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:[[Æ/Lexicon]]
:[[Æ/Lexicon]]


'''{{PAGENAME}}''' (natively [ʔe˧˧]; in English /ɛ/ ''eh'') is an [[Verse:Angai|Angai]]an monosyllabic tonal analytic language inspired by Danish and Vietnamese (and the name is inspired by the real-world E language).
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' (natively ''jạrˀ Æ'' [jɑ̈˨˩˨ˀ ʔe˧˧], lit. 'Æ sound'; in English /ɛ/ ''eh'') is an [[Verse:Angai|Angai]]an monosyllabic tonal analytic language inspired by Danish and Vietnamese (and the name is inspired by the real-world E language). It belongs to the Rieñ-Zrâtt language family and is related to [[Trây]] which is a Khmer-like language with initial clusters condensed into clicks.
 
== Diachronics sketch ==
Old Æ -ång/k -ong/k -ůng/k -> Modern Æ -æ̊m/vˀ -øm/vˀ -ym/vˀ


rø{{acute}}dˀ grø{{acute}}dˀ med flø{{cdb}}d could be a chengyu
== Broad phonology ==
== Broad phonology ==
=== Initials ===
=== Initials ===
Line 12: Line 14:


=== Vowels ===
=== Vowels ===
Nuclei: i y u ů e ø o æ æ̊ a å /i y ɨ u e ø o ɛ œ æ ɔ/
Æ has 13 nuclei: i y ŭ u ů e ø o æ æ̊ ă a å /i y ɨ ɨ: u e ø o ɛ œ æ æ: ɔ/


=== Finals ===
=== Finals ===
-0 -j -v -d -r -n -m /-0 -j -w -ð{{lowered}}ˠ -ɐ̯ -ⁿ -wⁿ/
-0 -j -v -d -r -n -m -ˀ -jˀ -vˀ -dˀ -rˀ -nˀ -mˀ /-0 -j -w -ð -ɐ̯ -ŋ -ŋ͡m -ʔ -jʔ -wʔ -ðʔ -ɐ̯ʔ -ŋʔ -ŋ͡mʔ/
==== Origins of finals ====
==== Origins of finals ====
* -0 comes from older -0 (tone A), -ʔ (tone B), -h (tone C), -k (tone D)
* -0 comes from older -0 (tone A), -ʔ (tone B), -h (tone C), -k (tone D)
* -v comes from older -w (tone A), -wʔ (tone B), -f (tone C), -p (tone D)
* -v comes from older -w (tone A), -wʔ (tone B), -f (tone C), -p -wə(final stop) (tone D)
* -j comes from older -j (tone A), -jʔ (tone B), -ç (tone C), -c (tone D)
* -j comes from older -j (tone A), -jʔ (tone B), -ç (tone C), -c -jə(final stop) (tone D)
* -d comes from older -ð/-l (tone A), -ðʔ/-lʔ (tone B), -þ (tone C), -t (tone D)
* -d comes from older -ð -l (tone A), -ðʔ -lʔ (tone B), -þ (tone C), -t -ðə(final stop) -lə(final stop) (tone D)
* -r comes from older -r (tone A), -rʔ (tone B), -s (tone C), -q (tone D)
* -r comes from older -r (tone A), -rʔ (tone B), -s (tone C), -q -rə(final stop) (tone D)
* -n from -n -ɲ sometimes -ŋ (add ʔ or final fric as necessary for tones B or C), -nə(final stop) -ɲə(final stop) -ŋə(final stop) (tone D)
* -n from -n -ɲ sometimes -ŋ (add ʔ or final fric as necessary for tones B or C), -nə(final stop) -ɲə(final stop) -ŋə(final stop) (tone D)
* -m from -m sometimes -ŋ (add ʔ or final fric as necessary for tones B or C), -mə(final stop) -ŋə(final stop) (tone D)
* -m from -m sometimes -ŋ (add ʔ or final fric as necessary for tones B or C), -mə(final stop) -ŋə(final stop) (tone D)
(Posttonic syllables after nonresonants are lost without a trace)


=== Tones ===
=== Tones ===
6 tones, with independent +-stød (TODO: diachronically justify independent stød)
8 tones, 2 of which have stød
 
==== Tone box ====
==== Tone box ====
Vietnamese tone diacritics are used to indicate the abstract etymological origin of the tone (The precise tone values are TBD)  
Vietnamese tone diacritics are used to indicate the abstract etymological origin of the tone (The precise tone values are TBD)  
Line 41: Line 44:
|á
|á
|ả
|ả
|á, always + stød
|áˀ
|-
|-
!Breathy initial
!Breathy initial
Line 47: Line 50:
|ạ
|ạ
|ã
|ã
|ạ, always + stød
|ạˀ
|}
|}


== Narrow phonology ==
== Narrow phonology ==
Steal from Danish narrow phonology as much as possible
Steal from Danish narrow phonology as much as possible
=== Initials ===
Initials are close to their broad transcriptions in Standard Æ.
=== Rimes with no -r- medial ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! rowspan=2 colspan=2 |
! colspan="13"|Nucleus
|-
!/æː/
!/æ/
!/ɛ/
!/œ/
!/ɔ/
!/e/
!/ø/
!/o/
!/i/
!/y/
!/u/
!/ɨː/
!/ɨ/
|-
! rowspan="8"|Coda
! /0/
| [ɛː]<br/>''a''
| -
| [eː]<br/>''æ''
| [œ̝ː]<br/>''æ̊''
| [ɔ̽ː]<br/>''å''
| [e̝ː]<br/>''e''
| [øː]<br/>''ø''
| [o̝ː]<br/>''o''
| [iː]<br/>''i''
| [yː]<br/>''y''
| [uː]<br/>''ů''
| [ɨː]<br/>''u''
| -
|-
! /j(ʔ)/
| [ɛːj]<br/>''aj''
| [ɑ̈j]<br/>''ăj''
| -
| -
| [ɒ̽ːj]<br/>''åj''
| -
| -
| [oːj]<br/>''oj''
| -
| -
| [uːj]<br/>''ůj''
| [ɨːj]<br/>''uj''
| [əj]<br/>''ŭj''
|-
! /w(ʔ)/
| [ɛːw]<br/>''av''
| [æw]<br/>''ăv''
| [eːw]<br/>''æv''
| [œːw]<br/>''æ̊v''
| [ɔ̽ːw]<br/>''åv''
| [e̝ːw]<br/>''ev''
| [øːw]<br/>''øv''
| -
| [iːw]<br/>''iv''
| [yːw]<br/>''yv''
| -
| [ɨːw]<br/>''uv''
| [əw]<br/>''ŭv''
|-
! /ð(ʔ)/
| [ɛːð̠˕ˠ]<br/>''ad''
| [æð̠˕ˠ]<br/>''ăd''
| [eːð̠˕ˠ]<br/>''æd''
| [œ̝ːð̠˕ˠ]<br/>''æ̊d''
| [ɔ̽ːð̠˕ˠ]<br/>''åd''
| [e̝ːð̠˕ˠ]<br/>''ed''
| [øːð̠˕ˠ]<br/>''ød''
| [o̝ːð̠˕ˠ]<br/>''od''
| [iːð̠˕ˠ]<br/>''id''
| [yːð̠˕ˠ]<br/>''yd''
| [uːð̠˕ˠ]<br/>''ůd''
| [ð̩˕˗ˠː]<br/>''ud''
| [əð̠˕ˠ]<br/>''ŭd''
|-
! /ɐ̯(ʔ)/
| [ɑ̈ː]<br/>''ar''
| [ɑ̈ː]<br/>''ăr''
| [eːɒ̯̽]<br/>''ær''
| [œːɒ̯̽]<br/>''æ̊r''
| [ɒ̝ː]<br/>''år''
| [e̝ːɒ̯̽]<br/>''er''
| [øːɒ̯̽]<br/>''ør''
| [o̝ːɒ̯̽]<br/>''or''
| [iːɒ̯̽]<br/>''ir''
| [yːɒ̯̽]<br/>''yr''
| [uːɒ̯̽]<br/>''ůr''
| [ɨːɒ̯̽]<br/>''ur''
| [əɒ̯̽]<br/>''ŭr''
|-
! /ŋ(ʔ)/
| [ɛ̃ː]<br/>''an''
| [ãː]<br/>''ăn''
|-
! /ŋ͡m(ʔ)/
| [ɛ̃ːw̃~ɛːw̃]<br/>''am''
| [æ̃w̃~æw̃]<br/>''ăm''
|-
! /ʔ/
| [ɛːʔ]<br/>''aˀ''
| [æʔ]<br/>''ăˀ''
|}
== Grammar ==
=== Polar questions ===
Yes-no questions either use the A-not-A form or put the appropriate negative word at the end.
:''Mæ{{cdb}}rˀ húd med blảj Æ?'' / ''Mæ{{cdb}}rˀ húd blảj Æ med?''
: 2 COP NEG.COP human Æ / 2 COP human Æ NEG.COP
: Are you Æ?
== Poetry ==
Lục bát (with the same rules as in Vietnamese lục bát) is the most common poetic form
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]

Latest revision as of 01:32, 27 November 2024

Æ/Lexicon

Æ (natively jạrˀ Æ [jɑ̈˨˩˨ˀ ʔe˧˧], lit. 'Æ sound'; in English /ɛ/ eh) is an Angaian monosyllabic tonal analytic language inspired by Danish and Vietnamese (and the name is inspired by the real-world E language). It belongs to the Rieñ-Zrâtt language family and is related to Trây which is a Khmer-like language with initial clusters condensed into clicks.

Diachronics sketch

Old Æ -ång/k -ong/k -ůng/k -> Modern Æ -æ̊m/vˀ -øm/vˀ -ym/vˀ

Broad phonology

Initials

b d bl gl g f s fl sl t h m n ng l r v j 0 /p t pl tɬ k f s fl ɬ ts h m n ŋ l ʁ v j ʔ/

Medials

-r- /ʁ/ Since this lowers the vowel, the exact phonetic values of rV combinations must be learned. Tentatively only allowed after b d g f s t h m n ng v.

Vowels

Æ has 13 nuclei: i y ŭ u ů e ø o æ æ̊ ă a å /i y ɨ ɨ: u e ø o ɛ œ æ æ: ɔ/

Finals

-0 -j -v -d -r -n -m -ˀ -jˀ -vˀ -dˀ -rˀ -nˀ -mˀ /-0 -j -w -ð -ɐ̯ -ŋ -ŋ͡m -ʔ -jʔ -wʔ -ðʔ -ɐ̯ʔ -ŋʔ -ŋ͡mʔ/

Origins of finals

  • -0 comes from older -0 (tone A), -ʔ (tone B), -h (tone C), -k (tone D)
  • -v comes from older -w (tone A), -wʔ (tone B), -f (tone C), -p -wə(final stop) (tone D)
  • -j comes from older -j (tone A), -jʔ (tone B), -ç (tone C), -c -jə(final stop) (tone D)
  • -d comes from older -ð -l (tone A), -ðʔ -lʔ (tone B), -þ (tone C), -t -ðə(final stop) -lə(final stop) (tone D)
  • -r comes from older -r (tone A), -rʔ (tone B), -s (tone C), -q -rə(final stop) (tone D)
  • -n from -n -ɲ sometimes -ŋ (add ʔ or final fric as necessary for tones B or C), -nə(final stop) -ɲə(final stop) -ŋə(final stop) (tone D)
  • -m from -m sometimes -ŋ (add ʔ or final fric as necessary for tones B or C), -mə(final stop) -ŋə(final stop) (tone D)

(Posttonic syllables after nonresonants are lost without a trace)

Tones

8 tones, 2 of which have stød

Tone box

Vietnamese tone diacritics are used to indicate the abstract etymological origin of the tone (The precise tone values are TBD)

A (null/voiced coda) B (glottal stop coda) C (fricative coda) D (voiceless stop coda)
Modal initial a á ả áˀ
Breathy initial à ạ ã ạˀ

Narrow phonology

Steal from Danish narrow phonology as much as possible

Initials

Initials are close to their broad transcriptions in Standard Æ.

Rimes with no -r- medial

Nucleus
/æː/ /æ/ /ɛ/ /œ/ /ɔ/ /e/ /ø/ /o/ /i/ /y/ /u/ /ɨː/ /ɨ/
Coda /0/ [ɛː]
a 		- [eː]
æ 		[œ̝ː]
æ̊ 		[ɔ̽ː]
å 		[e̝ː]
e 		[øː]
ø 		[o̝ː]
o 		[iː]
i 		[yː]
y 		[uː]
ů 		[ɨː]
u 		-
/j(ʔ)/ [ɛːj]
aj 		[ɑ̈j]
ăj 		- - [ɒ̽ːj]
åj 		- - [oːj]
oj 		- - [uːj]
ůj 		[ɨːj]
uj 		[əj]
ŭj
/w(ʔ)/ [ɛːw]
av 		[æw]
ăv 		[eːw]
æv 		[œːw]
æ̊v 		[ɔ̽ːw]
åv 		[e̝ːw]
ev 		[øːw]
øv 		- [iːw]
iv 		[yːw]
yv 		- [ɨːw]
uv 		[əw]
ŭv
/ð(ʔ)/ [ɛːð̠˕ˠ]
ad 		[æð̠˕ˠ]
ăd 		[eːð̠˕ˠ]
æd 		[œ̝ːð̠˕ˠ]
æ̊d 		[ɔ̽ːð̠˕ˠ]
åd 		[e̝ːð̠˕ˠ]
ed 		[øːð̠˕ˠ]
ød 		[o̝ːð̠˕ˠ]
od 		[iːð̠˕ˠ]
id 		[yːð̠˕ˠ]
yd 		[uːð̠˕ˠ]
ůd 		[ð̩˕˗ˠː]
ud 		[əð̠˕ˠ]
ŭd
/ɐ̯(ʔ)/ [ɑ̈ː]
ar 		[ɑ̈ː]
ăr 		[eːɒ̯̽]
ær 		[œːɒ̯̽]
æ̊r 		[ɒ̝ː]
år 		[e̝ːɒ̯̽]
er 		[øːɒ̯̽]
ør 		[o̝ːɒ̯̽]
or 		[iːɒ̯̽]
ir 		[yːɒ̯̽]
yr 		[uːɒ̯̽]
ůr 		[ɨːɒ̯̽]
ur 		[əɒ̯̽]
ŭr
/ŋ(ʔ)/ [ɛ̃ː]
an 		[ãː]
ăn
/ŋ͡m(ʔ)/ [ɛ̃ːw̃~ɛːw̃]
am 		[æ̃w̃~æw̃]
ăm
/ʔ/ [ɛːʔ]
aˀ 		[æʔ]
ăˀ

Grammar

Polar questions

Yes-no questions either use the A-not-A form or put the appropriate negative word at the end.

Mæ̣rˀ húd med blảj Æ? / Mæ̣rˀ húd blảj Æ med?
2 COP NEG.COP human Æ / 2 COP human Æ NEG.COP
Are you Æ?

Poetry

Lục bát (with the same rules as in Vietnamese lục bát) is the most common poetic form

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