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{{construction}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
| name = Etzeá
| name = Etzeá
| nativename = etzeá
| nativename = etzeà
| pronunciation =ed͡zeɑ
| pronunciation =ed͡zeɑ
| pronunciation_key = IPA for Etzeá
| creator = User:Jukethatbox
| creator = User:Jukethatbox
| created = 2023
| created = 2023
| ethnicity = Etzeás
| familycolor = Indo-European
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam1 = [[Yeldhic languages|Yeldhic]]
| fam1 = [[Yeldhic languages|Yeldhic]]
| fam2 = Etzeic(?)
| state = Etzeán Island
| state = Etzeán Island
| ancestor1 = [[Proto-Yeldhic]]
| ancestor1 = [[Proto-Yeldhic]]
| ancestor2 = Proto-Etzeic(?)
| stand1 = Etzeá Standard
| stand1 = Etzeá Standard
| speakers = 4,015,000
| date = 400 BH
| dia1 = Duzuyel-Nyimörs dialects
| dia1 = Duzuyel-Nyimörs dialects
| dia2 = Southern Sunyr dialects<br>
| dia2 = Southern Sunyr dialects<br>
Line 21: Line 22:
| mapcaption = Etzeán Island. Most Etzeá speakers live on the western side of the island, past the Tûzogyâud Range.
| mapcaption = Etzeán Island. Most Etzeá speakers live on the western side of the island, past the Tûzogyâud Range.
}}
}}
'''Etzeá'''(''etzeá''; [[Help:IPA|[ed͡zeɑ]]]) is the secondary language spoken on the island of Etzeán within the Moshurian Empire. Due to its early geographic isolation from mainland Yeldhic languages, Etzeá became the closest modern living relative to [[Proto-Yeldhic]] in the Yeldhic language family, making the language a key contributor in modern reconstructions of Early Proto-Yeldhic. Since the arrival of the Taskaric [[Néekh]] people in the Tûznam Basin around 1350 UH, various Néekh loanwords and Taskaric language loanwords in general have seeped into the Etzeá lexicon, such as ''ungesku'' [uŋesku] "long spear", from Néekh ''unghêsgu'' [uŋɣejsgu] "Izhkut spear", from [[Izhkut]] ''khungëskue'' [xuŋˈɛskuɨ̯] "spear with twisted blade".
'''Etzeá'''(''etzeà''; [[IPA for Etzeá|[ed͡zeɑ]]]) is the secondary language spoken on the [[:File:Etzean.jpeg|island of Etzeán]] primarily by the Etzeá people, who primarily live in rural areas; however, it has also become a common second language of the indigenous [[Myshon]] and the various [[Tuzak languages|Tuzak]] peoples.


Etzeá has also been influenced by the indigenous [[Myshon]] and [[Tuzak]] languages spoken around Ipuśtovek and Wedći respectively.
Due to its early geographic isolation from mainland Yeldhic languages, Etzeá became the closest modern living relative to [[Proto-Yeldhic]] in the [[Yeldhic languages|Yeldhic language family]], making the language a key contributor in modern reconstructions of Early Proto-Yeldhic.
==History==
==History==
===Etymology===
===Etymology===
The name ''etzeá'''s etymology is heavily debated, though one theory is that it developed agglutinatively by the combination of one word and a case marker: Proto-Yeldhic ''*eðu'', "land" and ablative case marker ''*-ē'', or in other words, ''*eðʷē'', "away from the mainland".
The name ''etzeà'''s etymology is heavily debated, though one theory is that it developed agglutinatively by the combination of one word and a case marker: Proto-Yeldhic ''*eðu'', "land" and ablative case marker ''*-ē'', or in other words, ''*eðʷē'', "away from the mainland". However, this theory has been criticised, as the actual Etzeá descendant of ''*eðu'' is {{cont|edyu|y}} "earth, land", so the reconstructed descendant form of ''*eðʷē'' should be ''*edyê'', not ''etzeà'' or ''Etzeàn''.
===Formation===
===Formation===
The first Etzeic peoples were a Proto-Yeldhic people who probably inhabited Kokiso Point, the closest coastal landmark on Talkoch to Etzeán Island. They probably arrived on Etzeán Island around 2400 UH, just in time before the development of the Paleoyeldhic languages on the mainland in 2370 UH. On Etzeán Island, the Etzeic peoples spread all the way to the Tûzogyâud Range(Etzeá: [[Help:IPA|[tuːzoɡjaːud]]]) by 1750 UH. The areas around Mount Ogoñi(Etzeá: ''Ogoñigyed'') was settled later, around 1600 UH.
The first Etzeic peoples were a Proto-Yeldhic people who probably inhabited Kokiso Point, the closest coastal landmark on Talkoch to Etzeán Island. They probably arrived on Etzeán Island around 2400 UH, just in time before the development of the Paleoyeldhic languages on the mainland in 2370 UH. On Etzeán Island, the Etzeic peoples spread all the way to the Tûzogyâud Range(Etzeá: [[IPA for Etzeá|[tuːzoɡjaːud]]]) by 1750 UH. The areas around Mount Ogoñi(Etzeá: ''Ogoñigyed'') was settled later, around 1600 UH.


===Arrival of the Néekh===
===Arrival of the Néekh===
Around 880 UH, the Taskaric [[Néekh]] people first arrived by boat on the eastern side of the Tûzogyâud Range(Néekh: ''tzêgoz Tîkhgudd'' [[Help:IPA|[tɪxɡud̪]]]), rapidly settling much of the Tûznam Basin. According to Etzeá legend, the first contact between the two peoples occurred in 700 UH, when the king of the Gótyaz(Etzeá: [[Help:IPA|[ɡɔcaz]]]) people decided to follow the Sunyr(Etzeá and Néekh: ''sunîr'') river to its source, crossing the treacherous Tûzogyâud for the first time in doing so. Soon after finally reaching flatter land on the other side of the mountains, he saw pastures of a "strange crop" across the landscape,<ref>Most historians now agree that the crop was probably corn, which in Radael is endemic to Birnu, specifically in the plains of Izhkutrëa, and was probably brought to Etzeán by the Néekh. Archaeological evidence supports this hypothesis.</ref> indicating the existence of a "strange people" that would be able to cultivate this crop.<ref>This is also the origin of the Etzeá idiom ''gebac ssbûr, gebac tago'' [[Help:IPA|[ɡebaʃ sʲbuːɾ ɡebaʃ tago]]] "strange people, strange crop", equivalent to "the apple doesn't fall far from the tree" in a more general sense, such as for groups of people.</ref><ref>Archaeologically speaking, this legend, or rather the date it is supposed to have occurred is probably false. First, there is evidence of Etzeic settlement on the other side of the Tûzogyâud as early as 900 UH, a full two centuries before the legend supposedly happened, making intercultural contact much less likely to have begun so late.</ref>
Around 880 UH, the Taskaric [[Néekh]] people first arrived by boat on the eastern side of the Tûzogyâud Range(Néekh: ''tzêgoz Tîkhgudd''), rapidly settling much of the Tûznam Basin. According to Etzeá legend, the first contact between the two peoples occurred in 700 UH, when the king of the Gòtyaz(Etzeá: [[IPA for Etzeá|[ɡɔcaz]]]) people decided to follow the Sunyr(Etzeá and Néekh: ''sunîr'') river to its source, crossing the treacherous Tûzogyâud for the first time in doing so. Soon after finally reaching flatter land on the other side of the mountains, he saw pastures of a "strange crop" across the landscape,<ref>Most historians now agree that the crop was probably corn, which in Radael is endemic to Birnu, specifically in the plains of Izhkutrëa, and was probably brought to Etzeán by the Néekh. Archaeological evidence supports this hypothesis.</ref> indicating the existence of a "strange people" that would be able to cultivate this crop.<ref>This is also the origin of the Etzeá idiom ''gebac ssbûr, gebac tago'' [[IPA for Etzeá|[ɡebaʃ sʲbuːɾ ɡebaʃ tago]]] "strange people, strange crop", equivalent to "the apple doesn't fall far from the tree" in a more general sense, such as for groups of people.</ref><ref>Archaeologically speaking, this legend, or rather the date it is supposed to have occurred is probably false. First, there is evidence of Etzeic settlement on the other side of the Tûzogyâud as early as 900 UH, a full two centuries before the legend supposedly happened, making intercultural contact much less likely to have begun so late.</ref>


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
!colspan=2 |  !! Labial !! Alveolar !! Post-alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar
!colspan=2 rowspan=2 |  !! rowspan=2 | Labial !! colspan=2 | Coronal !! colspan=2 | Dorsal
|-
! Alveolar !! Post-Alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | Plosive
! colspan=2 | Plosive
| p b || t d || || c ⟨ty⟩ ɟ ⟨dy⟩ || k g
| '''p''' /[[w:Voiceless bilabial plosive|p]]/ · '''b''' /[[w:Voiced bilabial plosive|b]]/|| '''t''' /[[w:Voiceless alveolar plosive|t]]/ · '''d''' /[[w:Voiced alveolar plosive|d]]/ || || '''ty''' /[[w:Voiceless palatal plosive|c]]/ · '''dy, (gy)''' /[[w:Voiced palatal plosive|ɟ]]/ || '''k''' /[[w:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]/ · '''g''' /[[w:Voiced velar plosive|ɡ]]/
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | Nasal
! colspan=2 | Nasal
| m || n || || ɲ ⟨ñ⟩ || ŋ ⟨ng⟩
| '''m''' /[[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]/ || '''n''' /[[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]/ || || '''ñ''' /[[w:Voiced palatal nasal|ɲ]]/ || '''ng''' /[[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]/
|-
|-
!colspan=2 | Tap/trill
!colspan=2 | Tap/trill
| || ɾ ⟨r⟩ · r || || ||
| || '''r''' /[[w:Voiced alveolar tap|ɾ]]/, /[[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]/ || || ||
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | Lateral approximants
! colspan=2 | Lateral approximants
| || l || || ʎ ⟨ll⟩ ||
| || '''l''' /[[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]]/ || || '''ll''' /[[w:Voiced palatal lateral approximant|ʎ]]/ ||
|-
|-
! rowspan=2 | Fricatives
! rowspan=2 | Fricatives
! pulmonic
! pulmonic
| || s z || ʃ ⟨c⟩ ʒ ⟨j⟩ || rowspan=2 | ç ⟨ch⟩ || x ⟨h⟩
| || '''s''' /[[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]]/ · '''z''' /[[w:Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]]/ || '''c''' /[[w:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]]/ · '''j''' /[[w:Voiced postalveolar fricative|ʒ]]/ || rowspan=2 | '''ch''' /[[w:Voiceless palatal fricative|ç]]/ || '''h''' /[[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x]]/
|-
|-
! palatalised
! palatalised
| || sʲ ⟨ss⟩ zʲ ⟨zz⟩ || ||
| || '''ss''' /sʲ/ · '''zz''' /zʲ/ || ||
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | Affricates
! colspan=2 | Affricates
| pfʷ ⟨ŵ⟩ || t͡s ⟨ts⟩ d͡z ⟨tz⟩ || || (t͡ɕ) (d͡ʑ) ||
| '''ŵ''' /[[w:Voiceless labiodental affricate|p̪f~p̪fʷ]]/ || '''ts''' /[[w:Voiceless alveolar affricate|t͡s]]/ · '''tz''' /[[w:Voiced alveolar affricate|d͡z]]/ || || /[[w:Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate|t͡ɕ]]/ · /[[w:Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate|d͡ʑ]]/||
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | Semivowel
! colspan=2 | Semivowel
| w || || || j ⟨y⟩ ||
| /[[w:Voiced labial–velar approximant|w]]/ || || || '''y''' /[[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]/ ||
|}
|}
⟨th⟩ is a digraph that was once used to represent [[Moshurian]] /ð/. Modern speakers pronounce ⟨th⟩ as /s/.
⟨th⟩ is a digraph that was once used to represent [[Moshurian]] /ð/. Modern speakers pronounce ⟨th⟩ as /s/.
/t͡ɕ/ and /d͡ʑ/ are allophones of /t͡s/ and /d͡z/ before /i iː/.
The consonant cluster /kw/ is written ⟨qu⟩, and /gw/ is written ⟨gu⟩.
/ɟ/ is generally written as ⟨dy⟩ and is traditionally contrastive with /gj/, written ⟨gy⟩; however, this distinction does not occur in many non-standard dialects and colloquial speech. The distinction, called ''gyâdyol'' (<small>With distinction:</small> [[IPA for Etzeá|[gjaːɟol]]]; <small>Without distinction:</small> [[IPA for Etzeá|[ɟaːɟol]]]), can also inadvertently redevelop through [[w:Hypercorrection|hypercorrection]]; some speakers in Turñma, traditionally known for a lack of ''gyâdyol'', have shown to pronounce /gj/ as affricate /[[w:Voiced palatal affricate|ɟʝ]]/, especially in initial positions, so ''gyâdyol'' may be pronounced [[IPA for Etzeá|[ɟʝaːɟol]]].


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! !! Front !! Central !! Back
! rowspan=2 | !! colspan=2 | Front !! colspan=2 | Back
|-
! short !! long !! short !! long
|-
|-
! Close
! Close
| i iː || || u uː
| '''i''' /[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]/ || '''î''' /iː/ || '''u''' /[[w:Close back unrounded vowel|u]]/ || '''û''' /uː/
|-
|-
! Close-mid
! Close-mid
| e eː || || o oː
| '''e''' /[[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]/ || '''ê''' /eː/ || '''o''' /[[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]/ || '''ô''' /oː/
|-
|-
! Open-mid
! Open-mid
| ɛ || || ɔ
| '''è, ea''' /[[w:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛ]]/ || || '''ò''' /[[w:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]]/ ||
|-
|-
! Open
! Open
| || a aː || ɑ
| '''a''' /[[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]/ || '''â''' /aː/ || '''à''' /[[w:Open back unrounded vowel|ɑ]]/ ||
|}
|}
/ɑ/, /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ are shown by the letters ⟨á⟩, ⟨é⟩ and ⟨ó⟩ respectively. Long vowels are represented by circumflexes, as in ⟨â, ê, î, ô, û⟩ for /aː eː iː oː uː/ respectively.
All Proto-Yeldhic vowels, including long vowels, are preserved in Etzeá, except ''*é *ḗ'' which merged with /e eː/.
All Proto-Yeldhic vowels, including long vowels, are preserved in Etzeá, except ''*é'' which merged with /e/.


===Phonotactics===
==Morphology==
==Morphology==
===Personal pronouns===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | !! colspan=2 | Singular !! colspan=2 | Plural
|-
! nom. !! acc. !! nom. !! acc.
|-
! colspan=2 | 1<sup>st</sup>
| ''en'' || ''nea'' || ''so'' || ''mos''
|-
! rowspan=3 | 2<sup>nd</sup>
! rowspan=2 | formal
| rowspan=2 | ''tsus'' || rowspan=2 | ''itsûr'' || ''pella'' || ''pellêro''
|-
| ''tsipella'' || ''tsipellêro''
|-
! informal
| colspan=2 | ''o'' || colspan=2 | ''ôe''
|-
! colspan=2 | 3<sup>rd</sup>
| ''o'' || ''òn'' || ''oyo'' || ''olo''
|}
When formally addressing people, most speakers use nominative ''pella'' and accusative ''pellêro'', derived from [[Proto-Yeldhic]] ''*ble-'' "group of", making it cognate with [[Moshurian]] {{cont|bzenë|y}}. Alternative forms of ''pella''/''pellêro'' exist, namely ''tsipella'' and ''tsipellêro'', though these are considered archaic and are only generally seen in old literature.
====T-V distinction====
Etzeá employs a very specific T-V distinction, where the T(''o'' and ''ôe'') is only used among friends one knows very well, and in almost all other cases the V(''tsus'' and ''pella'') are used, including to one's own family. This has led to some linguists classifying the Etzeá T as a [[w:Profanity|profanity]], though this is a dubious claim, as there are no known harsh social consequences and the use of the T is not discouraged in the right contexts.<ref>Additionally, most of the linguists that support this claim are of [[Moshurian]] origin, which has no T-V distinction, hence the possible confusion.</ref>
====Possession====
Etzeá possessive pronouns are identical to the accusative forms of the  personal pronouns, and they are placed before the noun in the same manner as adjectives. For example:
: ''Nea kuzao''
: "My bottle"
However, unlike regular adjectives, it is not grammatically incorrect to place the possessive ''after'' the head. However, the semantics change: it can either be a copulative statement("The bottle is mine") or simply remain a clause("The bottle ''that is'' mine").
: ''Kuzao nea''
: "The bottle that is mine/The bottle is mine."
: ''Kuzao nea satzan'ch.''
: "The bottle that is mine, is blue.
Note that the structure of the second sentence, though grammatically correct, is generally uncommon. It is more likely to be formulated by a native speaker as ''Nea kuzao satzan'ch''.
===Numerals===
Numbers from 1-5 are entirely derived from [[Proto-Yeldhic]].
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! !! colspan=2 | Etzeá !! Proto-Yeldhic
|-
! 1
| colspan=2 | ''ik'' || ''*ik''
|-
! 2
| colspan=2 | ''byân'' || ''*bījan''
|-
! 3
| colspan=2 | ''tich'' || ''*tiði''
|-
! 4
| ''quis'' || ''quise'' || ''*wiśen''
|-
! 5
| colspan=2 | ''guêm'' || ''*igoīm''
|}
==Syntax==
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Constituent order===
Etzeá has a SVO word order and adjective-noun order. However, if an adverb is modifying the head, it is always placed before. Examples:
Etzeá has a SVO word order and adjective-noun order. However, if an adverb is modifying the head, it is always placed before. Examples:
: ''O tsia po jol ênej.''
: ''O tsia po jol ênez.''
: [[Help:IPA|[o t͡ɕia po ʒol eːneʒ]]]
: [[IPA for Etzeá|[o t͡ɕia po ʒol eːnez]]]
: 3.{{sc|sg}} go-{{sc|past}} {{sc|sbj}}.{{sc|abl}}.{{sc|art}} red.{{sc|sg}} house
: 3.{{sc|sg}}.{{sc|nom}} go.{{sc|past}}.{{sc|simple}} {{sc|sbj}}.{{sc|abl}}.{{sc|art}} red.{{sc|sg}} house
: "He went from his red house."
: "He went from his red house."
"He went quickly from his red house" would be:
"He went quickly from his red house" would be:
: ''Tâcta o tsia po jol ênej.''
: ''Tâcta o tsia po jol ênez.''
: [[Help:IPA|[taːʃta o t͡ɕia po ʒol eːneʒ]]]
: [[IPA for Etzeá|[taːʃta o t͡ɕia po ʒol eːnez]]]
: fast-{{sc|adv}} 3.{{sc|sg}} go-{{sc|past}} {{sc|sbj}}.{{sc|abl}}.{{sc|art}} red.{{sc|sg}} house
: fast-{{sc|adv}} 3.{{sc|sg}}.{{sc|nom}} go.{{sc|past}}.{{sc|simple}} {{sc|sbj}}.{{sc|abl}}.{{sc|art}} red.{{sc|sg}} house
 
===Verbs===
====Conjugation====
Etzeá verbs are only conjugated on tense and mood. There are four tenses(past, past continuous, present, present continuous and future) and four moods(indicative, conditional, imperative and interrogative). The following table is for verbs whose root ends in a vowel, such as ''tsyègo'''s ''tsi'', "to go".
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
|+ Inflection for ''tsyègo'' "to go"
|-
! colspan=2 | !! Indicative !! Conditional !! Imperative !! Interrogative
|-
! colspan=2 | Infinitive
| colspan=4 | ''tsyègo''
|-
! rowspan=2 | Present
! Simple
| ''tsi'' || ''tsiuc'' || rowspan=5 | ''tsidelle'' || rowspan=2 | ''tsidyà?''
|-
! Continuous
| ''tsidî'' || ''tsidyûs''
|-
! rowspan=2 | Past
! Simple
| ''tsia'' || ''tsitya'' || ''tsidyèu?''
|-
! Continuous
| ''tsiè'' || ''tsityè'' || ''tsiplea?''
|-
! colspan=2 | Future
| ''tsiguà'' || ''tsiquèl'' || ''tsiquò?''
|}
Verbs whose roots end in a consonant, such as ''prisgi'''s ''prîs'', "to sit"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
|+ Inflection for ''prisgi'' "to sit"
|-
! colspan=2 | !! Indicative !! Conditional !! Imperative !! Interrogative
|-
! colspan=2 | Infinitive
| colspan=4 | ''prisgi''
|-
! rowspan=2 | Present
! Simple
| ''prîs'' || ''pricin'' || rowspan=5 | ''pritzon'' || rowspan=2 | ''priulè?''
|-
! Continuous
| ''priu'' || ''priudi''
|-
! rowspan=2 | Past
! Simple
| ''pria'' || ''priga'' || ''prigeu?''
|-
! Continuous
| ''prisi'' || ''prisè'' || ''prilla?''
|-
! colspan=2 | Future
| ''priguà'' || ''priquèl'' || ''priquò?''
|}
====Copula====
The Etzeá copula(''llècho'') is the only verb in Etzeá that is placed after the object. It is generally concatenated as '''ch'' after adjectives and nouns(when the subject is a noun), as in:
: ''Lems gòbal'ch.''
: [[IPA for Etzeá|[lems gɔbalç]]]
: "The man is marooned."
However, if the subject is a [[#Personal pronouns|pronoun]] like ''en'', ''so'', ''tsus'' or the informal second-person ''o'', the copula is entirely omitted. Contrary to popular belief, this is not a vernacular feature, but a standard part of Etzeá grammar. However, this rule only officially applies to the specified pronouns; the rule does not apply to ''oyo'', ''pella''/''tsipella'' or the third-person ''o'', though the omission of the copula even in these contexts is fairly common in vernacular speech.
: ''En lam lo podig.''
: "I am the rescuer." (Non-vernacular, Standard)
: '''''O''' lam lo podig.''
: "*He the rescuer." (Non-standard; Vernacular in some areas)
: ''O lam lo podig''''ch'''.''
: "He is the rescuer." (Non-vernacular, Standard)


==Example texts==
==Example texts==
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[[Category:Etzeá]]
[[Category:Etzeá]]
[[Category:Radael]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Yeldhic languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
Retrieved from "https://duo.linguifex.com/wiki/Etzeá"