"| '''Conjugation'''
| | to sleep: go h-uaileas |
| |-
| | to live: go chaith |
| ! colspan="3"| '''Infinitive'''
| | </poem> |
| | colspan="4"|
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="3"| '''Active participle'''
| |
| | colspan="4"|
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="3"| '''Antipassive participle'''
| |
| | colspan="4"|
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|Number→<br/>Person↓
| |
| !colspan="2" scope="col"|Singulative
| |
| !colspan="2" scope="col"|Collective/Partitive
| |
| !colspan="2" scope="col"|Plurative
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="9"| '''Aorist'''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="9"| '''Active voice'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|1
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="4"|
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|2
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="4"|
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|3
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="9"| '''Passive voice'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|1
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="4"|
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|2
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="4"|
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="9"| '''Antipassive voice'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|3
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="9"| '''Imperfect'''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="9"| '''Active voice'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|1
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="4"|
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|2
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="4"|
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|3
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="9"| '''Passive voice'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|1
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="4"|
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|2
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="4"|
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="9"| '''Antipassive voice'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|3
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="9"| '''Imperative'''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="9"| '''Active voice'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|1
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="4"|
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|2
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="4"|
| |
| |-
| |
| !scope="row"|3
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="2"|
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| | dance: from An Bhlaoighne "dannsa" (to move to a beat), from "dann" (beat; imitative of a drum) + -tha/-the verbalizer (-nnth- becomes -nns-) |
|
| |
|
| {{gloss
| | ==Long German gibby word== |
| |phrase=plân tròung '''''or''''' tròung plân
| | Brüschlingssträpfchenentzürmungsdreicherwildeleischenerbröpflichkeitsspülzergebraußerspeichelsmäudsgrefferklittenwertsbrimmendlicherungsschnäfternascherndräckelbassungsbärzenherdlichengerützelbeunungströtterbeteibertenspründerschlettengeschärtungsentdraufengeschiemlichkeitsneftertreuenhauscheraufstrüpfenanwadlungsstaufengrammlermeitscherluchseneinstrupfungsgeweidsschmesserdornenbekeifersträmpferentblüstungsgefrützerhaumenrießenschweiherbockerschaftsbedeuferungsbezandlungsgestürdenscheuchterdachsergeisterzerbrüttungsfrätterschoffergriedenteckenschwindsgemerzenheitsbrauftenscharnesspeizendentkremmensielesstrüstergezwohrenenvergräuferspeilenhuftschuckerverwaftungsschmagenentdränzerwinkenmeundenbielerglüftenverzäumlichkeitspfarnengortenspahlenentschrangenkrindenschufendriechengreierschnockenwiegerwungenschieberdähmenstuchtgejästnisgräbenspunkereienschneiligungsspürzenknafterschaumenbrußenbedreuernisjackerkeldungsheidenschmüsselnzudrenkenrumpferleigungsbehedigungsschweiterwackengesteckerbeizerwendungsfrüchlingszweibenseiderschangenhubergeidengemermlichkeitsgelechterschlammengogengettenberzlerfiegenlundenbädelnspanderquändelerbeichenstahrgebütenhenerbluhnenentzängerbreumenbefärzigergampfendreigenschaftszerbrenklungsgebrohungsschmindlergaftengaufsgekemmtenbräuzchenzerkreinerndenschleitenhaufsdröffernzerschwällenzwünderdreisungsenttrebenpflingergreuferschmaunenverrümmerkreibenquängerheitsschmatterverzwenkerungsflebereibenguftenjangereideldreibengangenbleizerbehürberschierdequammerhüngenbrössenbekleiterzwandengemiegerzeistigungsbegählnisberachtungsschwadenkrütteranklaumenschweicherleinerbröhnungsneidelnkufenschrankenziederdrabenschöhlerbruhnspeutscherentgäumungsvergürblichungsverweidnisglündergehuhmendreucherbeibengreusteszwerterschründereienbücklingserstorchenspienerhetschergohrenausschweislichkeitenlemdengetranderschrifferbeschlecherlingswingerkrantengedärzerzärncheneinfleuderhackerstälzenbriednisseigerungsverdraußerräuchselstommerfrätzelschlünterstürglingszwätcheneinblittsgespüßenentdriedenschwünterheibenstalerfernersteilendrüßentrachersträtzgeschwiebendeineslorteskehrwarteurendspannwachenblatzstaufentreischentraubengetöhlerbaußenhauerdinzenbeklaunerwießenkeitsbeschärfigungsgewichtsbraudenwederklaumsbefritzenscheiberdänzelungsmeitelwischerbeschorkenklubenwunderzäugswögerblüschenbenäudigungsheibenentpfeischerlammenwiedenbewegsweitchenläumlichkeitsgrüberdraßterwallenheuertriebenentpfernerkreidenlächtnisstreußerentrüchelvermaußerheitsverbrüschenwerdenwolderschrahnenzäudsgemischerpflechtsschreuerkrüßenpfeischenlangenläubgeschlindersträuelheitsschreberkäuftigkeitsmeierwünnenbäserhattenkraufengeschreudsentwerdsbeeigenbrännenbrauerbrindenschannenklüserwächtsweugenklagergessenbeienrüchtsraußenbewindenschlafterheitsentreffenschmeierlachtwießerschrupfenbeschwündsverziechengeschlächerlauferzernessenheitsgraußenschlöderleinswangenkehrenberaußwischerleitenracherschwegerfäudlichenzabenwündenerkrufenhaubswaudendissengäuberlampfenschrümberfiedsgräubenbedachenmahrenschreudsverschmaßenheitssprüngenentwöhlerbeschluntenhübenreunsbeneifsverzöhnenbeleifernempfäusungswichtheitsgederfsschwermenlückenanzweißenlauschungsfriegschwipferlangsberüngenschehnenblöckenzärferlachsgewindenmaubennaubenpaubentaubenkaubenbaubendaubengaubenpfaubenzaubentschaubensaubenschaubenfaubenwaubenjaubenhaubenlaubenraubenpraubentraubenkraubenbraubendraubengraubenpfraubenfraubenplaubenklaubenblaubenglaubenpflaubenflaubenknaubengnaubenstaubenspaubenschmaubenschnaubenschlaubenschraubenschwaubenstraubenspraubenmausennausenpausentausenkausenbausendausengausenpfausenzausentschausensausenschausenfausenwausenjausenhausenlausenrausenprausentrausenkrausenbrausendrausengrausenpfrausenfrausenplausenklausenblausenglausenpflausenflausenknausengnausenstausenspausenschmausenschnausenschlausenschrausenschwausenstrausensprausenmaumennaumenpaumentaumenkaumenbaumendaumengaumenpfaumenzaumentschaumensaumenschaumenfaumenwaumenjaumenhaumenlaumenraumenpraumentraumenkraumenbraumendraumengraumenpfraumenfraumenplaumenklaumenblaumenglaumenpflaumenflaumenknaumengnaumenstaumenspaumenschmaumenschnaumenschlaumenschraumenschwaumenstraumenspraum |
| |IPA=/pˤán ʈʉ̌u̯ŋ/ or /ʈʉ̌u̯ŋ pˤán/
| |
| |morphemes=plân tròung/tròung plân
| |
| |gloss=teacher house/house teacher
| |
| |translation=The teacher's house}}
| |
| {{gloss
| |
| |phrase=plân {{green|mā}} tròung '''''or''''' tròung {{green|mā}} plân
| |
| |IPA=/pˤán ma̤ ʈʉ̌u̯ŋ/ or /ʈʉ̌u̯ŋ ma̤ pˤán/
| |
| |morphemes=plân {{green|mā}} tròung/tròung {{green|mā}} plân
| |
| |gloss=teacher {{green|INV}} house/house {{green|INV}} teacher
| |
| |translation=The teacher of the house}}
| |
| {{gloss
| |
| |phrase=plân mā srâlk tròung
| |
| |IPA=/pˤán ma̤ kˤī ʂákˤ ʈʉ̌u̯ŋ/
| |
| |morphemes=plân mā srâkl tròung
| |
| |gloss=teacher INV pure house
| |
| |translation=The house of the teacher of purity}}
| |
| {{gloss
| |
| |phrase=plân mā {{green|kli}} srâlk tròung
| |
| |IPA=/pˤán ma̤ kˤī ʂákˤ ʈʉ̌u̯ŋ/
| |
| |morphemes=plân mā {{green|kli}} srâkl tròung
| |
| |gloss=teacher INV {{green|DELIM}} pure house
| |
| |translation=The teacher of the house of purity}}
| |