Latest revision as of 02:30, 20 January 2017

Kṽarna

Kwarna
Kṽarna
Pronunciation	[[Help:IPA\|kʍarnɐ]]
Created by	Marvin Johanning
Date	2015
Setting	Used for official documents of the Institute for Jeïos, personal use
Language family	Language isolate Kwarna
Official status
Regulated by	Institute for Jeïos
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

History

Phonology

All vowels can be long. The vowels in paratheses are borrowed from other languages and are not native

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i (y)		u
Mid	e (ø) ɛ	ə	ɔ o
Open	a	ɐ

	Bilibial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Post-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal	m			n		ɲ	ŋ
Plosive	p b			t d		ɟ	k g		ʔ
Affricative				t͡s	tʃ dʒ
Fricative		f v	θ ð	s z	ʃ ʒ	ʝ ç		ʁ χ	h
Approximant		(ʋ)				j	w ʍ
Trill				r r̥
Lateral fric.				ɬ
Lateral app.				l
Flap				ɾ

Ortography

Kwarna uses the Latin alphabet with a couple of extensions

Grammar

Pronouns

English	Kõraakii
I	Ẽo
You	Laña
He	Prasna
She	Krasna
It	Rasna
We	Ẽoler
You (pl.)	Lañaler
They	Prasnaler, krasnaler, rasnaler

Articles

There are no articles in Kwarna. The accusative suffix "-juva" can be used to indicate that you are talking about a specific item

Conjugation

Presens Conjugation

ŧağa → to be -ğa is the stem of the verb. If the pronouns starts with a vowel (e.g. Ẽo), then the "ğ" stays. For any other case, the "ğa" is removed completly, and the pronoun is added to the remaining verb

ŧağa → ŧa(ğ) → ŧağẽo (I am) → ŧalaña (you are)

Past Conjugation

The past works almost the same as the presens, but instead of adding the pronouns to the stem of the verb, the pronouns are added to the stem of the verb + "gu"

ŧağa → ŧa- → ŧagu (past stem)
ŧagṽẽo¹ (I was)
ŧagulaña (you were)

¹When the pronoun start with a vowel, the "u" is being replaced with a ṽ

Future Conjugation

The past works almost the same as the presens, but instead of adding the pronouns to the stem of the verb, the pronouns are added to the stem of the verb + "la"

ŧağa → ŧa- → ŧala (future stem)
ŧalağẽo (I will be)
ŧalalaña (you will be)

Negation

Negation is indicated by a „đa“ directly after the stem of the verb.

I do not like being in school
Ẽojẽo koli gamađağẽo đağa
Ẽo-jẽo koli gama-đa-ğ-ẽo đa-ğa
1SG-ALL school like-NEG-ğ-PRS.1SG be.inside-INF
I-to school like-not-I be inside
Me school not like to be inside

To be

he word „to be“ can either be „ŧağa“ or it can be added to the end of a word.

The endings are as follows:

I am	-dim
You are	-deš
He/she/it/ is	-duras
We	-dimae
You(pl.)	-dešae
They	-durasae

interneŧudim – I am on the internet
kolitudimae – We are at school
žafalañamotuduras – He is in your house
frizørlañamotudeš-mı; - Are you at your barber?
ŧertadeš-mı; - Where are you?

Negation

Negation works by adding „ço“ before the form

kolitudimae – we are at school
kolituçodimae – we are not at school

I want to be

„I want to be“ has its own form, it is formed by using the „to be“ forms + „agura“ (desire)

Kolitudimagura – I want to be at school
Kolituçodimagura – I do not want to be at school

Prepositions

Prepositions in Kṽarna are either integrated into the verb or are added at the end of a noun.

ŧağa → to be
đağa → to be in(side)
Koli đağ-ẽo
School be.inside-PRS.1SG
I am in school

Otherwise, the prepostions are added to the end of a noun

Case name	Description in English	Ending in Kwarna
Allative	to (place/person)	-ja
Allative	to (thing)	-jẽo
Genitiv	of	-mo
Inessive	in	-tu (ŧu²)
Accusative		-juva
Instrumental	³	³

²If word ends in a "t" (internet), it is replaced with -ŧu (interneŧu)

³Instrumental (with)

1. If last letter consonant: devoice consonant and add “a”

(a) If consonant has no devoiced part, write consonant twice (lañaler -> lañalerra)

2. If last letter is vowel: replace vowel with “ø”

3. If last vowel is „ø“, „oes“ is used

4. If it is „ẽo“, the form is irregular - kaeftø

Here is an example of a more advanced sentence using „-ja“

Žafaja halđa milaña-mı; → When are you going to the house?
Žafa-ja halđa mi-laña-mı;
House-ALL when go-PRS.2SG Q?
(Note: The question mark is a colon in Kṽarna)

Here is an example of a sentence using the Instrumental case:

lañø zuğẽo, venųğẽomo → I am speaking to you, my friend
lañ-ø zuğ-ẽo venų-ğẽo-mo
2SG-INS speak-PRS.1SG friend-1SG-GEN

@@ Line 19: / Line 19: @@
-== Phonology ==
+= Phonology =
 All vowels can be long. The vowels in paratheses are borrowed from other languages and are not native
 {| class="wikitable"
@@ Line 117: / Line 117: @@
 |r r̥
 |
-|
+|'''
 |
 |
@@ Line 123: / Line 123: @@
 |-
 |Lateral fric.
-|
+|'''
 |
 |
@@ Line 157: / Line 157: @@
-== Ortography ==
+= Ortography =
 Kwarna uses the Latin alphabet with a couple of extensions
-== Grammar ==
+= Grammar =
-=== Pronouns ===
+== Pronouns ==
 {| class="wikitable"
 !English
@@ Line 192: / Line 192: @@
-=== Articles ===
+== Articles ==
 There are no articles in Kwarna. The accusative suffix "-juva" can be used to indicate that you are talking about a specific item
-=== Conjugation ===
+== Conjugation ==
-==== Presens Conjugation ====
+=== Presens Conjugation ===
 ŧağa → to be
 -ğa is the stem of the verb. If the pronouns starts with a vowel (e.g. Ẽo), then the "ğ" stays. For any other case, the "ğa" is removed completly, and the pronoun is added to the remaining verb
@@ Line 202: / Line 202: @@
 ŧağa → ŧa(ğ) → ŧağẽo (I am) → ŧalaña (you are)
-====Past Conjugation====
+===Past Conjugation===
 The past works almost the same as the presens, but instead of adding the pronouns to the stem of the verb, the pronouns are added to the stem of the verb + "gu"
-ŧağa → ŧa- → ŧagu (past stem)
+ŧağa → ŧa- → ŧagu (past stem)<br />
+ŧagṽẽo¹ (I was)<br />
+ŧagulaña (you were)<br />
+¹When the pronoun start with a vowel, the "u" is being replaced with a ṽ
+===Future Conjugation===
+The past works almost the same as the presens, but instead of adding the pronouns to the stem of the verb, the pronouns are added to the stem of the verb + "la"
+ŧağa → ŧa- → ŧala (future stem)<br />
+ŧalağẽo (I will be)<br />
+ŧalalaña (you will be)<br />
+=== Negation ===
+Negation is indicated by a „đa“ directly after the stem of the verb.
+'''I do not like being in school'''<br />
+Ẽojẽo koli gamađağẽo đağa<br />
+Ẽo-jẽo koli gama-đa-ğ-ẽo đa-ğa<br />
+''1SG-ALL school like-NEG-ğ-PRS.1SG be.inside-INF''<br />
+I-to school like-not-I be inside<br />
+Me school not like to be inside<br />
+== To be ==
+he word „to be“ can either be „ŧağa“ or it can be added to the end of a word.
+The endings are as follows:<br />
+{| class="wikitable"
+|I am
+| -dim
+|-
+|You are
+| -deš
+|-
+|He/she/it/ is
+| -duras
+|-
+|We
+| -dimae
+|-
+|You(pl.)
+| -dešae
+|-
+|They
+| -durasae
+|}
+interneŧudim – I am on the internet<br />
+kolitudimae – We are at school<br />
+žafalañamotuduras – He is in your house<br />
+frizørlañamotudeš-mı; - Are you at your barber?<br />
+ŧertadeš-mı; - Where are you?<br />
-ŧagṽẽo¹ (I was)
+===Negation===
+Negation works by adding „ço“ before the form
-ŧagulaña (you were)
+kolitudimae – we are at school <br />
+kolituçodimae – we are not at school<br />
-¹When the pronoun start with a vowel, the "u" is being replaced with a ṽ
-====Future Conjugation====
+====I want to be====
-The past works almost the same as the presens, but instead of adding the pronouns to the stem of the verb, the pronouns are added to the stem of the verb + "la"
+„I want to be“ has its own form, it is formed by using the „to be“ forms + „agura“ (desire)
+Kolitudimagura – I want to be at school<br />
+Kolituçodimagura – I do not want to be at school <br />
+== Prepositions ==
+Prepositions in Kṽarna are either integrated into the verb or are added at the end of a noun.
+ŧağa → to be<br />
+đağa → to be in(side)<br />
+'''Koli đağ-ẽo'''<br />
+''School be.inside-PRS.1SG''<br />
+I am in school<br />
+Otherwise, the prepostions are added to the end of a noun<br />
+{| class="wikitable"
+|Case name
+|Description in English
+|Ending in Kwarna
+|-
+|Allative
+|to (place/person)
+| -ja
+|-
+|Allative
+|to (thing)
+| -jẽo
+|-
+|Genitiv
+|of
+| -mo
+|-
+|Inessive
+|in
+| -tu (ŧu²)
+|-
+|Accusative
+|
+| -juva
+|-
+|Instrumental
+|³
+| ³
+|}
+²If word ends in a "t" (internet), it is replaced with -ŧu (interneŧu)
-ŧağa → ŧa- → ŧala (future stem)
+³Instrumental (with)
-ŧalağẽo (I will be)
+. If last letter consonant: devoice consonant and add “a” <br />
+(a) If consonant has no devoiced part, write consonant twice (lañaler -> lañalerra) <br />
+. If last letter is vowel: replace vowel with “ø”<br />
+. If last vowel is „ø“, „oes“ is used<br />
+. If it is „ẽo“, the form is irregular - kaeftø<br />
-ŧalalaña (you will be)
+Here is an example of a more advanced sentence using „-ja“
-=== Negation ===
+Žafaja halđa milaña-mı; → When are you going to the house?<br />
-To negate a sentence, the prefix nää- is added to the verb. An example: "Ikka nää-wõri" [ɪka nɛ:'wø:ri]= I am not.
+Žafa-ja halđa mi-laña-mı;<br />
+House-ALL when go-PRS.2SG Q?<br />
+(Note: The question mark is a colon in Kṽarna)<br />
-=== Questions ===
+Here is an example of a sentence using the Instrumental case:
-To indicate a question, the word order is changed (like in English) and the suffix -zõ is added onto the verb. An example: Ikka wõri = I am<br/>
-Wõrizõ ikka? [wø:ri'zø: ɪka] = Am I?
-[[Category:Conlangs]]
+lañø zuğẽo, venųğẽomo → I am speaking to you, my friend <br />
+lañ-ø zuğ-ẽo venų-ğẽo-mo <br />
+SG-INS speak-PRS.1SG friend-1SG-GEN<br />
+[[Category:Languages]]
 [[Category:A posteriori]]
 [[Category:Languages]]

Kṽarna: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 02:30, 20 January 2017

Contents

Kṽarna

History

Phonology

Ortography

Grammar

Pronouns

Articles

Conjugation

Presens Conjugation

Past Conjugation

Future Conjugation

Negation

To be

Negation

I want to be

Prepositions

Navigation menu

Kṽarna: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 02:30, 20 January 2017

Kṽarna

History

Phonology

Ortography

Grammar

Pronouns

Articles

Conjugation

Presens Conjugation

Past Conjugation

Future Conjugation

Negation

To be

Negation

I want to be

Prepositions

Navigation menu

Search