User:Shariifka/Sandbox: Difference between revisions

From Linguifex
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit Advanced mobile edit
 
(10 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 3,844: Line 3,844:
**When a root would have alterations between palatalized and non-palatalized consonants, one of these variants is selected and extended to all forms.
**When a root would have alterations between palatalized and non-palatalized consonants, one of these variants is selected and extended to all forms.
*Voiced fricatives are devoiced.
*Voiced fricatives are devoiced.
*Maximum syllable structure is CVC.
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"}
|+ Fate of consonants
|+ Fate of consonants
Line 3,853: Line 3,854:
| p || p || p
| p || p || p
|-
|-
| b || b || b
| b || w || w
|-
|-
| v || f || f
| v || f || f
|-
|-
| n || n || y
| n || n || n
|-
|-
| t || t || sh
| t || t || s
|-
|-
| d || d || j
| d || l || s
|-
|-
| c || s || sh
| c || s || s
|-
|-
| dz || j || j
| dz || s || s
|-
|-
| s || s || s
| s || s || s
|-
|-
| z || s || j
| z || s || s
|-
|-
| r || r || r
| r || r || r
|-
|-
| l || w || y
| l || w || l
|-
|-
| ň || — || y
| ň || — || y
Line 3,879: Line 3,880:
| ť || — || k
| ť || — || k
|-
|-
| ď || — || g
| ď || — || y
|-
|-
| č || — || s
| č || — || s
|-
|-
| šč || — || st
| šč || — || s
|-
|-
| ždž || — || j
| ždž || — || s
|-
|-
| š || — || s
| š || — || s
Line 3,901: Line 3,902:
| k || k || —
| k || k || —
|-
|-
| g || g || —
| g || h || —
|-
|-
| x || ħ || —
| x || h || —
|}
|}


====Swadesh list====
{| class="wikitable"
! '''No.''' !! [[wikipedia:English language|English]] !! Deslavic
|-
| 1 || [[wiktionary:I|I]] || ya
|-
| 2 || [[wiktionary:you|you (singular)]] || ti
|-
| 3 || [[wiktionary:he|he]] || un
|-
| 4 || [[wiktionary:we|we]] || mi
|-
| 5 || [[wiktionary:you|you (plural)]] ||  fi
|-
| 6 || [[wiktionary:they|they]] || ni
|-
| 7 || [[wiktionary:this|this]] || se, uf
|-
| 8 || [[wiktionary:that|that]] || tun
|-
| 9 || [[wiktionary:here|here]] || sim
|-
| 10 || [[wiktionary:there|there]] || tam
|-
| 11 || [[wiktionary:who|who]] || kit
|-
| 12 || [[wiktionary:what|what]] || sit
|-
| 13 || [[wiktionary:where|where]] || kis
|-
| 14 || [[wiktionary:when|when]] || kuhul
|-
| 15 || [[wiktionary:how|how]] || yak
|-
| 16 || [[wiktionary:not|not]] || ne
|-
| 17 || [[wiktionary:all|all]] || fis
|-
| 18 || [[wiktionary:many|many]] || munuh
|-
| 19 || [[wiktionary:some|some]] || 
|-
| 20 || [[wiktionary:few|few]] || mawk
|-
| 21 || [[wiktionary:other|other]] || yin
|-
| 22 || [[wiktionary:one|one]] || yisin
|-
| 23 || [[wiktionary:two|two]] || lif
|-
| 24 || [[wiktionary:three|three]] || tiri
|-
| 25 || [[wiktionary:four|four]] || sitir
|-
| 26 || [[wiktionary:five|five]] || pes
|-
| 27 || [[wiktionary:big|big]] || filik
|-
| 28 || [[wiktionary:long|long]] || luf
|-
| 29 || [[wiktionary:wide|wide]] || suruk
|-
| 30 || [[wiktionary:thick|thick]] || tilis 
|-
| 31 || [[wiktionary:heavy|heavy]] || sesek
|-
| 32 || [[wiktionary:small|small]] || maw
|-
| 33 || [[wiktionary:short|short]] || kurtuk
|-
| 34 || [[wiktionary:narrow|narrow]] || usuk 
|-
| 35 || [[wiktionary:thin|thin]] || sinik
|-
| 36 || [[wiktionary:woman|woman]] || sen
|-
| 37 || [[wiktionary:man|man (adult male)]] || mus
|-
| 38 || [[wiktionary:man|man (human being)]] || soofek
|-
| 39 || [[wiktionary:child|child]] || ses
|-
| 40 || [[wiktionary:wife|wife]] || sen
|-
| 41 || [[wiktionary:husband|husband]] || mus
|-
| 42 || [[wiktionary:mother|mother]] || mas 
|-
| 43 || [[wiktionary:father|father]] || wak 
|-
| 44 || [[wiktionary:animal|animal]] || sefer 
|-
| 45 || [[wiktionary:fish|fish]] || ruu
|-
| 46 || [[wiktionary:bird|bird]] || pisis
|-
| 47 || [[wiktionary:dog|dog]] || pis
|-
| 48 || [[wiktionary:louse|louse]] || fis
|-
| 49 || [[wiktionary:snake|snake]] || us
|-
| 50 || [[wiktionary:worm|worm]] || sirif
|-
| 51 || [[wiktionary:tree|tree]] || leref
|-
| 52 || [[wiktionary:forest|forest]] || les 
|-
| 53 || [[wiktionary:stick|stick]] || peles
|-
| 54 || [[wiktionary:fruit|fruit]] || ufuk
|-
| 55 || [[wiktionary:seed|seed]] || sem
|-
| 56 || [[wiktionary:leaf|leaf]] || lis
|-
| 57 || [[wiktionary:root|root]] || kirin
|-
| 58 || [[wiktionary:bark|bark]] || kur
|-
| 59 || [[wiktionary:flower|flower]] || kefet
|-
| 60 || [[wiktionary:grass|grass]] || taraf
|-
| 61 || [[wiktionary:rope|rope]] || fus
|-
| 62 || [[wiktionary:skin|skin]] || kurup
|-
| 63 || [[wiktionary:meat|meat]] || mes
|-
| 64 || [[wiktionary:blood|blood]] || kirif
|-
| 65 || [[wiktionary:bone|bone]] || kus
|-
| 66 || [[wiktionary:fat#Noun|fat (noun)]] || salu
|-
| 67 || [[wiktionary:egg|egg]] ||  yays
|-
| 68 || [[wiktionary:horn|horn]] || ruh
|-
| 69 || [[wiktionary:tail|tail]] || hufus
|-
| 70 || [[wiktionary:feather|feather]] || per
|-
| 71 || [[wiktionary:hair|hair]] || fulus
|-
| 72 || [[wiktionary:head|head]] || huluf
|-
| 73 || [[wiktionary:ear|ear]] || uh
|-
| 74 || [[wiktionary:eye|eye]] || uk
|-
| 75 || [[wiktionary:nose|nose]] || nus
|-
| 76 || [[wiktionary:mouth|mouth]] || us
|-
| 77 || [[wiktionary:tooth|tooth]] || suu
|-
| 78 || [[wiktionary:tongue|tongue]] || 
|-
| 79 || [[wiktionary:fingernail|fingernail]] || nuhus 
|-
| 80 || [[wiktionary:foot|foot]] || nuh
|-
| 81 || [[wiktionary:leg|leg]] || nuh
|-
| 82 || [[wiktionary:knee|knee]] || kelen
|-
| 83 || [[wiktionary:hand|hand]] || ruk
|-
| 84 || [[wiktionary:wing|wing]] || kirilu
|-
| 85 || [[wiktionary:belly|belly]] || wuruh
|-
| 86 || [[wiktionary:guts|guts]] || urtuu
|-
| 87 || [[wiktionary:neck|neck]] || kirik
|-
| 88 || [[wiktionary:back|back]] || hirwit
|-
| 89 || [[wiktionary:breast|breast]] || piris 
|-
| 90 || [[wiktionary:heart|heart]] || sillis
|-
| 91 || [[wiktionary:liver|liver]] || eter
|-
| 92 || [[wiktionary:drink|to drink]] || pis
|-
| 93 || [[wiktionary:eat|to eat]] || yes
|-
| 94 || [[wiktionary:bite|to bite]] || kus 
|-
| 95 || [[wiktionary:suck|to suck]] || sis 
|-
| 96 || [[wiktionary:spit|to spit]] || pifas
|-
| 97 || [[wiktionary:vomit|to vomit]] || wifas
|-
| 98 || [[wiktionary:blow|to blow]] || dohos
|-
| 99 || [[wiktionary:breathe|to breathe]] || 
|-
| 100 || [[wiktionary:laugh|to laugh]] || 
|-
| 101 || [[wiktionary:see|to see]] || 
|-
| 102 || [[wiktionary:hear|to hear]] || 
|-
| 103 || [[wiktionary:know|to know]] || 
|-
| 104 || [[wiktionary:think|to think]] || 
|-
| 105 || [[wiktionary:smell|to smell]] || 
|-
| 106 || [[wiktionary:fear|to fear]] || 
|-
| 107 || [[wiktionary:sleep|to sleep]] || 
|-
| 108 || [[wiktionary:live|to live]] || 
|-
| 109 || [[wiktionary:die|to die]] || 
|-
| 110 || [[wiktionary:kill|to kill]] || 
|-
| 111 || [[wiktionary:fight|to fight]] || 
|-
| 112 || [[wiktionary:hunt|to hunt]] || 
|-
| 113 || [[wiktionary:hit|to hit]] || 
|-
| 114 || [[wiktionary:cut|to cut]] || 
|-
| 115 || [[wiktionary:split|to split]] || 
|-
| 116 || [[wiktionary:stab|to stab]]
|-
| 117 || [[wiktionary:scratch|to scratch]] || 
|-
| 118 || [[wiktionary:dig|to dig]] || 
|-
| 119 || [[wiktionary:swim|to swim]] || 
|-
| 120 || [[wiktionary:fly|to fly]] || 
|-
| 121 || [[wiktionary:walk|to walk]] || 
|-
| 122 || [[wiktionary:come|to come]] || 
|-
| 123 || [[wiktionary:lie|to lie]] || 
|-
| 124 || [[wiktionary:sit|to sit]] || 
|-
| 125 || [[wiktionary:stand|to stand]] || 
|-
| 126 || [[wiktionary:turn|to turn]] || 
|-
| 127 || [[wiktionary:fall|to fall]] || 
|-
| 128 || [[wiktionary:give|to give]] || 
|-
| 129 || [[wiktionary:hold|to hold]] || 
|-
| 130 || [[wiktionary:squeeze|to squeeze]] || 
|-
| 131 || [[wiktionary:rub|to rub]] || 
|-
| 132 || [[wiktionary:wash|to wash]] || 
|-
| 133 || [[wiktionary:wipe|to wipe]] || 
|-
| 134 || [[wiktionary:pull|to pull]] || 
|-
| 135 || [[wiktionary:push|to push]] || 
|-
| 136 || [[wiktionary:throw|to throw]] || 
|-
| 137 || [[wiktionary:tie|to tie]] || 
|-
| 138 || [[wiktionary:sew|to sew]] || 
|-
| 139 || [[wiktionary:count|to count]] || 
|-
| 140 || [[wiktionary:say|to say]] || 
|-
| 141 || [[wiktionary:sing|to sing]] || 
|-
| 142 || [[wiktionary:play|to play]] || 
|-
| 143 || [[wiktionary:float|to float]] || 
|-
| 144 || [[wiktionary:flow|to flow]] || 
|-
| 145 || [[wiktionary:freeze|to freeze]] || 
|-
| 146 || [[wiktionary:swell|to swell]]
|-
| 147 || [[wiktionary:sun|sun]] || 
|-
| 148 || [[wiktionary:moon|moon]] || 
|-
| 149 || [[wiktionary:star|star]] || 
|-
| 150 || [[wiktionary:water|water]] || 
|-
| 151 || [[wiktionary:rain|rain]]
|-
| 152 || [[wiktionary:river|river]] || 
|-
| 153 || [[wiktionary:lake|lake]] || 
|-
| 154 || [[wiktionary:sea|sea]] || 
|-
| 155 || [[wiktionary:salt|salt]] || 
|-
| 156 || [[wiktionary:stone|stone]] || 
|-
| 157 || [[wiktionary:sand|sand]] || 
|-
| 158 || [[wiktionary:dust|dust]] || 
|-
| 159 || [[wiktionary:earth|earth]] || 
|-
| 160 || [[wiktionary:cloud|cloud]] || 
|-
| 161 || [[wiktionary:fog|fog]] || 
|-
| 162 || [[wiktionary:sky|sky]] || 
|-
| 163 || [[wiktionary:wind|wind]] || 
|-
| 164 || [[wiktionary:snow|snow]] || 
|-
| 165 || [[wiktionary:ice|ice]] || 
|-
| 166 || [[wiktionary:smoke|smoke]] || 
|-
| 167 || [[wiktionary:fire|fire]] || 
|-
| 168 || [[wiktionary:ash|ash]]
|-
| 169 || [[wiktionary:burn|burn]] || 
|-
| 170 || [[wiktionary:road|road]] || 
|-
| 171 || [[wiktionary:mountain|mountain]] || 
|-
| 172 || [[wiktionary:red|red]] || 
|-
| 173 || [[wiktionary:green|green]]
|-
| 174 || [[wiktionary:yellow|yellow]] || 
|-
| 175 || [[wiktionary:white|white]] || 
|-
| 176 || [[wiktionary:black|black]] || 
|-
| 177 || [[wiktionary:night|night]] || 
|-
| 178 || [[wiktionary:day|day]] || 
|-
| 179 || [[wiktionary:year|year]]
|-
| 180 || [[wiktionary:warm|warm]] || 
|-
| 181 || [[wiktionary:cold|cold]] || 
|-
| 182 || [[wiktionary:full|full]] || 
|-
| 183 || [[wiktionary:new|new]] || 
|-
| 184 || [[wiktionary:old|old]] || 
|-
| 185 || [[wiktionary:good|good]] || 
|-
| 186 || [[wiktionary:bad|bad]] || 
|-
| 187 || [[wiktionary:rotten|rotten]] || 
|-
| 188 || [[wiktionary:dirty|dirty]] || 
|-
| 189 || [[wiktionary:straight|straight]] || 
|-
| 190 || [[wiktionary:round|round]] || 
|-
| 191 || [[wiktionary:sharp|sharp]] || 
|-
| 192 || [[wiktionary:dull|dull]] || 
|-
| 193 || [[wiktionary:smooth|smooth]] || 
|-
| 194 || [[wiktionary:wet|wet]] || 
|-
| 195 || [[wiktionary:dry|dry]] || 
|-
| 196 || [[wiktionary:correct|correct]] || 
|-
| 197 || [[wiktionary:near|near]] || 
|-
| 198 || [[wiktionary:far|far]] || 
|-
| 199 || [[wiktionary:right|right]] || 
|-
| 200 || [[wiktionary:left|left]] || 
|-
| 201 || [[wiktionary:at|at]] || 
|-
| 202 || [[wiktionary:in|in]] || 
|-
| 203 || [[wiktionary:with|with]] || 
|-
| 204 || [[wiktionary:and|and]] || 
|-
| 205 || [[wiktionary:if|if]] || 
|-
| 206 || [[wiktionary:because|because]] || 
|-
| 207 || [[wiktionary:name|name]] || 
|}
==Germanicized Slavic==
From Early Proto-Slavic
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"}
|+ Fate of consonants
|-
! Proto-Slavic !! Germanicized Slavic
|-
| m || m
|-
| p || f
|-
| b || p
|-
| v || w
|-
| n || n
|-
| t || þ
|-
| d || t
|-
| c || s
|-
| dz || c
|-
| s || z
|-
| z || z
|-
| r || r
|-
| l || l
|-
| ň || nj
|-
| ť || tj
|-
| ď || dj
|-
| č || š
|-
| šč || sč
|-
| ždž || sč
|-
| š || ž
|-
| ś || ž
|-
| ž || ž
|-
| ř || rj
|-
| ľ || lj
|-
| j || j
|-
| k || h
|-
| g || k
|-
| x || g
|-
| kv || f
|-
| gv || p
|-
| xv || b
|}
==Endnotes==
==Endnotes==

Latest revision as of 05:39, 27 November 2024

Bantu-esque romlang

Numerals

???? numerals
Symbol Cardinal number
1 ʊːnʊ
2 toː
3 ʈɛː
4 kʷɑtːɔ
5 kʷɪˑŋɡɛ
6 sɛː
7 sɛtːɛ
8 ɔtːɔː
9 nɔwɛ
10 teɣe
11
20 βiː
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
200
1000
2000

Bantu-esque Indo-European lang

Numerals

???? numerals
Symbol Cardinal number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
200
1000
2000

Somali-like relative of Zanahi

Numerals

???? numerals
Symbol Cardinal number
1 ceyn
2 dhaba
3 taray
4 shodor
5 fash
6 shag
7 hafad
8 casta
9 now
10 dhas
11 ceyn oo dhas
20 dhabaasan
30 tiriisan
40 shodoorsan
50 fashaasan
60 shagaasan
70 haftaasan
80 castaash

an

90 nabaasan
100 sid
200 dhow sid
1000 dahal
2000 dhaba dahal

Somali-like Romlang

Verb conjugation of amaal "to love" - non-continuous tenses
Present Past Imperative Jussive
Indicative Subordinate Adjectival Affirmative Negative Adjectival
1S amaa ame amá amay amays amaý áme
2S amaas ames amays áma ámes
3S amaa ame amay áme
1P amaan amaan amayn ameén
2P amaad amaad amayd amaád ameéd
3P amaan amaan amayn ameén


German-like relative of Twench

Swadesh list

Abbreviations:

  • irr. = irregular (conjugation cannot be predicted from principal parts)
  • pl. = plural
  • fam. = familiar
  • pol. = polite
  • arch. = archaic
No. English Unnamed
1Ijeu
2you (singular)tu (fam.); Els (pol.)
3heell
4wenaus
5you (plural)waus (fam.); Els (pol.)
6theyels
7thiszest(e)
8thatzell(e)
9herezei
10therelah
11whokei
12whatkeis
13whereond
14whenquand
15howkomment
16notpfass
17alltoot
18manymolt
19somealküne
20fewpfeuk(e)
21otheralter(e)
22oneün(e)
23twodaus
24threetreis
25fourquatter
26fivezink
27biggrand(e)
28longlong(e)
29widelarg(e)
30thickgross(e)
31heavylord(e)
32smallpfettitt(e)
33shortkort(e)
34narrowstrecht(e)
35thinmager(e)
36womanFemme
37man (adult male)Omme
38man (human being)Human; Pferson
39childEnfant
40wifeFemme; Spause
41husbandOmme; Spaus
42motherMader
43fatherPfader
44animalBest
45fishPfess
46birdEuzell
47dogKahn
48lousePfeugel
49snakeSerpent
50wormWerm
51treeArber
52forestBosch
53stickBaston
54fruitFrucht
55seedSemenze
56leafFülle
57rootRätzein
58barkSchohrtze
59flowerFlauer
60grassJerb
61ropeKurd
62skinPfiel
63meatKarn
64bloodSange
65boneOss
66fat (noun)Grass
67eggOb
68hornKorn
69tailKode
70featherPlüme
71hair Kaffel
72headTiest
73earOregel
74eyeUgel
75noseNahs
76mouthBocke
77toothDent
78tongueLeng
79fingernailOngel
80footPfied
81legGamb
82kneeJenogel
83handMahn
84wingAal
85bellyWenter
86gutsEntreils
87neckKoll
88backDoss
89breastSehn
90heartKuhr
91liverVikat
92drinkbeber, bebe, bebeu, bebüt
93eatmangar, mange, mangei, mangat
94bitemorder, morde, morseu, morst
95sucksükar, süke, sükei, sükat
96spitspütar, spüte, spütei, spütat
97vomitwumier, wumisse, wumei, wumeit
98blowsofflar, soffle, sofflei, sofflat
99breatherespeirar, respeire, respeirei, respeirat
100laughreider, reide, reiße, reist
101seeweder, wede, weiße, weist
102heareudier, eude, eudei, eudeit
103knowsaffer, saffe, saffeu, saft
104thinkpfensar, pfense, pfensei, pfensat
105smelluhler, uhle, uhleu, uhlt
106fearkriemer, kriem, kriemui, kriemt
107sleepdormier, dorme, dormei, dormeit
108liveweiber, weibe, weibeu, weibt
109diemuhrier, muhre, muhrei, muhreit
110killtütar, tüte, tütei, tütat
111fightlüchtar, lüchte, lüchtei, lüchtat
112huntkassar, kasse, kassei, kassat
113hitbatter, batte, batteu, battet
114cutkolpfar, kolpfe, kolpfei, kolpfat
115splitvender, vende, vendeu, vendet
116stabpünner, pünne, pünneu, pünnt

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)

Toot human Esters nassen leber es equal in deintat es drechts. Els son wock reißon es konscenze endotat, es els deben wock ünalter in ün spirit de fradertat agier.

/toːt hʊˈmɑːn ˈɛstɐs ˈnasən ˈleːbɐ əs ɛˈkvɑːl ɪn daɪnˈtɑːt əs drɛçts ‖ ɛls zoːn vɔk ʁaɪˈsoːn əs konˈstsɛntsə əndoˈtɑːt | əs ɛls deːbən vɔk yːnˈaltɐ ɪn yːn ʃpiːʁɪt də ˌfʁɑːdɐˈtɒ̈ːt aˈɡiɐ/

German-like relative of Chelsian

Swadesh list

Abbreviations:

  • m. = masculine
  • f. = feminine
  • n. = neuter
  • c. = common (takes masculine or feminine gender according to referent)
  • w. = weak
  • irr. = irregular (declension/conjugation cannot be predicted from principal parts)
  • pl. = plural
  • fam. = familiar
  • pol. = polite
No. English Chelsian
1Ieg
2you (singular)zu (fam.); Isse (pol.)
3heisser
4wenuhr
5you (plural)wuhr (fam.); Isse (pol.)
6theyisse
7thisister
8thatiller
9heresteich
10thereleich
11whoker
12whatkis
13whereüb
14whenquande
15howkome
16notnun
17allzuß
18manymültze (pl.)
19someälche (pl.)
20fewpfauch
21otheraltzer
22oneauns
23twozwo
24threetrehr
25fourquatzer
26fivekeink
27bigmann; gränd
28longlong
29widelaß; ampfel
30thickkrass
31heavygräb
32smallpfaul
33shortkurz
34narrowangst
35thinzinn
36womanViemen, -s (f.)
37man (adult male)Mähr, -s (m.)
38man (human being)Ome, -ns (m., w.)
39childPfarb, Pfärbe (m.)
40wifeViemen, -s (f.); Mülier, -s (f.)
41husbandMähr, -s (m.); Mährt, -e (m.)
42motherMaßer, -s (f.)
43fatherPfasser, -s (m.)
44animalBieste, -s (f.)
45fishPfesch, -es (m.)
46birdÄbe, -s (f.)
47dogKähn, -s (m.)
48lousePfeigel, -e (m.)
49snakeÄng, -es (m.)
50wormWerm (m.)
51treeArber, -s (m.)
52forestSilbe, -s (f.) (
53stickRahm, Rähme (m.)
54fruitFreug, -es (f.)
55seedGrahn, -e (n.)
56leafVöhl, -e (n.)
57rootRateich, -es (f.)
58barkKorzeich, -es (f.)
59flowerFluhr, -es (m.)
60grassGrame, -n (n., w.)
61ropeFäun, -s (m.)
62skinPfell, -es
63meatKare, -ns (f.)
64bloodSänge, -ns (m.)
65boneOss, össe (m.)
66fat (noun)Ateff, -s (m.)
67eggUb, -e (n.)
68hornKorn, -e (n.)
69tailKaute, -s (f.)
70featherPflume, -s (f.)
71hair Pfehl, -es (m.); (of head) Kaffel, -e (m.)
72headKafs, -es (n.)
73earÖhr, -s (f.)
74eyeOgel, -e (m.)
75noseNas, Näse (m.)
76mouthBucke, -s (f.)
77toothTent, es (m.)
78tongueLinge, -s (f.)
79fingernailUnge, -s (m.)
80footPfeht, -s (m.)
81legKrauer, -e (n.)
82kneeGehn, -e (n.)
83handMaan, -s (f.)
84wingAle, -s (f.)
85bellyWenter, -s (m.)
86gutsInsteine (n. pl.)
87neckKoll, -e (n.)
88backZerg, -e (n.)
89breastPfetz, -e (m.)
90heartKort, -e (n.)
91liverJecher, -e (n.)
92drinkbeber, bebe, beibe, beibs
93eateter, ete, iete, ies
94bitemorter, morte, mörse, mörs
95sucksuger, suge, süchse, sucht
96spitspuher, spuhe, spühe, spauß
97vomitwohmer, wohme, wöhme, wöhms
98blowflaher, flahe, flähe, flaß
99breathespeirer, speire, speirei, speiress
100laughreiter, reite, reise, reiß
101seeweter, wete, weite, weiß
102hearäuter, äute, äutei, äutess
103knowscheier, scheie, schei, scheiß
104thinkköchser, köchse, köchsei, köchsess
105smellohler, ohle, ohlei, ohless
106fearzehmer, zehme, zehmei, zehmess
107sleeptörmer, törme, törmei, törmess
108liveweiber, weibe, wichse, wicht
109diemöhrer, möhre, möhrei, mortz
110killnecher, neche, nechei, nechess
111fightpfunner, pfunne, pfunnei, pfunness
112huntkafter, kafte, kaftei, kaftess
113hitbatzer, batze, batzei, batzess
114cutsecher, seche, sechei, sechess
115splitteibter, teibte, teibse, teibs
116stabföter, föte, fosse, foss
117scratchschalpfer, schalpfe, schalpse, schalps
118digkaber, kabe, kabei, kabess
119swimnasser, nasse, nassei, nassess
120flywohler, wohle, wohlei, wohless
121walkpferger, pferge, pfierse, pfiers
122comewehner, wehne, wiene, went
123liejacher, jache, jachei, jachess
124sitseter, sete, siete, sess
125standsteher, stehe, steße, steß
126turnwerzer, werze, werzei, werzess
127fallkater, kate, käse, kas
128giveteher, tehe, teße, teß
129holdzener, zene, ziene, zent
130squeezepfremer, pfreme, pfrisse, pfress
131rubfrecher, freche, frechei, frechess
132washlahber, lahbe, lahbei, lahbess
133wipezerger, zerge, zirse, zers
134pulltreier, treie, trächse, tracht
135pushpfeller, pfelle, pfülse, pfuls
136throwjächer, jäche, jieche, jacht
137tieleger, lege, legei, legess
138sewsauer, saue, säue, sauß
139countnummerer, nummere, nummerei, nummeress
140sayteicher, teiche teichse, ticht
141singkaner, kane, kiene, kant
142playlauter, laute, läuse, laus
143floatfleußer, fleuße, fleußei, fleußess
144flowflauer, flaue, fläuchse, flaucht
145freezegehler, gehle, gehlei, gehless
146swellinflaßer, inflaße, inflaßei, inflaßess
147sunSuhl, -e (n.)
148moonLune, -s (f.)
149starStielle, -s (f.)
150waterAcke, -s (f.)
151rainPflübe, -s (f.)
152riverFlüme, -n (n., w.)
153lakeLach, Läche (m.)
154seaMahr, -e (n.)
155saltSaal, -s (m.)
156stonePfetter, -s (f.)
157sandRiene, -s (f.)
158dustPfüll, -es (m.)
159earthZerre, -s (f.)
160cloudNäube, -s (f.)
161fogNebel, -s (f.)
162skyKiel, -e (n.)
163windWent, -e (m.)
164snowNehb, -es (f.)
165iceGläche, -s (f.)
166smokeFuhm, Fühme (m.)
167fireVoch, Vöche (m.)
168ashKener, -s (m.)
169burnarter, arte, ärse, ars
170roadStraße, -s (f.)
171mountainMont, -s (m.)
172redrober
173greenwehrt
174yellowflahb
175whitealb
176blackneger
177nightNocht, -es (f.)
178dayTeie, -s (m.)
179yearAnn, Änne (m.)
180warmkalt
181coldfreikt
182fullpflien
183newnohb
184oldwesser
185goodbohn
186badmahl
187rottenpfütter
188dirtysört
189straightricht
190roundrossend
191sharpäcker
192dulljeebs
193smoothlehb
194wetaut
195drysick
196correctkorricht
197nearpfrochsen
198farlong
199righttester
200leftsenster
201atin; at
202inin
203withkun
204andes
205ifsei
206becausekeie
207nameNume, -n (n., w.)

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)

Züße Omens naschen leibere es equale in Tinnesse es Jäureb. Isse son tie Rassune es Konscienze tußesse, es isse tieben aun altere in Spiritus tie Fraßerness ager.

Iberian Celtic lang

No. English
1 I mi
2 you (singular) tu
3 he
4 we nis
5 you (plural) sis
6 they
7 this
8 that
9 here
10 there
11 who quien
12 what que
13 where
14 when quan
15 how
16 not ne
17 all welho
18 many elo
19 some negos
20 few
21 other alho
22 one ono
23 two duo
24 three tris
25 four quiodres
26 five quinque
27 big maro
28 long siro
29 wide
30 thick tievo
31 heavy
32 small beco
33 short berro
34 narrow ango
35 thin
36 woman biena
37 man (adult male) vero
38 man (human being) duenho
39 child maco
40 wife
41 husband
42 mother madre
43 father adre
44 animal milo
45 fish esco
46 bird
47 dog con
48 louse
49 snake
50 worm preme
51 tree prieno
52 forest
53 stick
54 fruit
55 seed silo
56 leaf
57 root
58 bark rosco
59 flower
60 grass guelta
61 rope
62 skin
63 meat chigo
64 blood cruevo
65 bone
66 fat (noun)
67 egg
68 horn
69 tail
70 feather
71 hair vuelto
72 head queño
73 ear closta
74 eye
75 nose
76 mouth
77 tooth dante
78 tongue tanguad
79 fingernail
80 foot
81 leg
82 knee
83 hand
84 wing
85 belly
86 guts
87 neck
88 back
89 breast
90 heart
91 liver
92 to drink
93 to eat
94 to bite
95 to suck
96 to spit
97 to vomit
98 to blow
99 to breathe
100 to laugh
101 to see
102 to hear
103 to know
104 to think
105 to smell
106 to fear
107 to sleep
108 to live
109 to die
110 to kill
111 to fight
112 to hunt
113 to hit
114 to cut
115 to split
116 to stab
117 to scratch
118 to dig
119 to swim
120 to fly
121 to walk
122 to come
123 to lie
124 to sit
125 to stand
126 to turn
127 to fall
128 to give
129 to hold
130 to squeeze
131 to rub
132 to wash
133 to wipe
134 to pull
135 to push
136 to throw
137 to tie
138 to sew
139 to count
140 to say
141 to sing
142 to play
143 to float
144 to flow
145 to freeze
146 to swell
147 sun
148 moon
149 star
150 water
151 rain
152 river
153 lake
154 sea
155 salt
156 stone
157 sand
158 dust
159 earth
160 cloud
161 fog
162 sky
163 wind
164 snow
165 ice
166 smoke
167 fire
168 ash
169 burn
170 road
171 mountain
172 red
173 green
174 yellow
175 white
176 black
177 night
178 day
179 year
180 warm
181 cold
182 full
183 new
184 old
185 good
186 bad
187 rotten
188 dirty
189 straight
190 round
191 sharp
192 dull
193 smooth
194 wet
195 dry
196 correct
197 near
198 far
199 right
200 left
201 at
202 in
203 with
204 and
205 if
206 because
207 name

Descendent of Old Latin

No. English
1 I mu
2 you (singular) tu
3 he gio
4 we nox
5 you (plural) gox
6 they giox (m.); giax (f.)
7 this xicce
8 that isto
9 here xic
10 there eve
11 who quex
12 what que
13 where cove
14 when quando
15 how quan
16 not ne
17 all guabrix
18 many moltox (m.); moltax (f.)
19 some
20 few pocox; pokax
21 other alio
22 one gueno (m.); guena (f.)
23 two dúox (m.); dúax (f.)
24 three trix
25 four quattor
26 five chinque
27 big mangro
28 long luango
29 wide lato
30 thick
31 heavy
32 small
33 short
34 narrow
35 thin
36 woman femna
37 man (adult male) guero
38 man (human being) huamne
39 child
40 wife femna
41 husband guero
42 mother matre
43 father patre
44 animal
45 fish pesci
46 bird agui
47 dog cane
48 louse
49 snake serpiante
50 worm ghiarmi
51 tree arbre
52 forest selgua
53 stick
54 fruit pomo
55 seed
56 leaf folio
57 root
58 bark
59 flower
60 grass
61 rope
62 skin
63 meat carne
64 blood
65 bone
66 fat (noun)
67 egg ogo
68 horn
69 tail
70 feather
71 hair
72 head
73 ear
74 eye guaclo
75 nose naso
76 mouth
77 tooth diante
78 tongue dengua
79 fingernail
80 foot
81 leg
82 knee
83 hand
84 wing
85 belly
86 guts
87 neck
88 back
89 breast
90 heart
91 liver
92 to drink bivre, bivo, beve
93 to eat giadre, giado, gede
94 to bite
95 to suck
96 to spit
97 to vomit guamre, guamo, gome
98 to blow
99 to breathe
100 to laugh
101 to see guedere, guedio, guise
102 to hear odire, odio, odigue
103 to know groscre, grosco, grogue
104 to think
105 to smell sentire, sianto, sentigue
106 to fear
107 to sleep
108 to live guigre, guigo, guige
109 to die
110 to kill
111 to fight
112 to hunt
113 to hit
114 to cut
115 to split
116 to stab
117 to scratch
118 to dig
119 to swim
120 to fly
121 to walk
122 to come
123 to lie
124 to sit
125 to stand
126 to turn
127 to fall
128 to give
129 to hold
130 to squeeze
131 to rub
132 to wash
133 to wipe
134 to pull
135 to push
136 to throw
137 to tie
138 to sew
139 to count
140 to say
141 to sing
142 to play
143 to float
144 to flow
145 to freeze
146 to swell
147 sun sol
148 moon lona
149 star
150 water aqua
151 rain
152 river
153 lake
154 sea mare
155 salt
156 stone
157 sand
158 dust
159 earth tiarra
160 cloud
161 fog
162 sky celo
163 wind ghianto
164 snow
165 ice
166 smoke
167 fire
168 ash
169 burn
170 road
171 mountain muante
172 red
173 green
174 yellow
175 white albo
176 black negro
177 night noapte
178 day día
179 year anno
180 warm
181 cold
182 full pleno
183 new nogo
184 old seno
185 good dueno
186 bad malo
187 rotten
188 dirty
189 straight
190 round
191 sharp
192 dull
193 smooth
194 wet
195 dry secco
196 correct
197 near
198 far
199 right
200 left
201 at a
202 in en
203 with con
204 and e
205 if
206 because
207 name nome

Blank Swadesh list

No. English
1I
2you (singular)
3he
4we
5you (plural)
6they
7this
8that
9here
10there
11who
12what
13where
14when
15how
16not
17all
18many
19some
20few
21other
22one
23two
24three
25four
26five
27big
28long
29wide
30thick
31heavy
32small
33short
34narrow
35thin
36woman
37man (adult male)
38man (human being)
39child
40wife
41husband
42mother
43father
44animal
45fish
46bird
47dog
48louse
49snake
50worm
51tree
52forest
53stick
54fruit
55seed
56leaf
57root
58bark
59flower
60grass
61rope
62skin
63meat
64blood
65bone
66fat (noun)
67egg
68horn
69tail
70feather
71hair
72head
73ear
74eye
75nose
76mouth
77tooth
78tongue
79fingernail
80foot
81leg
82knee
83hand
84wing
85belly
86guts
87neck
88back
89breast
90heart
91liver
92drink
93eat
94bite
95suck
96spit
97vomit
98blow
99breathe
100laugh
101see
102hear
103know
104think
105smell
106fear
107sleep
108live
109die
110kill
111fight
112hunt
113hit
114cut
115split
116stab
117scratch
118dig
119swim
120fly
121walk
122come
123lie
124sit
125stand
126turn
127fall
128give
129hold
130squeeze
131rub
132wash
133wipe
134pull
135push
136throw
137tie
138sew
139count
140say
141sing
142play
143float
144flow
145freeze
146swell
147sun
148moon
149star
150water
151rain
152river
153lake
154sea
155salt
156stone
157sand
158dust
159earth
160cloud
161fog
162sky
163wind
164snow
165ice
166smoke
167fire
168ash
169burn
170road
171mountain
172red
173green
174yellow
175white
176black
177night
178day
179year
180warm
181cold
182full
183new
184old
185good
186bad
187rotten
188dirty
189straight
190round
191sharp
192dull
193smooth
194wet
195dry
196correct
197near
198far
199right
200left
201at
202in
203with
204and
205if
206because
207name

Blank Swadesh list

No. English
1I
2you (singular)
3he
4we
5you (plural)
6they
7this
8that
9here
10there
11who
12what
13where
14when
15how
16not
17all
18many
19some
20few
21other
22one
23two
24three
25four
26five
27big
28long
29wide
30thick
31heavy
32small
33short
34narrow
35thin
36woman
37man (adult male)
38man (human being)
39child
40wife
41husband
42mother
43father
44animal
45fish
46bird
47dog
48louse
49snake
50worm
51tree
52forest
53stick
54fruit
55seed
56leaf
57root
58bark
59flower
60grass
61rope
62skin
63meat
64blood
65bone
66fat (noun)
67egg
68horn
69tail
70feather
71hair
72head
73ear
74eye
75nose
76mouth
77tooth
78tongue
79fingernail
80foot
81leg
82knee
83hand
84wing
85belly
86guts
87neck
88back
89breast
90heart
91liver
92to drink
93to eat
94to bite
95to suck
96to spit
97to vomit
98to blow
99to breathe
100to laugh
101to see
102to hear
103to know
104to think
105to smell
106to fear
107to sleep
108to live
109to die
110to kill
111to fight
112to hunt
113to hit
114to cut
115to split
116to stab
117to scratch
118to dig
119to swim
120to fly
121to walk
122to come
123to lie
124to sit
125to stand
126to turn
127to fall
128to give
129to hold
130to squeeze
131to rub
132to wash
133to wipe
134to pull
135to push
136to throw
137to tie
138to sew
139to count
140to say
141to sing
142to play
143to float
144to flow
145to freeze
146to swell
147sun
148moon
149star
150water
151rain
152river
153lake
154sea
155salt
156stone
157sand
158dust
159earth
160cloud
161fog
162sky
163wind
164snow
165ice
166smoke
167fire
168ash
169burn
170road
171mountain
172red
173green
174yellow
175white
176black
177night
178day
179year
180warm
181cold
182full
183new
184old
185good
186bad
187rotten
188dirty
189straight
190round
191sharp
192dull
193smooth
194wet
195dry
196correct
197near
198far
199right
200left
201at
202in
203with
204and
205if
206because
207name

Blank Swadesh List (WikiMedia Format)

No. English
1 I
2 you (singular)
3 he
4 we
5 you (plural)
6 they
7 this
8 that
9 here
10 there
11 who
12 what
13 where
14 when
15 how
16 not
17 all
18 many
19 some
20 few
21 other
22 one
23 two
24 three
25 four
26 five
27 big
28 long
29 wide
30 thick
31 heavy
32 small
33 short
34 narrow
35 thin
36 woman
37 man (adult male)
38 man (human being)
39 child
40 wife
41 husband
42 mother
43 father
44 animal
45 fish
46 bird
47 dog
48 louse
49 snake
50 worm
51 tree
52 forest
53 stick
54 fruit
55 seed
56 leaf
57 root
58 bark
59 flower
60 grass
61 rope
62 skin
63 meat
64 blood
65 bone
66 fat (noun)
67 egg
68 horn
69 tail
70 feather
71 hair
72 head
73 ear
74 eye
75 nose
76 mouth
77 tooth
78 tongue
79 fingernail
80 foot
81 leg
82 knee
83 hand
84 wing
85 belly
86 guts
87 neck
88 back
89 breast
90 heart
91 liver
92 to drink
93 to eat
94 to bite
95 to suck
96 to spit
97 to vomit
98 to blow
99 to breathe
100 to laugh
101 to see
102 to hear
103 to know
104 to think
105 to smell
106 to fear
107 to sleep
108 to live
109 to die
110 to kill
111 to fight
112 to hunt
113 to hit
114 to cut
115 to split
116 to stab
117 to scratch
118 to dig
119 to swim
120 to fly
121 to walk
122 to come
123 to lie
124 to sit
125 to stand
126 to turn
127 to fall
128 to give
129 to hold
130 to squeeze
131 to rub
132 to wash
133 to wipe
134 to pull
135 to push
136 to throw
137 to tie
138 to sew
139 to count
140 to say
141 to sing
142 to play
143 to float
144 to flow
145 to freeze
146 to swell
147 sun
148 moon
149 star
150 water
151 rain
152 river
153 lake
154 sea
155 salt
156 stone
157 sand
158 dust
159 earth
160 cloud
161 fog
162 sky
163 wind
164 snow
165 ice
166 smoke
167 fire
168 ash
169 burn
170 road
171 mountain
172 red
173 green
174 yellow
175 white
176 black
177 night
178 day
179 year
180 warm
181 cold
182 full
183 new
184 old
185 good
186 bad
187 rotten
188 dirty
189 straight
190 round
191 sharp
192 dull
193 smooth
194 wet
195 dry
196 correct
197 near
198 far
199 right
200 left
201 at
202 in
203 with
204 and
205 if
206 because
207 name

Vocab template

Time -

Seasons -
English
spring
summer
fall
winter
Gregorian months -
English
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Days of the week -
English
Sunday
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
Parts of the day -
English
day
dawn
morning
noon
afternoon
evening
dusk
night
midnight
Units of time -
English
second
minute
hour
day
week
month
season
year
Time adverbs -
English
now
then
recently, a short time ago
earlier
soon, shortly
later
always
often
sometimes
rarely
never
ever
still, yet
already
today
tonight
yesterday
last night
tomorrow
before yesterday
two nights ago
after tomorrow
this week
last week
next week

Colours -

Colours -
English
white
grey
black
red
orange
brown
yellow
green
blue
pink
purple
golden


My Somali Arabic alphabet

Letters

Somali Arabic Alphabet
Name Forms Sound represented Latin equivalent Notes
Arabicized Traditional Somali Isolated Final Medial Initial
alif
الف
alif
الف
ا ـا /aː/ aa alif has two functions: firstly, as a carrier for hamzah (which may not be written, especially at the beginning of words). Secondly, for showing the long vowel "aa".
baa'
باء
ba'
بأ
ب ـب ـبـ بـ /b/ b
paa'
پاء
pa'
پأ
پ ـپ ـپـ پـ [β] (weak allophone of /b/); /p/ (loanwords, Af Maay) b; p (Af Maay) This is an extra letter that is not normally used. It can be used for intervocalic /b/ pronounced as /β/, especially in Af Maay. It can also be used for /p/ in foreign words (where it is usually replaced with b) and initially in some Af Maay words.
taa'
تاء
ta'
تأ
ت ـت ـتـ تـ /t/ t
thaaʼ
ثاء
tha'
ثأ
ث ـث ـثـ ثـ /θ/ (loanwords) s Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords. Usually pronounced as s or t (or sometimes d).
jiim
جيم
jiim
جيم
ج ـج ـجـ جـ /d͡ʒ ~ t͡ʃ/ j
jhiim
ڃيم
jhiim
ڃيم
ڃ ـڃ ـڃـ ڃـ /ʄ/ jh (Af Maay) Used in Af Maay. Generally corresponds to dh or j in Af Maxaa.
chiim
چيم
chiim
چيم
چ ـچ ـچـ چـ /t͡ʃ/ (ch) Exclusively for foreign words (almost always replaced with jiim).
xaa'
حاء
xa'
حأ
ح ـح ـحـ حـ /ħ/ x
khaa'
خاء
kha'
خأ
خ ـخ ـخـ خـ /χ/ kh
daal
دال
deel
ديل
د ـد /d/ d
thaal
ذال
theel
ذيل
ذ ـذ /ð/ (foreign); [ð] (weak allophone of /d/) d; th (Af Maay) Mainly used in Arabic loanwords. It can also be used in native Sonali words for [ð], especially in Af Maay.
dhaal
ڎال
dheel ڎ ـڎ /ɖ/ dh Additional letter not present in Arabic. Can be used as a less common alternative of ڟ. Alternatively, it can be used for /ɖ/ in "dh-dialects" in positions where it is replaced with /r/ in "r-dialects".
raaʾ
راء
ra'
رأ
ر ـر /r/ r
zaay
زاي
za'
زأ
ز ـز /z/ (foreign) s Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords. Usually pronounced as s.
siin
سين
siin
سين
س ـس ـسـ سـ /s/ s
shiin
شين
shiin
شين
ش ـش ـشـ شـ /ʃ/ sh
ṣaad
صاد
ṣaad
صاد
ص ـص ـصـ صـ /sˁ/ (Arabic) s Mainly used in Arabic loanwords. Usually pronounced as s.
ḍaad
ضاد
ḍaad
ضاد
ض ـض ـضـ ضـ /d͡ɮˁ/ (Arabic) l, d Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords. Usually pronounced as d or l.
ṭaa'
طاء
ṭa'
طأ
ط ـط ـطـ طـ /tˁ/ (Arabic); /d/ (back harmony) d Mainly used in Arabic loanwords. Used (optionally) in some Somali words for /d/ near back harmony vowels.
ṭhaa'
ظاء
ṭha'
ظأ
ظ ـظ ـظـ ظـ /ðˁ/; [ð] (weak allophone of /d/, back harmony) d, th (Af Maay) Mainly used in Arabic loanwords. Can be used in Somali words for the [ð] allophone of /d/ near back harmony vowels.
dhaaʾ
ڟاء
dha'
ڟأ
ڟ ـڟ ـڟـ ڟـ /ɖ/ dh Additional letter not present in Arabic.
cayn
عين
cayn
عين
ع ـع ـعـ عـ /ʕ/ c
ghayn
غين
ɣayn
غين
غ ـغ ـغـ غـ /ɣ/ (Arabic); [ɣ] (weak allophone of /ɡ/) q; gh (Af Maay) Mainly used in Arabic loanwords. It can also be used for the [ɣ] allophone of g, especially in Af Maay.
faaʾ
فاء
fa'
فأ
ف ـف ـفـ فـ /f/ f
vaaʾ
ڤاء
va'
ڤأ
ف ـف ـفـ فـ /v/ v (foreign) Exclusively for foreign words (almost always replaced with faa').
qaaf
قاف
qaaf
قاف
ق ـق ـقـ قـ /q/; /ɠ~ʛ/ (Af Maay) q
kaaf
كاف
kaaf
كاف
ك ـك ـكـ كـ /k/ k
gaaf
ڭاف
gaaf
ڭاف
ڭ‎ ـڭ‎ ـڭـ ڭـ /ɡ/ g Additional letter not present in Arabic.
laam
لام
laam
لام
ل ـل ـلـ لـ /l/ l
miim
ميم
miim
ميم
م ـم ـمـ مـ /m/ m, -n Often represents /n/ when unvowelled word-finally.
ngiim
ݦيم
ngiim
ݦيم
ݦ ـݦ ـݦـ ݦـ /ŋ/ ng Used in Af Maay. Equivalent to final or pre-consonantal -n in Af Maxaa. Can instead be written with nuun.
nuun
نون
nuun
نون
ن ـن ـنـ نـ /n/ n
nyuun
ݧون
nyuun
ݧون
ݧ ـݧ ـݧـ ݧـ /ɲ/ ny (also written "y‘" in Af Maay) Mainly used in Af Maay. It can also be used in Af Maxaa, but it is usually replaced with y or else written as ny.
waaw
واو
woow
وو
و ـو /w/
/ɞ: ~ ɔ:/, /ʉ: ~ u:/
w
oo, uu
The letter waaw serves three functions. Firstly, is as a consonant, with a sound /w/. Secondly, it is used to write the long vowels /oː/ and /uː/. Finally, it is used as a carrier for hamzah.
haa'
هاء
ha'
هأ
ه
ة
ـه
ـة
ـهـ
هـ
/h/ h Haa' is also used silently at the end of nouns ending in /e/, /o/, (in Af Maay) /ə/. Such a silent haa' may be replaced with taa' marbuuṭah (ـَة، ة) in some words (generally feminine words and/or words that end in it in Arabic).
yaa'
ياء
ya'
يأ
ي ـي ـيـ يـ /j/
/eː ~ ɛ:/, /i: ~ ɪ:/
y
ee, ii
The letter yaa' serves three functions. Firstly, it is used as a consonant, with a sound /j/. Secondly, it is used to write the long vowels /eː/ and /iː/. Finally, it is used as a carrier for hamzah. It can also be used silently at the ends of words ending in -e as an alternative to haa'.
hamzah
همزة
hamse/firgin
همزه\فرڭن
ء
أ
ؤ
ئ

ـأ
ـؤ
ـئ



ـئـ



ئـ
/ʔ/ It may be written on its own (ء) or with a carrier (أ، ؤ، ئ) depending on the environment.

Diacritics

Diacritics in Somali Arabic Alphabet
Name Diacritic Sound represented Latin equivalent Remarks
Arabized Traditional (adjective)
فتحة
fatxah
كرڟبن
kordhaban
◌َ /a/ a


◌ٖ /e/ e
كسرة
kasrah
هوسڟبن
hoosdhaban
◌ِ /i/ i
◌ٗ /o/ o
ضمة
ḍammah
ڭدن
godan
◌ُ /u/ u


◌٘ /ə(ʰ)/ y (Af Maay) Used in Af Maay.
مدة
maddah
مدن
madan
◌ٓ (aː) (aa) Only used on alif to represent the long vowel [aː].
سكون
sukuun
ريبن
reebban
◌ْ (absence of vowel) Used to show that a consonant is not followed by a vowel. It is also used on the second element of diphthongs, and optionally on the long vowel letter of long vowels.
شدة
shaddah
شدن
shadan
◌ّ (geminated consonant) Used to show that a consonant is geminated.

◌ٰ /aː/ aa Used for /aː/ in a few words as an alternative to ـَا.
فتحتين\فتحة تنوين
fatxatayn/fatxah tanwiin
لب كرڟبن
laba kordhaban
◌ً /an/ an In Arabic phrases only.
كسرتين\كسرة تنوين
kasratayn/kasrah tanwiin
لب هوسڟبن
laba hoosdhaban
◌ٍ /in/ in
ضمتين\ضمة تنوين
ḍammatayn/ḍammah tanwiin
لب ڭدن
laba godan
◌ٌ /un/ un

Long vowels are written as the short vowel followed by the corresponding long vowel letter.

Long vowels in the Somali Arabic Alphabet
aa ee ii oo uu
ـَا ـٖي ـِي ـٗو ـُو
Diphthongs in the Somali Arabic Alphabet
aw ay ey ow oy aaw aay eey oow ooy
ـَوْ ـَيْ ـٖيْ ـٗوْ ـٗيْ ـَاوْ ـَايْ ـٖيّْ ـٗوّْ ـٗويْ

Vowels, when occurring at the beginning of words, are placed on top of alif (ا). This alif actually has a hamzah on it; however, this hamzah is often left unwritten. However, /(ʔ)aː/ is written with maddah on alif (آ).

Vowels at the beginning of words in the Somali Arabic Alphabet
Short vowels Long vowels
a e i o u aa ee ii oo uu
اَ اٖ اِ اٗ اُ آ اٖي اِي اٗو اُو

Adapted for other languages

Oromo

Similar to Somali, but with the following changes:

  • ڀ for /pʼ/.
  • ڇ or ڃ for /tʃʼ/.
  • ط for /tʼ/ in native Oromo words.
  • ڠ‎ for /ɡ/ instead of ڭ‎ (though ڭ‎ can alternatively be used).
  • ق for /kʼ/ in native Oromo words.
  • There is no ݦ.

Amharic and Tigrigna

Similar to Oromo, with the following changes:

  • پ is exclusively used for /p/.
    • /β/ is represented identically to /v/: ڤ.
  • ژ for /ʒ/.
  • ڞ for /(t)sʼ/.
  • There is no ڟ.
  • څ for /xʼ/ (exclusive to Tigrigna).
  • Vowels:
    • /e/ and /o/ are written as Somali /eː/ and /oː/ respectively.
    • /ə/ is written as Somali /a/.
    • /a/ is written as Somali /aː/ (though it may be written as /a/ after guttural consonants).
    • /i/ and /u/ are written as Somali /i(ː)/ and /u(ː)/ respectively. They are most often written as the long variants except in Arabic loanwords.
    • /ɨ/ is written as Af Maay /ə/.
    • Labialized consonants are written either as a combination of consinant plus /w/, or with a ḍammah as follows (with /kʷ/ as an example):
Representation of labialized consonants
kʷə kʷi kʷa kʷe kʷ(ɨ)
كَُ كُِي كَُا كُٖي كُ

Additional letters for other languages spoken in Ethiopia

When needed, the following additional letters are used:

  • ݝ for /ŋ/.
  • ڮ‎ for /kʼ/ when distinguished from /q/.
  • Gurage palatalized velars:
    • ك࣮ for /kʲ/.
    • عٔ for /ɡʲ/.
    • ٯٔ for /kʲʼ/.
    • حٔ for /xʲ/.
  • Retroflex:
    • ٿ for /ʈʂ/.
    • ڟ for /ʈʂʼ/ (instead of /ɖ/).
    • ݜ for /ʂ/.
    • ڙ for /ʐ/.
  • Implosives:
    • ڀ for /ɓ/ (instead of /pʼ/).
    • ڎ for /ɗ/.

Deslavic

Basically, a Slavic language that lost all (or most) distinctive Slavic features.

Note: It's not that these features did not develop, but rather they did develop and then were lost.

Phonology

  • Palatalization:
    • Palatalized consonants are lost, either merging with their plain counterparts or become a different consonant altogether.
    • When a root would have alterations between palatalized and non-palatalized consonants, one of these variants is selected and extended to all forms.
  • Voiced fricatives are devoiced.
  • Maximum syllable structure is CVC.
Fate of consonants
Proto-Slavic Unpalatalized Palatalized
m m m
p p p
b w w
v f f
n n n
t t s
d l s
c s s
dz s s
s s s
z s s
r r r
l w l
ň y
ť k
ď y
č s
šč s
ždž s
š s
ś s s
ž s
ř r
ľ y
j y
k k
g h
x h

Swadesh list

No. English Deslavic
1 I ya
2 you (singular) ti
3 he un
4 we mi
5 you (plural) fi
6 they ni
7 this se, uf
8 that tun
9 here sim
10 there tam
11 who kit
12 what sit
13 where kis
14 when kuhul
15 how yak
16 not ne
17 all fis
18 many munuh
19 some
20 few mawk
21 other yin
22 one yisin
23 two lif
24 three tiri
25 four sitir
26 five pes
27 big filik
28 long luf
29 wide suruk
30 thick tilis
31 heavy sesek
32 small maw
33 short kurtuk
34 narrow usuk
35 thin sinik
36 woman sen
37 man (adult male) mus
38 man (human being) soofek
39 child ses
40 wife sen
41 husband mus
42 mother mas
43 father wak
44 animal sefer
45 fish ruu
46 bird pisis
47 dog pis
48 louse fis
49 snake us
50 worm sirif
51 tree leref
52 forest les
53 stick peles
54 fruit ufuk
55 seed sem
56 leaf lis
57 root kirin
58 bark kur
59 flower kefet
60 grass taraf
61 rope fus
62 skin kurup
63 meat mes
64 blood kirif
65 bone kus
66 fat (noun) salu
67 egg yays
68 horn ruh
69 tail hufus
70 feather per
71 hair fulus
72 head huluf
73 ear uh
74 eye uk
75 nose nus
76 mouth us
77 tooth suu
78 tongue
79 fingernail nuhus
80 foot nuh
81 leg nuh
82 knee kelen
83 hand ruk
84 wing kirilu
85 belly wuruh
86 guts urtuu
87 neck kirik
88 back hirwit
89 breast piris
90 heart sillis
91 liver eter
92 to drink pis
93 to eat yes
94 to bite kus
95 to suck sis
96 to spit pifas
97 to vomit wifas
98 to blow dohos
99 to breathe
100 to laugh
101 to see
102 to hear
103 to know
104 to think
105 to smell
106 to fear
107 to sleep
108 to live
109 to die
110 to kill
111 to fight
112 to hunt
113 to hit
114 to cut
115 to split
116 to stab
117 to scratch
118 to dig
119 to swim
120 to fly
121 to walk
122 to come
123 to lie
124 to sit
125 to stand
126 to turn
127 to fall
128 to give
129 to hold
130 to squeeze
131 to rub
132 to wash
133 to wipe
134 to pull
135 to push
136 to throw
137 to tie
138 to sew
139 to count
140 to say
141 to sing
142 to play
143 to float
144 to flow
145 to freeze
146 to swell
147 sun
148 moon
149 star
150 water
151 rain
152 river
153 lake
154 sea
155 salt
156 stone
157 sand
158 dust
159 earth
160 cloud
161 fog
162 sky
163 wind
164 snow
165 ice
166 smoke
167 fire
168 ash
169 burn
170 road
171 mountain
172 red
173 green
174 yellow
175 white
176 black
177 night
178 day
179 year
180 warm
181 cold
182 full
183 new
184 old
185 good
186 bad
187 rotten
188 dirty
189 straight
190 round
191 sharp
192 dull
193 smooth
194 wet
195 dry
196 correct
197 near
198 far
199 right
200 left
201 at
202 in
203 with
204 and
205 if
206 because
207 name

Germanicized Slavic

From Early Proto-Slavic

Fate of consonants
Proto-Slavic Germanicized Slavic
m m
p f
b p
v w
n n
t þ
d t
c s
dz c
s z
z z
r r
l l
ň nj
ť tj
ď dj
č š
šč
ždž
š ž
ś ž
ž ž
ř rj
ľ lj
j j
k h
g k
x g
kv f
gv p
xv b

Endnotes