User:Shariifka/Sandbox: Difference between revisions
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**When a root would have alterations between palatalized and non-palatalized consonants, one of these variants is selected and extended to all forms. | **When a root would have alterations between palatalized and non-palatalized consonants, one of these variants is selected and extended to all forms. | ||
*Voiced fricatives are devoiced. | *Voiced fricatives are devoiced. | ||
*Maximum syllable structure is CVC. | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"} | {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"} | ||
|+ Fate of consonants | |+ Fate of consonants | ||
Line 3,853: | Line 3,854: | ||
| p || p || p | | p || p || p | ||
|- | |- | ||
| b || | | b || w || w | ||
|- | |- | ||
| v || f || f | | v || f || f | ||
|- | |- | ||
| n || n || | | n || n || n | ||
|- | |- | ||
| t || t || | | t || t || s | ||
|- | |- | ||
| d || | | d || l || s | ||
|- | |- | ||
| c || s || | | c || s || s | ||
|- | |- | ||
| dz || | | dz || s || s | ||
|- | |- | ||
| s || s || s | | s || s || s | ||
|- | |- | ||
| z || s || | | z || s || s | ||
|- | |- | ||
| r || r || r | | r || r || r | ||
|- | |- | ||
| l || w || | | l || w || l | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ň || — || y | | ň || — || y | ||
Line 3,879: | Line 3,880: | ||
| ť || — || k | | ť || — || k | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ď || — || | | ď || — || y | ||
|- | |- | ||
| č || — || s | | č || — || s | ||
|- | |- | ||
| šč || — || | | šč || — || s | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ždž || — || | | ždž || — || s | ||
|- | |- | ||
| š || — || s | | š || — || s | ||
Line 3,901: | Line 3,902: | ||
| k || k || — | | k || k || — | ||
|- | |- | ||
| g || | | g || h || — | ||
|- | |- | ||
| x || | | x || h || — | ||
|} | |} | ||
====Swadesh list==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! '''No.''' !! [[wikipedia:English language|English]] !! Deslavic | |||
|- | |||
| 1 || [[wiktionary:I|I]] || ya | |||
|- | |||
| 2 || [[wiktionary:you|you (singular)]] || ti | |||
|- | |||
| 3 || [[wiktionary:he|he]] || un | |||
|- | |||
| 4 || [[wiktionary:we|we]] || mi | |||
|- | |||
| 5 || [[wiktionary:you|you (plural)]] || fi | |||
|- | |||
| 6 || [[wiktionary:they|they]] || ni | |||
|- | |||
| 7 || [[wiktionary:this|this]] || se, uf | |||
|- | |||
| 8 || [[wiktionary:that|that]] || tun | |||
|- | |||
| 9 || [[wiktionary:here|here]] || sim | |||
|- | |||
| 10 || [[wiktionary:there|there]] || tam | |||
|- | |||
| 11 || [[wiktionary:who|who]] || kit | |||
|- | |||
| 12 || [[wiktionary:what|what]] || sit | |||
|- | |||
| 13 || [[wiktionary:where|where]] || kis | |||
|- | |||
| 14 || [[wiktionary:when|when]] || kuhul | |||
|- | |||
| 15 || [[wiktionary:how|how]] || yak | |||
|- | |||
| 16 || [[wiktionary:not|not]] || ne | |||
|- | |||
| 17 || [[wiktionary:all|all]] || fis | |||
|- | |||
| 18 || [[wiktionary:many|many]] || munuh | |||
|- | |||
| 19 || [[wiktionary:some|some]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 20 || [[wiktionary:few|few]] || mawk | |||
|- | |||
| 21 || [[wiktionary:other|other]] || yin | |||
|- | |||
| 22 || [[wiktionary:one|one]] || yisin | |||
|- | |||
| 23 || [[wiktionary:two|two]] || lif | |||
|- | |||
| 24 || [[wiktionary:three|three]] || tiri | |||
|- | |||
| 25 || [[wiktionary:four|four]] || sitir | |||
|- | |||
| 26 || [[wiktionary:five|five]] || pes | |||
|- | |||
| 27 || [[wiktionary:big|big]] || filik | |||
|- | |||
| 28 || [[wiktionary:long|long]] || luf | |||
|- | |||
| 29 || [[wiktionary:wide|wide]] || suruk | |||
|- | |||
| 30 || [[wiktionary:thick|thick]] || tilis | |||
|- | |||
| 31 || [[wiktionary:heavy|heavy]] || sesek | |||
|- | |||
| 32 || [[wiktionary:small|small]] || maw | |||
|- | |||
| 33 || [[wiktionary:short|short]] || kurtuk | |||
|- | |||
| 34 || [[wiktionary:narrow|narrow]] || usuk | |||
|- | |||
| 35 || [[wiktionary:thin|thin]] || sinik | |||
|- | |||
| 36 || [[wiktionary:woman|woman]] || sen | |||
|- | |||
| 37 || [[wiktionary:man|man (adult male)]] || mus | |||
|- | |||
| 38 || [[wiktionary:man|man (human being)]] || soofek | |||
|- | |||
| 39 || [[wiktionary:child|child]] || ses | |||
|- | |||
| 40 || [[wiktionary:wife|wife]] || sen | |||
|- | |||
| 41 || [[wiktionary:husband|husband]] || mus | |||
|- | |||
| 42 || [[wiktionary:mother|mother]] || mas | |||
|- | |||
| 43 || [[wiktionary:father|father]] || wak | |||
|- | |||
| 44 || [[wiktionary:animal|animal]] || sefer | |||
|- | |||
| 45 || [[wiktionary:fish|fish]] || ruu | |||
|- | |||
| 46 || [[wiktionary:bird|bird]] || pisis | |||
|- | |||
| 47 || [[wiktionary:dog|dog]] || pis | |||
|- | |||
| 48 || [[wiktionary:louse|louse]] || fis | |||
|- | |||
| 49 || [[wiktionary:snake|snake]] || us | |||
|- | |||
| 50 || [[wiktionary:worm|worm]] || sirif | |||
|- | |||
| 51 || [[wiktionary:tree|tree]] || leref | |||
|- | |||
| 52 || [[wiktionary:forest|forest]] || les | |||
|- | |||
| 53 || [[wiktionary:stick|stick]] || peles | |||
|- | |||
| 54 || [[wiktionary:fruit|fruit]] || ufuk | |||
|- | |||
| 55 || [[wiktionary:seed|seed]] || sem | |||
|- | |||
| 56 || [[wiktionary:leaf|leaf]] || lis | |||
|- | |||
| 57 || [[wiktionary:root|root]] || kirin | |||
|- | |||
| 58 || [[wiktionary:bark|bark]] || kur | |||
|- | |||
| 59 || [[wiktionary:flower|flower]] || kefet | |||
|- | |||
| 60 || [[wiktionary:grass|grass]] || taraf | |||
|- | |||
| 61 || [[wiktionary:rope|rope]] || fus | |||
|- | |||
| 62 || [[wiktionary:skin|skin]] || kurup | |||
|- | |||
| 63 || [[wiktionary:meat|meat]] || mes | |||
|- | |||
| 64 || [[wiktionary:blood|blood]] || kirif | |||
|- | |||
| 65 || [[wiktionary:bone|bone]] || kus | |||
|- | |||
| 66 || [[wiktionary:fat#Noun|fat (noun)]] || salu | |||
|- | |||
| 67 || [[wiktionary:egg|egg]] || yays | |||
|- | |||
| 68 || [[wiktionary:horn|horn]] || ruh | |||
|- | |||
| 69 || [[wiktionary:tail|tail]] || hufus | |||
|- | |||
| 70 || [[wiktionary:feather|feather]] || per | |||
|- | |||
| 71 || [[wiktionary:hair|hair]] || fulus | |||
|- | |||
| 72 || [[wiktionary:head|head]] || huluf | |||
|- | |||
| 73 || [[wiktionary:ear|ear]] || uh | |||
|- | |||
| 74 || [[wiktionary:eye|eye]] || uk | |||
|- | |||
| 75 || [[wiktionary:nose|nose]] || nus | |||
|- | |||
| 76 || [[wiktionary:mouth|mouth]] || us | |||
|- | |||
| 77 || [[wiktionary:tooth|tooth]] || suu | |||
|- | |||
| 78 || [[wiktionary:tongue|tongue]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 79 || [[wiktionary:fingernail|fingernail]] || nuhus | |||
|- | |||
| 80 || [[wiktionary:foot|foot]] || nuh | |||
|- | |||
| 81 || [[wiktionary:leg|leg]] || nuh | |||
|- | |||
| 82 || [[wiktionary:knee|knee]] || kelen | |||
|- | |||
| 83 || [[wiktionary:hand|hand]] || ruk | |||
|- | |||
| 84 || [[wiktionary:wing|wing]] || kirilu | |||
|- | |||
| 85 || [[wiktionary:belly|belly]] || wuruh | |||
|- | |||
| 86 || [[wiktionary:guts|guts]] || urtuu | |||
|- | |||
| 87 || [[wiktionary:neck|neck]] || kirik | |||
|- | |||
| 88 || [[wiktionary:back|back]] || hirwit | |||
|- | |||
| 89 || [[wiktionary:breast|breast]] || piris | |||
|- | |||
| 90 || [[wiktionary:heart|heart]] || sillis | |||
|- | |||
| 91 || [[wiktionary:liver|liver]] || eter | |||
|- | |||
| 92 || [[wiktionary:drink|to drink]] || pis | |||
|- | |||
| 93 || [[wiktionary:eat|to eat]] || yes | |||
|- | |||
| 94 || [[wiktionary:bite|to bite]] || kus | |||
|- | |||
| 95 || [[wiktionary:suck|to suck]] || sis | |||
|- | |||
| 96 || [[wiktionary:spit|to spit]] || pifas | |||
|- | |||
| 97 || [[wiktionary:vomit|to vomit]] || wifas | |||
|- | |||
| 98 || [[wiktionary:blow|to blow]] || dohos | |||
|- | |||
| 99 || [[wiktionary:breathe|to breathe]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 100 || [[wiktionary:laugh|to laugh]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 101 || [[wiktionary:see|to see]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 102 || [[wiktionary:hear|to hear]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 103 || [[wiktionary:know|to know]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 104 || [[wiktionary:think|to think]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 105 || [[wiktionary:smell|to smell]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 106 || [[wiktionary:fear|to fear]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 107 || [[wiktionary:sleep|to sleep]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 108 || [[wiktionary:live|to live]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 109 || [[wiktionary:die|to die]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 110 || [[wiktionary:kill|to kill]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 111 || [[wiktionary:fight|to fight]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 112 || [[wiktionary:hunt|to hunt]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 113 || [[wiktionary:hit|to hit]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 114 || [[wiktionary:cut|to cut]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 115 || [[wiktionary:split|to split]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 116 || [[wiktionary:stab|to stab]] | |||
|- | |||
| 117 || [[wiktionary:scratch|to scratch]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 118 || [[wiktionary:dig|to dig]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 119 || [[wiktionary:swim|to swim]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 120 || [[wiktionary:fly|to fly]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 121 || [[wiktionary:walk|to walk]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 122 || [[wiktionary:come|to come]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 123 || [[wiktionary:lie|to lie]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 124 || [[wiktionary:sit|to sit]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 125 || [[wiktionary:stand|to stand]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 126 || [[wiktionary:turn|to turn]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 127 || [[wiktionary:fall|to fall]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 128 || [[wiktionary:give|to give]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 129 || [[wiktionary:hold|to hold]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 130 || [[wiktionary:squeeze|to squeeze]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 131 || [[wiktionary:rub|to rub]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 132 || [[wiktionary:wash|to wash]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 133 || [[wiktionary:wipe|to wipe]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 134 || [[wiktionary:pull|to pull]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 135 || [[wiktionary:push|to push]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 136 || [[wiktionary:throw|to throw]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 137 || [[wiktionary:tie|to tie]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 138 || [[wiktionary:sew|to sew]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 139 || [[wiktionary:count|to count]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 140 || [[wiktionary:say|to say]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 141 || [[wiktionary:sing|to sing]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 142 || [[wiktionary:play|to play]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 143 || [[wiktionary:float|to float]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 144 || [[wiktionary:flow|to flow]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 145 || [[wiktionary:freeze|to freeze]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 146 || [[wiktionary:swell|to swell]] | |||
|- | |||
| 147 || [[wiktionary:sun|sun]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 148 || [[wiktionary:moon|moon]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 149 || [[wiktionary:star|star]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 150 || [[wiktionary:water|water]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 151 || [[wiktionary:rain|rain]] | |||
|- | |||
| 152 || [[wiktionary:river|river]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 153 || [[wiktionary:lake|lake]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 154 || [[wiktionary:sea|sea]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 155 || [[wiktionary:salt|salt]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 156 || [[wiktionary:stone|stone]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 157 || [[wiktionary:sand|sand]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 158 || [[wiktionary:dust|dust]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 159 || [[wiktionary:earth|earth]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 160 || [[wiktionary:cloud|cloud]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 161 || [[wiktionary:fog|fog]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 162 || [[wiktionary:sky|sky]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 163 || [[wiktionary:wind|wind]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 164 || [[wiktionary:snow|snow]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 165 || [[wiktionary:ice|ice]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 166 || [[wiktionary:smoke|smoke]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 167 || [[wiktionary:fire|fire]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 168 || [[wiktionary:ash|ash]] | |||
|- | |||
| 169 || [[wiktionary:burn|burn]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 170 || [[wiktionary:road|road]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 171 || [[wiktionary:mountain|mountain]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 172 || [[wiktionary:red|red]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 173 || [[wiktionary:green|green]] | |||
|- | |||
| 174 || [[wiktionary:yellow|yellow]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 175 || [[wiktionary:white|white]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 176 || [[wiktionary:black|black]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 177 || [[wiktionary:night|night]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 178 || [[wiktionary:day|day]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 179 || [[wiktionary:year|year]] | |||
|- | |||
| 180 || [[wiktionary:warm|warm]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 181 || [[wiktionary:cold|cold]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 182 || [[wiktionary:full|full]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 183 || [[wiktionary:new|new]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 184 || [[wiktionary:old|old]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 185 || [[wiktionary:good|good]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 186 || [[wiktionary:bad|bad]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 187 || [[wiktionary:rotten|rotten]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 188 || [[wiktionary:dirty|dirty]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 189 || [[wiktionary:straight|straight]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 190 || [[wiktionary:round|round]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 191 || [[wiktionary:sharp|sharp]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 192 || [[wiktionary:dull|dull]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 193 || [[wiktionary:smooth|smooth]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 194 || [[wiktionary:wet|wet]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 195 || [[wiktionary:dry|dry]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 196 || [[wiktionary:correct|correct]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 197 || [[wiktionary:near|near]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 198 || [[wiktionary:far|far]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 199 || [[wiktionary:right|right]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 200 || [[wiktionary:left|left]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 201 || [[wiktionary:at|at]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 202 || [[wiktionary:in|in]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 203 || [[wiktionary:with|with]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 204 || [[wiktionary:and|and]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 205 || [[wiktionary:if|if]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 206 || [[wiktionary:because|because]] || | |||
|- | |||
| 207 || [[wiktionary:name|name]] || | |||
|} | |||
==Germanicized Slavic== | |||
From Early Proto-Slavic | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"} | |||
|+ Fate of consonants | |||
|- | |||
! Proto-Slavic !! Germanicized Slavic | |||
|- | |||
| m || m | |||
|- | |||
| p || f | |||
|- | |||
| b || p | |||
|- | |||
| v || w | |||
|- | |||
| n || n | |||
|- | |||
| t || þ | |||
|- | |||
| d || t | |||
|- | |||
| c || s | |||
|- | |||
| dz || c | |||
|- | |||
| s || z | |||
|- | |||
| z || z | |||
|- | |||
| r || r | |||
|- | |||
| l || l | |||
|- | |||
| ň || nj | |||
|- | |||
| ť || tj | |||
|- | |||
| ď || dj | |||
|- | |||
| č || š | |||
|- | |||
| šč || sč | |||
|- | |||
| ždž || sč | |||
|- | |||
| š || ž | |||
|- | |||
| ś || ž | |||
|- | |||
| ž || ž | |||
|- | |||
| ř || rj | |||
|- | |||
| ľ || lj | |||
|- | |||
| j || j | |||
|- | |||
| k || h | |||
|- | |||
| g || k | |||
|- | |||
| x || g | |||
|- | |||
| kv || f | |||
|- | |||
| gv || p | |||
|- | |||
| xv || b | |||
|} | |||
==Endnotes== | ==Endnotes== |
Latest revision as of 05:39, 27 November 2024
Bantu-esque romlang
Numerals
Symbol | Cardinal number |
---|---|
1 | ʊːnʊ |
2 | toː |
3 | ʈɛː |
4 | kʷɑtːɔ |
5 | kʷɪˑŋɡɛ |
6 | sɛː |
7 | sɛtːɛ |
8 | ɔtːɔː |
9 | nɔwɛ |
10 | teɣe |
11 | |
20 | βiː |
30 | |
40 | |
50 | |
60 | |
70 | |
80 | |
90 | |
100 | |
200 | |
1000 | |
2000 |
Bantu-esque Indo-European lang
Numerals
Symbol | Cardinal number |
---|---|
1 | |
2 | |
3 | |
4 | |
5 | |
6 | |
7 | |
8 | |
9 | |
10 | |
11 | |
20 | |
30 | |
40 | |
50 | |
60 | |
70 | |
80 | |
90 | |
100 | |
200 | |
1000 | |
2000 |
Somali-like relative of Zanahi
Numerals
Symbol | Cardinal number |
---|---|
1 | ceyn |
2 | dhaba |
3 | taray |
4 | shodor |
5 | fash |
6 | shag |
7 | hafad |
8 | casta |
9 | now |
10 | dhas |
11 | ceyn oo dhas |
20 | dhabaasan |
30 | tiriisan |
40 | shodoorsan |
50 | fashaasan |
60 | shagaasan |
70 | haftaasan |
80 | castaash
an |
90 | nabaasan |
100 | sid |
200 | dhow sid |
1000 | dahal |
2000 | dhaba dahal |
Somali-like Romlang
Present | Past | Imperative | Jussive | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indicative | Subordinate | Adjectival | Affirmative | Negative | Adjectival | |||
1S | amaa | ame | amá | amay | amays | amaý | — | áme |
2S | amaas | ames | amays | áma | ámes | |||
3S | amaa | ame | amay | — | áme | |||
1P | amaan | amaan | amayn | — | ameén | |||
2P | amaad | amaad | amayd | amaád | ameéd | |||
3P | amaan | amaan | amayn | — | ameén |
German-like relative of Twench
Swadesh list
Abbreviations:
- irr. = irregular (conjugation cannot be predicted from principal parts)
- pl. = plural
- fam. = familiar
- pol. = polite
- arch. = archaic
No. | English | Unnamed |
---|---|---|
1 | I | jeu |
2 | you (singular) | tu (fam.); Els (pol.) |
3 | he | ell |
4 | we | naus |
5 | you (plural) | waus (fam.); Els (pol.) |
6 | they | els |
7 | this | zest(e) |
8 | that | zell(e) |
9 | here | zei |
10 | there | lah |
11 | who | kei |
12 | what | keis |
13 | where | ond |
14 | when | quand |
15 | how | komment |
16 | not | pfass |
17 | all | toot |
18 | many | molt |
19 | some | alküne |
20 | few | pfeuk(e) |
21 | other | alter(e) |
22 | one | ün(e) |
23 | two | daus |
24 | three | treis |
25 | four | quatter |
26 | five | zink |
27 | big | grand(e) |
28 | long | long(e) |
29 | wide | larg(e) |
30 | thick | gross(e) |
31 | heavy | lord(e) |
32 | small | pfettitt(e) |
33 | short | kort(e) |
34 | narrow | strecht(e) |
35 | thin | mager(e) |
36 | woman | Femme |
37 | man (adult male) | Omme |
38 | man (human being) | Human; Pferson |
39 | child | Enfant |
40 | wife | Femme; Spause |
41 | husband | Omme; Spaus |
42 | mother | Mader |
43 | father | Pfader |
44 | animal | Best |
45 | fish | Pfess |
46 | bird | Euzell |
47 | dog | Kahn |
48 | louse | Pfeugel |
49 | snake | Serpent |
50 | worm | Werm |
51 | tree | Arber |
52 | forest | Bosch |
53 | stick | Baston |
54 | fruit | Frucht |
55 | seed | Semenze |
56 | leaf | Fülle |
57 | root | Rätzein |
58 | bark | Schohrtze |
59 | flower | Flauer |
60 | grass | Jerb |
61 | rope | Kurd |
62 | skin | Pfiel |
63 | meat | Karn |
64 | blood | Sange |
65 | bone | Oss |
66 | fat (noun) | Grass |
67 | egg | Ob |
68 | horn | Korn |
69 | tail | Kode |
70 | feather | Plüme |
71 | hair | Kaffel |
72 | head | Tiest |
73 | ear | Oregel |
74 | eye | Ugel |
75 | nose | Nahs |
76 | mouth | Bocke |
77 | tooth | Dent |
78 | tongue | Leng |
79 | fingernail | Ongel |
80 | foot | Pfied |
81 | leg | Gamb |
82 | knee | Jenogel |
83 | hand | Mahn |
84 | wing | Aal |
85 | belly | Wenter |
86 | guts | Entreils |
87 | neck | Koll |
88 | back | Doss |
89 | breast | Sehn |
90 | heart | Kuhr |
91 | liver | Vikat |
92 | drink | beber, bebe, bebeu, bebüt |
93 | eat | mangar, mange, mangei, mangat |
94 | bite | morder, morde, morseu, morst |
95 | suck | sükar, süke, sükei, sükat |
96 | spit | spütar, spüte, spütei, spütat |
97 | vomit | wumier, wumisse, wumei, wumeit |
98 | blow | sofflar, soffle, sofflei, sofflat |
99 | breathe | respeirar, respeire, respeirei, respeirat |
100 | laugh | reider, reide, reiße, reist |
101 | see | weder, wede, weiße, weist |
102 | hear | eudier, eude, eudei, eudeit |
103 | know | saffer, saffe, saffeu, saft |
104 | think | pfensar, pfense, pfensei, pfensat |
105 | smell | uhler, uhle, uhleu, uhlt |
106 | fear | kriemer, kriem, kriemui, kriemt |
107 | sleep | dormier, dorme, dormei, dormeit |
108 | live | weiber, weibe, weibeu, weibt |
109 | die | muhrier, muhre, muhrei, muhreit |
110 | kill | tütar, tüte, tütei, tütat |
111 | fight | lüchtar, lüchte, lüchtei, lüchtat |
112 | hunt | kassar, kasse, kassei, kassat |
113 | hit | batter, batte, batteu, battet |
114 | cut | kolpfar, kolpfe, kolpfei, kolpfat |
115 | split | vender, vende, vendeu, vendet |
116 | stab | pünner, pünne, pünneu, pünnt |
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)
Toot human Esters nassen leber es equal in deintat es drechts. Els son wock reißon es konscenze endotat, es els deben wock ünalter in ün spirit de fradertat agier.
/toːt hʊˈmɑːn ˈɛstɐs ˈnasən ˈleːbɐ əs ɛˈkvɑːl ɪn daɪnˈtɑːt əs drɛçts ‖ ɛls zoːn vɔk ʁaɪˈsoːn əs konˈstsɛntsə əndoˈtɑːt | əs ɛls deːbən vɔk yːnˈaltɐ ɪn yːn ʃpiːʁɪt də ˌfʁɑːdɐˈtɒ̈ːt aˈɡiɐ/
German-like relative of Chelsian
Swadesh list
Abbreviations:
- m. = masculine
- f. = feminine
- n. = neuter
- c. = common (takes masculine or feminine gender according to referent)
- w. = weak
- irr. = irregular (declension/conjugation cannot be predicted from principal parts)
- pl. = plural
- fam. = familiar
- pol. = polite
No. | English | Chelsian |
---|---|---|
1 | I | eg |
2 | you (singular) | zu (fam.); Isse (pol.) |
3 | he | isser |
4 | we | nuhr |
5 | you (plural) | wuhr (fam.); Isse (pol.) |
6 | they | isse |
7 | this | ister |
8 | that | iller |
9 | here | steich |
10 | there | leich |
11 | who | ker |
12 | what | kis |
13 | where | üb |
14 | when | quande |
15 | how | kome |
16 | not | nun |
17 | all | zuß |
18 | many | mültze (pl.) |
19 | some | älche (pl.) |
20 | few | pfauch |
21 | other | altzer |
22 | one | auns |
23 | two | zwo |
24 | three | trehr |
25 | four | quatzer |
26 | five | keink |
27 | big | mann; gränd |
28 | long | long |
29 | wide | laß; ampfel |
30 | thick | krass |
31 | heavy | gräb |
32 | small | pfaul |
33 | short | kurz |
34 | narrow | angst |
35 | thin | zinn |
36 | woman | Viemen, -s (f.) |
37 | man (adult male) | Mähr, -s (m.) |
38 | man (human being) | Ome, -ns (m., w.) |
39 | child | Pfarb, Pfärbe (m.) |
40 | wife | Viemen, -s (f.); Mülier, -s (f.) |
41 | husband | Mähr, -s (m.); Mährt, -e (m.) |
42 | mother | Maßer, -s (f.) |
43 | father | Pfasser, -s (m.) |
44 | animal | Bieste, -s (f.) |
45 | fish | Pfesch, -es (m.) |
46 | bird | Äbe, -s (f.) |
47 | dog | Kähn, -s (m.) |
48 | louse | Pfeigel, -e (m.) |
49 | snake | Äng, -es (m.) |
50 | worm | Werm (m.) |
51 | tree | Arber, -s (m.) |
52 | forest | Silbe, -s (f.) ( |
53 | stick | Rahm, Rähme (m.) |
54 | fruit | Freug, -es (f.) |
55 | seed | Grahn, -e (n.) |
56 | leaf | Vöhl, -e (n.) |
57 | root | Rateich, -es (f.) |
58 | bark | Korzeich, -es (f.) |
59 | flower | Fluhr, -es (m.) |
60 | grass | Grame, -n (n., w.) |
61 | rope | Fäun, -s (m.) |
62 | skin | Pfell, -es |
63 | meat | Kare, -ns (f.) |
64 | blood | Sänge, -ns (m.) |
65 | bone | Oss, össe (m.) |
66 | fat (noun) | Ateff, -s (m.) |
67 | egg | Ub, -e (n.) |
68 | horn | Korn, -e (n.) |
69 | tail | Kaute, -s (f.) |
70 | feather | Pflume, -s (f.) |
71 | hair | Pfehl, -es (m.); (of head) Kaffel, -e (m.) |
72 | head | Kafs, -es (n.) |
73 | ear | Öhr, -s (f.) |
74 | eye | Ogel, -e (m.) |
75 | nose | Nas, Näse (m.) |
76 | mouth | Bucke, -s (f.) |
77 | tooth | Tent, es (m.) |
78 | tongue | Linge, -s (f.) |
79 | fingernail | Unge, -s (m.) |
80 | foot | Pfeht, -s (m.) |
81 | leg | Krauer, -e (n.) |
82 | knee | Gehn, -e (n.) |
83 | hand | Maan, -s (f.) |
84 | wing | Ale, -s (f.) |
85 | belly | Wenter, -s (m.) |
86 | guts | Insteine (n. pl.) |
87 | neck | Koll, -e (n.) |
88 | back | Zerg, -e (n.) |
89 | breast | Pfetz, -e (m.) |
90 | heart | Kort, -e (n.) |
91 | liver | Jecher, -e (n.) |
92 | drink | beber, bebe, beibe, beibs |
93 | eat | eter, ete, iete, ies |
94 | bite | morter, morte, mörse, mörs |
95 | suck | suger, suge, süchse, sucht |
96 | spit | spuher, spuhe, spühe, spauß |
97 | vomit | wohmer, wohme, wöhme, wöhms |
98 | blow | flaher, flahe, flähe, flaß |
99 | breathe | speirer, speire, speirei, speiress |
100 | laugh | reiter, reite, reise, reiß |
101 | see | weter, wete, weite, weiß |
102 | hear | äuter, äute, äutei, äutess |
103 | know | scheier, scheie, schei, scheiß |
104 | think | köchser, köchse, köchsei, köchsess |
105 | smell | ohler, ohle, ohlei, ohless |
106 | fear | zehmer, zehme, zehmei, zehmess |
107 | sleep | törmer, törme, törmei, törmess |
108 | live | weiber, weibe, wichse, wicht |
109 | die | möhrer, möhre, möhrei, mortz |
110 | kill | necher, neche, nechei, nechess |
111 | fight | pfunner, pfunne, pfunnei, pfunness |
112 | hunt | kafter, kafte, kaftei, kaftess |
113 | hit | batzer, batze, batzei, batzess |
114 | cut | secher, seche, sechei, sechess |
115 | split | teibter, teibte, teibse, teibs |
116 | stab | föter, föte, fosse, foss |
117 | scratch | schalpfer, schalpfe, schalpse, schalps |
118 | dig | kaber, kabe, kabei, kabess |
119 | swim | nasser, nasse, nassei, nassess |
120 | fly | wohler, wohle, wohlei, wohless |
121 | walk | pferger, pferge, pfierse, pfiers |
122 | come | wehner, wehne, wiene, went |
123 | lie | jacher, jache, jachei, jachess |
124 | sit | seter, sete, siete, sess |
125 | stand | steher, stehe, steße, steß |
126 | turn | werzer, werze, werzei, werzess |
127 | fall | kater, kate, käse, kas |
128 | give | teher, tehe, teße, teß |
129 | hold | zener, zene, ziene, zent |
130 | squeeze | pfremer, pfreme, pfrisse, pfress |
131 | rub | frecher, freche, frechei, frechess |
132 | wash | lahber, lahbe, lahbei, lahbess |
133 | wipe | zerger, zerge, zirse, zers |
134 | pull | treier, treie, trächse, tracht |
135 | push | pfeller, pfelle, pfülse, pfuls |
136 | throw | jächer, jäche, jieche, jacht |
137 | tie | leger, lege, legei, legess |
138 | sew | sauer, saue, säue, sauß |
139 | count | nummerer, nummere, nummerei, nummeress |
140 | say | teicher, teiche teichse, ticht |
141 | sing | kaner, kane, kiene, kant |
142 | play | lauter, laute, läuse, laus |
143 | float | fleußer, fleuße, fleußei, fleußess |
144 | flow | flauer, flaue, fläuchse, flaucht |
145 | freeze | gehler, gehle, gehlei, gehless |
146 | swell | inflaßer, inflaße, inflaßei, inflaßess |
147 | sun | Suhl, -e (n.) |
148 | moon | Lune, -s (f.) |
149 | star | Stielle, -s (f.) |
150 | water | Acke, -s (f.) |
151 | rain | Pflübe, -s (f.) |
152 | river | Flüme, -n (n., w.) |
153 | lake | Lach, Läche (m.) |
154 | sea | Mahr, -e (n.) |
155 | salt | Saal, -s (m.) |
156 | stone | Pfetter, -s (f.) |
157 | sand | Riene, -s (f.) |
158 | dust | Pfüll, -es (m.) |
159 | earth | Zerre, -s (f.) |
160 | cloud | Näube, -s (f.) |
161 | fog | Nebel, -s (f.) |
162 | sky | Kiel, -e (n.) |
163 | wind | Went, -e (m.) |
164 | snow | Nehb, -es (f.) |
165 | ice | Gläche, -s (f.) |
166 | smoke | Fuhm, Fühme (m.) |
167 | fire | Voch, Vöche (m.) |
168 | ash | Kener, -s (m.) |
169 | burn | arter, arte, ärse, ars |
170 | road | Straße, -s (f.) |
171 | mountain | Mont, -s (m.) |
172 | red | rober |
173 | green | wehrt |
174 | yellow | flahb |
175 | white | alb |
176 | black | neger |
177 | night | Nocht, -es (f.) |
178 | day | Teie, -s (m.) |
179 | year | Ann, Änne (m.) |
180 | warm | kalt |
181 | cold | freikt |
182 | full | pflien |
183 | new | nohb |
184 | old | wesser |
185 | good | bohn |
186 | bad | mahl |
187 | rotten | pfütter |
188 | dirty | sört |
189 | straight | richt |
190 | round | rossend |
191 | sharp | äcker |
192 | dull | jeebs |
193 | smooth | lehb |
194 | wet | aut |
195 | dry | sick |
196 | correct | korricht |
197 | near | pfrochsen |
198 | far | long |
199 | right | tester |
200 | left | senster |
201 | at | in; at |
202 | in | in |
203 | with | kun |
204 | and | es |
205 | if | sei |
206 | because | keie |
207 | name | Nume, -n (n., w.) |
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)
Züße Omens naschen leibere es equale in Tinnesse es Jäureb. Isse son tie Rassune es Konscienze tußesse, es isse tieben aun altere in Spiritus tie Fraßerness ager.
Iberian Celtic lang
No. | English | |
---|---|---|
1 | I | mi |
2 | you (singular) | tu |
3 | he | |
4 | we | nis |
5 | you (plural) | sis |
6 | they | |
7 | this | |
8 | that | |
9 | here | |
10 | there | |
11 | who | quien |
12 | what | que |
13 | where | |
14 | when | quan |
15 | how | |
16 | not | ne |
17 | all | welho |
18 | many | elo |
19 | some | negos |
20 | few | |
21 | other | alho |
22 | one | ono |
23 | two | duo |
24 | three | tris |
25 | four | quiodres |
26 | five | quinque |
27 | big | maro |
28 | long | siro |
29 | wide | |
30 | thick | tievo |
31 | heavy | |
32 | small | beco |
33 | short | berro |
34 | narrow | ango |
35 | thin | |
36 | woman | biena |
37 | man (adult male) | vero |
38 | man (human being) | duenho |
39 | child | maco |
40 | wife | |
41 | husband | |
42 | mother | madre |
43 | father | adre |
44 | animal | milo |
45 | fish | esco |
46 | bird | |
47 | dog | con |
48 | louse | |
49 | snake | |
50 | worm | preme |
51 | tree | prieno |
52 | forest | |
53 | stick | |
54 | fruit | |
55 | seed | silo |
56 | leaf | |
57 | root | |
58 | bark | rosco |
59 | flower | |
60 | grass | guelta |
61 | rope | |
62 | skin | |
63 | meat | chigo |
64 | blood | cruevo |
65 | bone | |
66 | fat (noun) | |
67 | egg | |
68 | horn | |
69 | tail | |
70 | feather | |
71 | hair | vuelto |
72 | head | queño |
73 | ear | closta |
74 | eye | |
75 | nose | |
76 | mouth | |
77 | tooth | dante |
78 | tongue | tanguad |
79 | fingernail | |
80 | foot | |
81 | leg | |
82 | knee | |
83 | hand | |
84 | wing | |
85 | belly | |
86 | guts | |
87 | neck | |
88 | back | |
89 | breast | |
90 | heart | |
91 | liver | |
92 | to drink | |
93 | to eat | |
94 | to bite | |
95 | to suck | |
96 | to spit | |
97 | to vomit | |
98 | to blow | |
99 | to breathe | |
100 | to laugh | |
101 | to see | |
102 | to hear | |
103 | to know | |
104 | to think | |
105 | to smell | |
106 | to fear | |
107 | to sleep | |
108 | to live | |
109 | to die | |
110 | to kill | |
111 | to fight | |
112 | to hunt | |
113 | to hit | |
114 | to cut | |
115 | to split | |
116 | to stab | |
117 | to scratch | |
118 | to dig | |
119 | to swim | |
120 | to fly | |
121 | to walk | |
122 | to come | |
123 | to lie | |
124 | to sit | |
125 | to stand | |
126 | to turn | |
127 | to fall | |
128 | to give | |
129 | to hold | |
130 | to squeeze | |
131 | to rub | |
132 | to wash | |
133 | to wipe | |
134 | to pull | |
135 | to push | |
136 | to throw | |
137 | to tie | |
138 | to sew | |
139 | to count | |
140 | to say | |
141 | to sing | |
142 | to play | |
143 | to float | |
144 | to flow | |
145 | to freeze | |
146 | to swell | |
147 | sun | |
148 | moon | |
149 | star | |
150 | water | |
151 | rain | |
152 | river | |
153 | lake | |
154 | sea | |
155 | salt | |
156 | stone | |
157 | sand | |
158 | dust | |
159 | earth | |
160 | cloud | |
161 | fog | |
162 | sky | |
163 | wind | |
164 | snow | |
165 | ice | |
166 | smoke | |
167 | fire | |
168 | ash | |
169 | burn | |
170 | road | |
171 | mountain | |
172 | red | |
173 | green | |
174 | yellow | |
175 | white | |
176 | black | |
177 | night | |
178 | day | |
179 | year | |
180 | warm | |
181 | cold | |
182 | full | |
183 | new | |
184 | old | |
185 | good | |
186 | bad | |
187 | rotten | |
188 | dirty | |
189 | straight | |
190 | round | |
191 | sharp | |
192 | dull | |
193 | smooth | |
194 | wet | |
195 | dry | |
196 | correct | |
197 | near | |
198 | far | |
199 | right | |
200 | left | |
201 | at | |
202 | in | |
203 | with | |
204 | and | |
205 | if | |
206 | because | |
207 | name |
Descendent of Old Latin
No. | English | |
---|---|---|
1 | I | mu |
2 | you (singular) | tu |
3 | he | gio |
4 | we | nox |
5 | you (plural) | gox |
6 | they | giox (m.); giax (f.) |
7 | this | xicce |
8 | that | isto |
9 | here | xic |
10 | there | eve |
11 | who | quex |
12 | what | que |
13 | where | cove |
14 | when | quando |
15 | how | quan |
16 | not | ne |
17 | all | guabrix |
18 | many | moltox (m.); moltax (f.) |
19 | some | |
20 | few | pocox; pokax |
21 | other | alio |
22 | one | gueno (m.); guena (f.) |
23 | two | dúox (m.); dúax (f.) |
24 | three | trix |
25 | four | quattor |
26 | five | chinque |
27 | big | mangro |
28 | long | luango |
29 | wide | lato |
30 | thick | |
31 | heavy | |
32 | small | |
33 | short | |
34 | narrow | |
35 | thin | |
36 | woman | femna |
37 | man (adult male) | guero |
38 | man (human being) | huamne |
39 | child | |
40 | wife | femna |
41 | husband | guero |
42 | mother | matre |
43 | father | patre |
44 | animal | |
45 | fish | pesci |
46 | bird | agui |
47 | dog | cane |
48 | louse | |
49 | snake | serpiante |
50 | worm | ghiarmi |
51 | tree | arbre |
52 | forest | selgua |
53 | stick | |
54 | fruit | pomo |
55 | seed | |
56 | leaf | folio |
57 | root | |
58 | bark | |
59 | flower | |
60 | grass | |
61 | rope | |
62 | skin | |
63 | meat | carne |
64 | blood | |
65 | bone | |
66 | fat (noun) | |
67 | egg | ogo |
68 | horn | |
69 | tail | |
70 | feather | |
71 | hair | |
72 | head | |
73 | ear | |
74 | eye | guaclo |
75 | nose | naso |
76 | mouth | |
77 | tooth | diante |
78 | tongue | dengua |
79 | fingernail | |
80 | foot | |
81 | leg | |
82 | knee | |
83 | hand | |
84 | wing | |
85 | belly | |
86 | guts | |
87 | neck | |
88 | back | |
89 | breast | |
90 | heart | |
91 | liver | |
92 | to drink | bivre, bivo, beve |
93 | to eat | giadre, giado, gede |
94 | to bite | |
95 | to suck | |
96 | to spit | |
97 | to vomit | guamre, guamo, gome |
98 | to blow | |
99 | to breathe | |
100 | to laugh | |
101 | to see | guedere, guedio, guise |
102 | to hear | odire, odio, odigue |
103 | to know | groscre, grosco, grogue |
104 | to think | |
105 | to smell | sentire, sianto, sentigue |
106 | to fear | |
107 | to sleep | |
108 | to live | guigre, guigo, guige |
109 | to die | |
110 | to kill | |
111 | to fight | |
112 | to hunt | |
113 | to hit | |
114 | to cut | |
115 | to split | |
116 | to stab | |
117 | to scratch | |
118 | to dig | |
119 | to swim | |
120 | to fly | |
121 | to walk | |
122 | to come | |
123 | to lie | |
124 | to sit | |
125 | to stand | |
126 | to turn | |
127 | to fall | |
128 | to give | |
129 | to hold | |
130 | to squeeze | |
131 | to rub | |
132 | to wash | |
133 | to wipe | |
134 | to pull | |
135 | to push | |
136 | to throw | |
137 | to tie | |
138 | to sew | |
139 | to count | |
140 | to say | |
141 | to sing | |
142 | to play | |
143 | to float | |
144 | to flow | |
145 | to freeze | |
146 | to swell | |
147 | sun | sol |
148 | moon | lona |
149 | star | |
150 | water | aqua |
151 | rain | |
152 | river | |
153 | lake | |
154 | sea | mare |
155 | salt | |
156 | stone | |
157 | sand | |
158 | dust | |
159 | earth | tiarra |
160 | cloud | |
161 | fog | |
162 | sky | celo |
163 | wind | ghianto |
164 | snow | |
165 | ice | |
166 | smoke | |
167 | fire | |
168 | ash | |
169 | burn | |
170 | road | |
171 | mountain | muante |
172 | red | |
173 | green | |
174 | yellow | |
175 | white | albo |
176 | black | negro |
177 | night | noapte |
178 | day | día |
179 | year | anno |
180 | warm | |
181 | cold | |
182 | full | pleno |
183 | new | nogo |
184 | old | seno |
185 | good | dueno |
186 | bad | malo |
187 | rotten | |
188 | dirty | |
189 | straight | |
190 | round | |
191 | sharp | |
192 | dull | |
193 | smooth | |
194 | wet | |
195 | dry | secco |
196 | correct | |
197 | near | |
198 | far | |
199 | right | |
200 | left | |
201 | at | a |
202 | in | en |
203 | with | con |
204 | and | e |
205 | if | |
206 | because | |
207 | name | nome |
Blank Swadesh list
Blank Swadesh list
Blank Swadesh List (WikiMedia Format)
Vocab template
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week | |
month | |
season | |
year |
English | |
---|---|
now | |
then | |
recently, a short time ago | |
earlier | |
soon, shortly | |
later | |
always | |
often | |
sometimes | |
rarely | |
never | |
ever | |
still, yet | |
already | |
today | |
tonight | |
yesterday | |
last night | |
tomorrow | |
before yesterday | |
two nights ago | |
after tomorrow | |
this week | |
last week | |
next week |
Colours -
English | |
---|---|
white | |
grey | |
black | |
red | |
orange | |
brown | |
yellow | |
green | |
blue | |
pink | |
purple | |
golden |
My Somali Arabic alphabet
Letters
Name | Forms | Sound represented | Latin equivalent | Notes | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arabicized | Traditional Somali | Isolated | Final | Medial | Initial | |||
alif الف |
alif الف |
ا | ـا | /aː/ | aa | alif has two functions: firstly, as a carrier for hamzah (which may not be written, especially at the beginning of words). Secondly, for showing the long vowel "aa". | ||
baa' باء |
ba' بأ |
ب | ـب | ـبـ | بـ | /b/ | b | |
paa' پاء |
pa' پأ |
پ | ـپ | ـپـ | پـ | [β] (weak allophone of /b/); /p/ (loanwords, Af Maay) | b; p (Af Maay) | This is an extra letter that is not normally used. It can be used for intervocalic /b/ pronounced as /β/, especially in Af Maay. It can also be used for /p/ in foreign words (where it is usually replaced with b) and initially in some Af Maay words. |
taa' تاء |
ta' تأ |
ت | ـت | ـتـ | تـ | /t/ | t | |
thaaʼ ثاء |
tha' ثأ |
ث | ـث | ـثـ | ثـ | /θ/ (loanwords) | s | Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords. Usually pronounced as s or t (or sometimes d). |
jiim جيم |
jiim جيم |
ج | ـج | ـجـ | جـ | /d͡ʒ ~ t͡ʃ/ | j | |
jhiim ڃيم |
jhiim ڃيم |
ڃ | ـڃ | ـڃـ | ڃـ | /ʄ/ | jh (Af Maay) | Used in Af Maay. Generally corresponds to dh or j in Af Maxaa. |
chiim چيم |
chiim چيم |
چ | ـچ | ـچـ | چـ | /t͡ʃ/ | (ch) | Exclusively for foreign words (almost always replaced with jiim). |
xaa' حاء |
xa' حأ |
ح | ـح | ـحـ | حـ | /ħ/ | x | |
khaa' خاء |
kha' خأ |
خ | ـخ | ـخـ | خـ | /χ/ | kh | |
daal دال |
deel ديل |
د | ـد | /d/ | d | |||
thaal ذال |
theel ذيل |
ذ | ـذ | /ð/ (foreign); [ð] (weak allophone of /d/) | d; th (Af Maay) | Mainly used in Arabic loanwords. It can also be used in native Sonali words for [ð], especially in Af Maay. | ||
dhaal ڎال |
dheel | ڎ | ـڎ | /ɖ/ | dh | Additional letter not present in Arabic. Can be used as a less common alternative of ڟ. Alternatively, it can be used for /ɖ/ in "dh-dialects" in positions where it is replaced with /r/ in "r-dialects". | ||
raaʾ راء |
ra' رأ |
ر | ـر | /r/ | r | |||
zaay زاي |
za' زأ |
ز | ـز | /z/ (foreign) | s | Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords. Usually pronounced as s. | ||
siin سين |
siin سين |
س | ـس | ـسـ | سـ | /s/ | s | |
shiin شين |
shiin شين |
ش | ـش | ـشـ | شـ | /ʃ/ | sh | |
ṣaad صاد |
ṣaad صاد |
ص | ـص | ـصـ | صـ | /sˁ/ (Arabic) | s | Mainly used in Arabic loanwords. Usually pronounced as s. |
ḍaad ضاد |
ḍaad ضاد |
ض | ـض | ـضـ | ضـ | /d͡ɮˁ/ (Arabic) | l, d | Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords. Usually pronounced as d or l. |
ṭaa' طاء |
ṭa' طأ |
ط | ـط | ـطـ | طـ | /tˁ/ (Arabic); /d/ (back harmony) | d | Mainly used in Arabic loanwords. Used (optionally) in some Somali words for /d/ near back harmony vowels. |
ṭhaa' ظاء |
ṭha' ظأ |
ظ | ـظ | ـظـ | ظـ | /ðˁ/; [ð] (weak allophone of /d/, back harmony) | d, th (Af Maay) | Mainly used in Arabic loanwords. Can be used in Somali words for the [ð] allophone of /d/ near back harmony vowels. |
dhaaʾ ڟاء |
dha' ڟأ |
ڟ | ـڟ | ـڟـ | ڟـ | /ɖ/ | dh | Additional letter not present in Arabic. |
cayn عين |
cayn عين |
ع | ـع | ـعـ | عـ | /ʕ/ | c | |
ghayn غين |
ɣayn غين |
غ | ـغ | ـغـ | غـ | /ɣ/ (Arabic); [ɣ] (weak allophone of /ɡ/) | q; gh (Af Maay) | Mainly used in Arabic loanwords. It can also be used for the [ɣ] allophone of g, especially in Af Maay. |
faaʾ فاء |
fa' فأ |
ف | ـف | ـفـ | فـ | /f/ | f | |
vaaʾ ڤاء |
va' ڤأ |
ف | ـف | ـفـ | فـ | /v/ | v (foreign) | Exclusively for foreign words (almost always replaced with faa'). |
qaaf قاف |
qaaf قاف |
ق | ـق | ـقـ | قـ | /q/; /ɠ~ʛ/ (Af Maay) | q | |
kaaf كاف |
kaaf كاف |
ك | ـك | ـكـ | كـ | /k/ | k | |
gaaf ڭاف |
gaaf ڭاف |
ڭ | ـڭ | ـڭـ | ڭـ | /ɡ/ | g | Additional letter not present in Arabic. |
laam لام |
laam لام |
ل | ـل | ـلـ | لـ | /l/ | l | |
miim ميم |
miim ميم |
م | ـم | ـمـ | مـ | /m/ | m, -n | Often represents /n/ when unvowelled word-finally. |
ngiim ݦيم |
ngiim ݦيم |
ݦ | ـݦ | ـݦـ | ݦـ | /ŋ/ | ng | Used in Af Maay. Equivalent to final or pre-consonantal -n in Af Maxaa. Can instead be written with nuun. |
nuun نون |
nuun نون |
ن | ـن | ـنـ | نـ | /n/ | n | |
nyuun ݧون |
nyuun ݧون |
ݧ | ـݧ | ـݧـ | ݧـ | /ɲ/ | ny (also written "y‘" in Af Maay) | Mainly used in Af Maay. It can also be used in Af Maxaa, but it is usually replaced with y or else written as ny. |
waaw واو |
woow وو |
و | ـو | /w/ /ɞ: ~ ɔ:/, /ʉ: ~ u:/ |
w oo, uu |
The letter waaw serves three functions. Firstly, is as a consonant, with a sound /w/. Secondly, it is used to write the long vowels /oː/ and /uː/. Finally, it is used as a carrier for hamzah. | ||
haa' هاء |
ha' هأ |
ه ة |
ـه ـة |
ـهـ |
هـ |
/h/ | h | Haa' is also used silently at the end of nouns ending in /e/, /o/, (in Af Maay) /ə/. Such a silent haa' may be replaced with taa' marbuuṭah (ـَة، ة) in some words (generally feminine words and/or words that end in it in Arabic). |
yaa' ياء |
ya' يأ |
ي | ـي | ـيـ | يـ | /j/ /eː ~ ɛ:/, /i: ~ ɪ:/ |
y ee, ii |
The letter yaa' serves three functions. Firstly, it is used as a consonant, with a sound /j/. Secondly, it is used to write the long vowels /eː/ and /iː/. Finally, it is used as a carrier for hamzah. It can also be used silently at the ends of words ending in -e as an alternative to haa'. |
hamzah همزة |
hamse/firgin همزه\فرڭن |
ء أ ؤ ئ |
ـأ ـؤ ـئ |
ـئـ |
ئـ |
/ʔ/ | ’ | It may be written on its own (ء) or with a carrier (أ، ؤ، ئ) depending on the environment. |
Diacritics
Name | Diacritic | Sound represented | Latin equivalent | Remarks | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arabized | Traditional (adjective) | ||||
فتحة fatxah |
كرڟبن kordhaban |
◌َ | /a/ | a | |
◌ٖ | /e/ | e | |||
كسرة kasrah |
هوسڟبن hoosdhaban |
◌ِ | /i/ | i | |
◌ٗ | /o/ | o | |||
ضمة ḍammah |
ڭدن godan |
◌ُ | /u/ | u | |
◌٘ | /ə(ʰ)/ | y (Af Maay) | Used in Af Maay. | ||
مدة maddah |
مدن madan |
◌ٓ | (aː) | (aa) | Only used on alif to represent the long vowel [aː]. |
سكون sukuun |
ريبن reebban |
◌ْ | (absence of vowel) | Used to show that a consonant is not followed by a vowel. It is also used on the second element of diphthongs, and optionally on the long vowel letter of long vowels. | |
شدة shaddah |
شدن shadan |
◌ّ | (geminated consonant) | Used to show that a consonant is geminated. | |
◌ٰ | /aː/ | aa | Used for /aː/ in a few words as an alternative to ـَا. | ||
فتحتين\فتحة تنوين fatxatayn/fatxah tanwiin |
لب كرڟبن laba kordhaban |
◌ً | /an/ | an | In Arabic phrases only. |
كسرتين\كسرة تنوين kasratayn/kasrah tanwiin |
لب هوسڟبن laba hoosdhaban |
◌ٍ | /in/ | in | |
ضمتين\ضمة تنوين ḍammatayn/ḍammah tanwiin |
لب ڭدن laba godan |
◌ٌ | /un/ | un |
Long vowels are written as the short vowel followed by the corresponding long vowel letter.
aa | ee | ii | oo | uu |
---|---|---|---|---|
ـَا | ـٖي | ـِي | ـٗو | ـُو |
aw | ay | ey | ow | oy | aaw | aay | eey | oow | ooy |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ـَوْ | ـَيْ | ـٖيْ | ـٗوْ | ـٗيْ | ـَاوْ | ـَايْ | ـٖيّْ | ـٗوّْ | ـٗويْ |
Vowels, when occurring at the beginning of words, are placed on top of alif (ا). This alif actually has a hamzah on it; however, this hamzah is often left unwritten. However, /(ʔ)aː/ is written with maddah on alif (آ).
Short vowels | Long vowels | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a | e | i | o | u | aa | ee | ii | oo | uu |
اَ | اٖ | اِ | اٗ | اُ | آ | اٖي | اِي | اٗو | اُو |
Adapted for other languages
Oromo
Similar to Somali, but with the following changes:
- ڀ for /pʼ/.
- ڇ or ڃ for /tʃʼ/.
- ط for /tʼ/ in native Oromo words.
- ڠ for /ɡ/ instead of ڭ (though ڭ can alternatively be used).
- ق for /kʼ/ in native Oromo words.
- There is no ݦ.
Amharic and Tigrigna
Similar to Oromo, with the following changes:
- پ is exclusively used for /p/.
- /β/ is represented identically to /v/: ڤ.
- ژ for /ʒ/.
- ڞ for /(t)sʼ/.
- There is no ڟ.
- څ for /xʼ/ (exclusive to Tigrigna).
- Vowels:
- /e/ and /o/ are written as Somali /eː/ and /oː/ respectively.
- /ə/ is written as Somali /a/.
- /a/ is written as Somali /aː/ (though it may be written as /a/ after guttural consonants).
- /i/ and /u/ are written as Somali /i(ː)/ and /u(ː)/ respectively. They are most often written as the long variants except in Arabic loanwords.
- /ɨ/ is written as Af Maay /ə/.
- Labialized consonants are written either as a combination of consinant plus /w/, or with a ḍammah as follows (with /kʷ/ as an example):
kʷə | kʷi | kʷa | kʷe | kʷ(ɨ) |
---|---|---|---|---|
كَُ | كُِي | كَُا | كُٖي | كُ |
Additional letters for other languages spoken in Ethiopia
When needed, the following additional letters are used:
- ݝ for /ŋ/.
- ڮ for /kʼ/ when distinguished from /q/.
- Gurage palatalized velars:
- ك࣮ for /kʲ/.
- عٔ for /ɡʲ/.
- ٯٔ for /kʲʼ/.
- حٔ for /xʲ/.
- Retroflex:
- ٿ for /ʈʂ/.
- ڟ for /ʈʂʼ/ (instead of /ɖ/).
- ݜ for /ʂ/.
- ڙ for /ʐ/.
- Implosives:
- ڀ for /ɓ/ (instead of /pʼ/).
- ڎ for /ɗ/.
Deslavic
Basically, a Slavic language that lost all (or most) distinctive Slavic features.
Note: It's not that these features did not develop, but rather they did develop and then were lost.
Phonology
- Palatalization:
- Palatalized consonants are lost, either merging with their plain counterparts or become a different consonant altogether.
- When a root would have alterations between palatalized and non-palatalized consonants, one of these variants is selected and extended to all forms.
- Voiced fricatives are devoiced.
- Maximum syllable structure is CVC.
Proto-Slavic | Unpalatalized | Palatalized |
---|---|---|
m | m | m |
p | p | p |
b | w | w |
v | f | f |
n | n | n |
t | t | s |
d | l | s |
c | s | s |
dz | s | s |
s | s | s |
z | s | s |
r | r | r |
l | w | l |
ň | — | y |
ť | — | k |
ď | — | y |
č | — | s |
šč | — | s |
ždž | — | s |
š | — | s |
ś | s | s |
ž | — | s |
ř | — | r |
ľ | — | y |
j | — | y |
k | k | — |
g | h | — |
x | h | — |
Swadesh list
No. | English | Deslavic |
---|---|---|
1 | I | ya |
2 | you (singular) | ti |
3 | he | un |
4 | we | mi |
5 | you (plural) | fi |
6 | they | ni |
7 | this | se, uf |
8 | that | tun |
9 | here | sim |
10 | there | tam |
11 | who | kit |
12 | what | sit |
13 | where | kis |
14 | when | kuhul |
15 | how | yak |
16 | not | ne |
17 | all | fis |
18 | many | munuh |
19 | some | |
20 | few | mawk |
21 | other | yin |
22 | one | yisin |
23 | two | lif |
24 | three | tiri |
25 | four | sitir |
26 | five | pes |
27 | big | filik |
28 | long | luf |
29 | wide | suruk |
30 | thick | tilis |
31 | heavy | sesek |
32 | small | maw |
33 | short | kurtuk |
34 | narrow | usuk |
35 | thin | sinik |
36 | woman | sen |
37 | man (adult male) | mus |
38 | man (human being) | soofek |
39 | child | ses |
40 | wife | sen |
41 | husband | mus |
42 | mother | mas |
43 | father | wak |
44 | animal | sefer |
45 | fish | ruu |
46 | bird | pisis |
47 | dog | pis |
48 | louse | fis |
49 | snake | us |
50 | worm | sirif |
51 | tree | leref |
52 | forest | les |
53 | stick | peles |
54 | fruit | ufuk |
55 | seed | sem |
56 | leaf | lis |
57 | root | kirin |
58 | bark | kur |
59 | flower | kefet |
60 | grass | taraf |
61 | rope | fus |
62 | skin | kurup |
63 | meat | mes |
64 | blood | kirif |
65 | bone | kus |
66 | fat (noun) | salu |
67 | egg | yays |
68 | horn | ruh |
69 | tail | hufus |
70 | feather | per |
71 | hair | fulus |
72 | head | huluf |
73 | ear | uh |
74 | eye | uk |
75 | nose | nus |
76 | mouth | us |
77 | tooth | suu |
78 | tongue | |
79 | fingernail | nuhus |
80 | foot | nuh |
81 | leg | nuh |
82 | knee | kelen |
83 | hand | ruk |
84 | wing | kirilu |
85 | belly | wuruh |
86 | guts | urtuu |
87 | neck | kirik |
88 | back | hirwit |
89 | breast | piris |
90 | heart | sillis |
91 | liver | eter |
92 | to drink | pis |
93 | to eat | yes |
94 | to bite | kus |
95 | to suck | sis |
96 | to spit | pifas |
97 | to vomit | wifas |
98 | to blow | dohos |
99 | to breathe | |
100 | to laugh | |
101 | to see | |
102 | to hear | |
103 | to know | |
104 | to think | |
105 | to smell | |
106 | to fear | |
107 | to sleep | |
108 | to live | |
109 | to die | |
110 | to kill | |
111 | to fight | |
112 | to hunt | |
113 | to hit | |
114 | to cut | |
115 | to split | |
116 | to stab | |
117 | to scratch | |
118 | to dig | |
119 | to swim | |
120 | to fly | |
121 | to walk | |
122 | to come | |
123 | to lie | |
124 | to sit | |
125 | to stand | |
126 | to turn | |
127 | to fall | |
128 | to give | |
129 | to hold | |
130 | to squeeze | |
131 | to rub | |
132 | to wash | |
133 | to wipe | |
134 | to pull | |
135 | to push | |
136 | to throw | |
137 | to tie | |
138 | to sew | |
139 | to count | |
140 | to say | |
141 | to sing | |
142 | to play | |
143 | to float | |
144 | to flow | |
145 | to freeze | |
146 | to swell | |
147 | sun | |
148 | moon | |
149 | star | |
150 | water | |
151 | rain | |
152 | river | |
153 | lake | |
154 | sea | |
155 | salt | |
156 | stone | |
157 | sand | |
158 | dust | |
159 | earth | |
160 | cloud | |
161 | fog | |
162 | sky | |
163 | wind | |
164 | snow | |
165 | ice | |
166 | smoke | |
167 | fire | |
168 | ash | |
169 | burn | |
170 | road | |
171 | mountain | |
172 | red | |
173 | green | |
174 | yellow | |
175 | white | |
176 | black | |
177 | night | |
178 | day | |
179 | year | |
180 | warm | |
181 | cold | |
182 | full | |
183 | new | |
184 | old | |
185 | good | |
186 | bad | |
187 | rotten | |
188 | dirty | |
189 | straight | |
190 | round | |
191 | sharp | |
192 | dull | |
193 | smooth | |
194 | wet | |
195 | dry | |
196 | correct | |
197 | near | |
198 | far | |
199 | right | |
200 | left | |
201 | at | |
202 | in | |
203 | with | |
204 | and | |
205 | if | |
206 | because | |
207 | name |
Germanicized Slavic
From Early Proto-Slavic
Proto-Slavic | Germanicized Slavic |
---|---|
m | m |
p | f |
b | p |
v | w |
n | n |
t | þ |
d | t |
c | s |
dz | c |
s | z |
z | z |
r | r |
l | l |
ň | nj |
ť | tj |
ď | dj |
č | š |
šč | sč |
ždž | sč |
š | ž |
ś | ž |
ž | ž |
ř | rj |
ľ | lj |
j | j |
k | h |
g | k |
x | g |
kv | f |
gv | p |
xv | b |