|
|
| (38 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| '''Kurmian''' (''an dhbhàigh Cuatham'') is a Whetmeric Pfiunic language spoken in the Kurmian Mountains. It is notorious in the Wiobosphere for having a large number of click consonants and a terse fusional morphology using mutations and tone changes.
| | #redirect [[Lakovic languages]] |
| ==Phonology==
| |
| ===Initials===
| |
| | |
| An unusual feature of Kurmian phonology is that palatalized stops are realized as clicks.
| |
| {|class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center"
| |
| |-
| |
| |+'''{{PAGENAME}} initials'''
| |
| !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|
| |
| !colspan="2" | Labial
| |
| !colspan="2" | Coronal
| |
| !colspan="2" | Lateral
| |
| !colspan="2" | Coarticulated
| |
| !colspan="2" | Velar
| |
| !rowspan="2" | Glottal
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <small>broad</small>
| |
| ! <small>slender</small>
| |
| ! <small>broad</small>
| |
| ! <small>slender</small>
| |
| ! <small>broad</small>
| |
| ! <small>slender</small>
| |
| ! <small>broad</small>
| |
| ! <small>slender</small>
| |
| ! <small>broad</small>
| |
| ! <small>slender</small>
| |
| |-
| |
| !rowspan="2"| Nasal
| |
| ! <small>voiceless</small>
| |
| | /m̊/ || /ŋ̊ʘ/
| |
| | /n̊/ || /ŋ̊ǀ/
| |
| | /n̊ˡ/ || /ŋ̊ǁ/
| |
| | /ŋ̊!/ || /ŋ̊ǂ/
| |
| | /ŋ̊/ || /ɲ̊/
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <small>voiceless</small>
| |
| | /m/ || /ŋʘ/
| |
| | /n/ || /ŋǀ/
| |
| | /nˡ/ || /ŋǁ/
| |
| | /ŋ!/ || /ŋǂ/
| |
| | /ŋ/ || /ɲ/
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !rowspan="3" | Stop
| |
| !<small>tenuis</small>
| |
| | /p/ || /ʘ/
| |
| | /t/ || /ǀ/
| |
| | /tɬ/ || /ǁ/
| |
| | /!/ || /ǂ/
| |
| | /k/ || /c/
| |
| | /ʔ/
| |
| |-
| |
| !<small>aspirated</small>
| |
| | /pʰ/ || /ʘʰ/
| |
| | /tʰ/ || /ǀʰ/
| |
| | /tɬʰ/ || /ǁʰ/
| |
| | /!ʰ/ || /ǂʰ/
| |
| | /kʰ/ || /cʰ/
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !<small>voiced</small>
| |
| | /b/ || /gʘ/
| |
| | /d/ || /gǀ/
| |
| | /dɮ/ || /gǁ/
| |
| | /g!/ || /gǂ/
| |
| | /g/ || /ɟ/
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !rowspan="2"|Fricative
| |
| !<small>voiceless</small>
| |
| | /f/ || /fç/
| |
| | /s/ || /sç/
| |
| | /ɬ/ || /ɬʲ/
| |
| | /ɧ/ || /ʂ/
| |
| | /x/ || /ç/
| |
| | /h/
| |
| |-
| |
| !<small>voiced</small>
| |
| | ||
| |
| | /z/ || /zj/
| |
| | /ɮ/ || /ɮʲ/
| |
| | /ɧ̬/ || /ʐ/
| |
| | /ɣ/ || /ʝ/
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan=2| Trill
| |
| | ||
| |
| | /r/ || /r̝/
| |
| | ||
| |
| | ||
| |
| | ||
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan=2| Approximant
| |
| | /w/ || /ɥ/
| |
| | ||
| |
| | /l/ || /ʎ/
| |
| | ||
| |
| | || /j/
| |
| |
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ===Medials===
| |
| The medial is optional. There is one possible medial, /w~ɥ/.
| |
| ===Nucleus===
| |
| There are three possible nuclei: /a/, /ə/ and zero. The nuclei display a range of different realizations depending on the phonetic environment:
| |
| */a/ is realized as:
| |
| **/ɑ/ after a broad labialized consonant
| |
| **/æ/ after a palatal consonant, palatal click or /ɥ/
| |
| **/a/ otherwise
| |
| */ə/ is realized as:
| |
| **/ɔ/ after a broad labialized consonant
| |
| **/e/ after a palatal consonant, palatal click or /ɥ/, or with /-j/ coda
| |
| **/ə/ otherwise
| |
| *Zero nucleus is realized as:
| |
| **/u/ if the medial is /w/
| |
| **/y/ if the medial is /ɥ/
| |
| **/ɨ/ if the medial is zero and initial is a dental click, a retroflex or a broad velar
| |
| **/i/ if the medial is zero, for other initials
| |
| | |
| ===Coda===
| |
| The coda is optional. There are seven possible finals in Kurmian: /m n ŋ l r w j/.
| |
| ===Tones===
| |
| | |
| ===Mutations===
| |
| <poem>
| |
| seimhiu
| |
| /p, ʘ/ > /f(ʲ)/
| |
| /pʰ, ʘʰ/ > /f(ʲ)/
| |
| /b, gʘ, m, ŋʘ/ > /w, ɥ/
| |
| /t, |/ > /h/
| |
| /d, g|/ > /ɣ, j/
| |
| /tʰ, |ʰ/ > /h/
| |
| /!, ǂ, !ʰ, ǂʰ/ > /ɧ, ɧʲ/
| |
| /g|, gǂ/ > voiced sj
| |
| /k, c, kʰ, cʰ/ > /x, ç/
| |
| /g, gʲ/ > /ɣ, j/
| |
| /s, sʲ/ > /x, ç/
| |
| | |
| uru:
| |
| /p, ʘ/ > /b gʘ/ > /m, ŋʘ/
| |
| /pʰ ʘʰ/ > /m̊ ŋ̊ʘ/
| |
| /t, |/ > /d, g|/ > /n, ŋ|/
| |
| /tʰ, |ʰ/ > /nʰ, ŋʰ|/
| |
| /!, ǂ/ > /g!, gǂ/ > /ŋ!, ŋǂ/
| |
| /!ʰ, ǂʰ/ > /ŋʰ!, ŋʰǂ/
| |
| /k, c/ >/g, gʲ/ > /ŋ, ŋʲ/
| |
| /s, sʲ/ > /z, zʲ/ (spelled ns)
| |
| </poem>
| |
| | |
| ==Grammar==
| |
| <poem>
| |
| masculine declension:
| |
| | |
| singular:
| |
| an: nominative
| |
| an-S: accusative
| |
| an-H: genitive
| |
| | |
| plural:
| |
| on-S: nominative
| |
| on-N: accusative
| |
| on-S: genitive
| |
| | |
| feminine declension:
| |
| | |
| singular:
| |
| an-S: nominative (*ire*)
| |
| an-S: accusative
| |
| an-N: genitive
| |
| | |
| plural:
| |
| ár: nominative
| |
| ár-N: accusative
| |
| ár-S: genitive
| |
| </poem>
| |
| | |
| ==Lexicon==
| |
| *bhò-N - from
| |
| *na-N - ''bhò + an''
| |
| [[Category:Gamedan languages]][[Category:Pfiunic languages]][[Category:Whetmeric languages]][[Category:Hussmauch]][[Category:Pseudo-Celtic]] | |