|
|
| (556 intermediate revisions by 3 users not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| {{construction}}
| |
| [[{{PAGENAME}}/de|Diese Seite auf Deutsch]]<br/>
| |
|
| |
|
| {{Infobox language
| |
| |image =
| |
| |imagesize =
| |
| |creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
| |
| |name = {{PAGENAME}}
| |
| |nativename = ''thensarimar''
| |
| |pronunciation= /θensarimar/
| |
| |region = Tálsym
| |
| |extinct = 220 v.T.
| |
| |familycolor=PfK
| |
| |fam1= [[Pfeuno-K'aitian languages|Pfeuno-K'aitian]]
| |
| |fam2= Raxo-Talsmic?
| |
| |fam3= [[Talsmic languages|Talsmic]]
| |
| |script={{PAGENAME}} script, Raxic script
| |
| |iso3=qth
| |
| |notice=IPA
| |
| }}
| |
|
| |
| {{PAGENAME}} is my first constructed language, intended to be a head-initial, head-marking language with a plausible development from an erstwhile dependent-marking language. The grammar, syntax and phonology of {{PAGENAME}} is based on Hebrew, Latin, Germanic, Greek and Celtic. The morphology is an experiment with grammatical non-concatenative morphology: as Celtic grammaticalizes initial consonant mutations, and Semitic vowel patterns, {{PAGENAME}} does so with tone patterns. The grammar is also an experiment on using inflections and agreement to show grammatical relations without case, hence the use of switch-reference on verbs and borderline polysynthesis. So I guess it ends up a tad more like some Native American languages. Other purposes of my language include mixing in some less-English constructions, such as the use of optatives in subordinate clauses, and using principally non-finite subordinate clauses in the indicative, and some topic and focus syntactic operations.
| |
|
| |
| ==Lexicon==
| |
| See the [[{{PAGENAME}}/Lexicon|{{PAGENAME}}-English lexicon]] (needs updating).
| |
|
| |
| ==Notes on notation==
| |
| ===Glossary===
| |
| *<sup>CLF</sup>: classifier tone pattern (non-desinential or desinential)
| |
| *''H'': vowel hiatus with next syllable
| |
| *''N'': denotes a homorganic nasal
| |
| *''Z'': denotes ''r'' before a vowel or voiced C, ''s'' before a voiceless C, null before ''z''
| |
| *''~'': cognate to
| |
|
| |
| ==Background==
| |
| :''See also: [[{{PAGENAME}}/Sound changes from Proto-Talsmic]].
| |
|
| |
| The '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (/θɛmˈsɑɹiən/) '''language''' ({{PAGENAME}}: ''gáthvar thensárimar'' [gáθʋàr θè̞nsárimàr] "the {{PAGENAME}} throat") is a language classified into an [[Talsmic languages|isolated subbranch]] of the [[Raxo-Talsmic languages|Raxo-Talsmic]] language family, along with other para-{{PAGENAME}} languages which are/were natively spoken in the peninsula of Tálsym in the northwestern part of the Gameda subcontinent. The language remains clearly related to its continental relatives such as [[Naquian]] (It is often said that {{PAGENAME}} uses the same affixes as Raxic with different meanings); however, due to its long period of isolation and substrate influence (the substrate is sometimes speculated to have been a head-initial polysynthetic language), {{PAGENAME}} was a typological and lexical outlier in the larger family, within which it was distinguished by its heavily head-marking inflection in both clauses and possessive NPs as well as its strongly head-initial syntax and and its verb system approaching polysynthetic languages in complexity. The name of the {{PAGENAME}} language comes from the Thensár region, from whose dialect arose the prestige language of the Andaegṓr Empire. This elevated register/lect existed in a state of diglossia with the vernacular "dialects", diverse and often mutually unintelligible but still quite similar at this time. The prestige language described in this article, called Noble {{PAGENAME}} (''themsárimar ħéntar''), was used as a living language by the ruling class for a period spanning 600 years until its demise in the year ca. 220 v.c., and was continued to be used as an important literary, academic and religious language on the peninsula and surrounding mainland areas.
| |
|
| |
| In keeping with the greater Talsmic and Raxo-Talsmic milieu {{PAGENAME}} employs a mixed fusional and agglutinative inflectional morphology, notably doing so by using a combination of tone changes and affixes, and the use of a 3-gender system. The language is unusual for using a number system based on a generic-specific opposition.
| |
|
| |
| ==Diachronics==
| |
| #u ū > y ȳ, iu, īu > y ȳ
| |
| #o > u in selected places
| |
| #ou, ōu > u ū
| |
| #ei > ī, ēi > ē
| |
| #oi > ū, ōi > ō
| |
| #eu > io, ēu > eū > iō
| |
| #ui, ūi > u ū
| |
|
| |
| ==Phonology==
| |
| ===Consonants===
| |
| Classical {{PAGENAME}} used 22 consonants. Unusually for the family, it is devoid of affricates, ejectives, and lateral obstruents, possessing instead a preponderance of fricatives.
| |
| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
| |
| ! colspan="2" |
| |
| ! |Labial
| |
| ! |Dental
| |
| ! |Alveolar
| |
| ! |Palatal
| |
| ! |Velar
| |
| ! |Radical
| |
| ! |Glottal
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal
| |
| | '''m''' /m/
| |
| |colspan="2"| '''n''' /n/
| |
| |
| |
| | <span style="color:gray;">'''n''' [ŋ]</span>
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan="2" |Plosive
| |
| ! |<small>voiceless</small>
| |
| | '''p''' /p/
| |
| |colspan="2"| '''t''' /t/
| |
| |
| |
| | '''c''' /k/
| |
| | '''ȝ''' /ʡ/
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! |<small>voiced</small>
| |
| | '''b''' /b/
| |
| |colspan="2"| '''d''' /d/
| |
| |
| |
| | '''g''' /g/
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan="2" style="" |Fricative
| |
| ! |<small>voiceless</small>
| |
| | '''f''' /f/
| |
| | '''th''' /θ/
| |
| | '''s''' /s/
| |
| |
| |
| | '''ch''' /x/
| |
| | '''ħ''' /ħ~ʜ/
| |
| |rowspan="2" | '''h''' /h~ɦ/
| |
| |-
| |
| ! |<small>voiced</small>
| |
| | '''v''' /v~ʋ~w/
| |
| | '''dh''' /ð/
| |
| | '''z''' /z/
| |
| |
| |
| | '''gh''' /ɣ/
| |
| | <span style="color:gray;">'''ȝ''' [ʕ~ʢ]</span>
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="2" |Trill
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | '''r''' /r/
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="2" |Approximant
| |
| |
| |
| | colspan="2"| '''l''' /l/
| |
| | '''j''' /j/
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| Geminate /x/ and /θ/ are Romanized ''cch'' and ''tth'' respectively.
| |
|
| |
| ====Conditioned allophony====
| |
| Allophony in {{PAGENAME}} is limited.
| |
| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 570px; text-align:center;"
| |
| ! style="width: 120px; "|Phoneme
| |
| ! style="width: 120px; " |Allophone
| |
| ! style="width: 120px; " |Condition(s)
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2"| /ʡ/
| |
| | [ʡ]
| |
| | #_, C[+voiceless]_, V_V
| |
| |-
| |
|
| |
| | [ʕ~ʢ]
| |
| | C[+voiced]_
| |
| |-
| |
| | /h/
| |
| | [ɦ]
| |
| | V_V
| |
| |-
| |
| |rowspan="2"| /n/
| |
| | [ŋ]
| |
| | _C[+velar, +plosive]
| |
| |-
| |
| | [ɱ]
| |
| | _C[+labiodental]
| |
| |-
| |
| | C[+obstruent, ±voiced]
| |
| | C[+obstruent, ∓voiced]
| |
| | _C[+obstruent, -guttural, ∓voiced]
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| ===Vowels===
| |
| Classical {{PAGENAME}} has a six-vowel system with a quantity distinction. Short vowels have one mora (except for epenthetic ''i/y'' which has zero morae), and long vowels have two morae. <!--
| |
| {| class="IPA" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding="0" style="text-align:center; background:none;"
| |
| |- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"
| |
| |style="padding-bottom:3px;"|
| |
| | style="width: 60px;" | '''Front'''
| |
| | style="width: 60px; word-spacing: -.3em;" | '''Near- front'''
| |
| | style="width: 60px;" | '''Central'''
| |
| | style="width: 60px;word-spacing: -.3em;" | '''Near- back'''
| |
| | style="width: 60px;" | '''Back'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Close'''
| |
| | style="height: 210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position: relative;">[[File:Blank vowel trapezoid.svg|300px|link=]]<div style="background:none; position:absolute; top:0; left:0;">
| |
|
| |
| {| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:none;"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:none; font-size:120%;"|
| |
|
| |
| <div style="position: absolute; left: 5%; width: 2.3em; top: 2%; background: white;">i</div>
| |
| <div style="position: absolute; left: 43%; width: 3.1em; top: 2%; background: white;">ʉ̜</div>
| |
| <div style="position: absolute; left: 85%; width: 2.3em; top: 2%; background: white;">u</div>
| |
|
| |
| <div style="position: absolute; left: 28%; width: 2.33em; top: 17%; background: white;"></div>
| |
| <div style="position: absolute; left: 44%; width: 4em; top: 17%; background: white;"></div>
| |
| <div style="position: absolute; left: 74%; width: 1.5em; top: 17%; background: white;"></div>
| |
|
| |
| <div style="position: absolute; left: 16%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: white;"></div>
| |
| <div style="position: absolute; left: 50%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: white;"></div>
| |
| <div style="position: absolute; left: 84%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: white;"></div>
| |
|
| |
| <div style="position: absolute; left: 24%; width: 2.7em; top: 44%; background: white;">e̞</div>
| |
| <div style="position: absolute; left: 57%; width: 1em; top: 44%; background: white;"></div>
| |
| <div style="position: absolute; left: 83%; width: 2.7em; top: 44%; background: white;">o̞</div>
| |
|
| |
| <div style="position: absolute; left: 30%; width: 3em; top: 58%; background: white;"></div>
| |
| <div style="position: absolute; left: 57%; width: 2.7em; top: 58%; background: white;"></div>
| |
| <div style="position: absolute; left: 83%; width: 2.7em; top: 58%; background: white;"></div>
| |
|
| |
| <div style="position: absolute; left: 37%; width: 1.3em; top: 73%;"></div>
| |
| <div style="position: absolute; left: 64%; width: 1em; top: 73%; background: white;"></div>
| |
|
| |
| <div style="position: absolute; left: 44%; width: 3em; top: 86%; background: white;"></div>
| |
| <div style="position: absolute; left: 68%; width: 1em; top: 86%; background: white;">a</div>
| |
| <div style="position: absolute; left: 85%; width: 2em; top: 86%; background: white;"></div>
| |
|
| |
| |}
| |
| </div></div>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Near-close'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Close-mid'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Mid'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Open-mid'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Near-open'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Open'''
| |
| |}-->
| |
| <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 0.33em"></div>
| |
|
| |
| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
| |
| ! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
| |
| ! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Front
| |
| ! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Central
| |
| ! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Back
| |
| |-
| |
| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
| |
| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
| |
| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
| |
| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
| |
| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
| |
| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="" |Close
| |
| | '''i''' /i/
| |
| | '''ī''' /iː/
| |
| | '''y''' /ʉ̜/
| |
| | '''ȳ''' /ʉ̜ː/
| |
| | '''u''' /u/
| |
| | '''ū''' /uː/
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="" |Mid
| |
| | '''e''' /e̞/
| |
| | '''ē''' /e̞ː/
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | '''o''' /o̞/
| |
| | '''ō''' /o̞ː/
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="" |Open
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | '''a''' /a/
| |
| | '''ā''' /aː/
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |}
| |
| '''y ȳ''' is a close central half-rounded vowel.
| |
|
| |
| ====Diphthongs====
| |
| ae ao ay éa óa ýa
| |
|
| |
| ===Suprasegmentals===
| |
|
| |
| ===Phonotactics===
| |
| The maximal syllable structure is CCVCC, where V is any vowel or diphthong, and the second element in a complex coda must be an obstruent. /h/ cannot occur in clusters or coda; radicals are prohibited word-finally. Up to CCC medial clusters are permitted.
| |
|
| |
| Permitted initial CC- clusters:
| |
| *[any obstruent except ''v''] + {''l'', ''r''}
| |
| *''cm, cn, tm, tn''
| |
| *[non-labial obstruent] + {''v'', ''m''}
| |
| *''m'' + {''l'', ''r'', ''n''}
| |
|
| |
| Permitted medial clusters are, roughly, those which begin like final clusters, may or may not have an "intersection" segment and end like initial clusters.
| |
|
| |
| Permitted -CC- clusters (of these only geminates and clusters ending in non-radical obstruents are permissible as final -CC):
| |
| *The following geminates: ''cc'', ''cch'', ''ff'', ''ll'', ''mm'', ''nn'', ''pp'', ''rr'', ''ss'', ''tt'', ''tth''
| |
| *''bl, br''
| |
| *''cl, cm, cn, cr, cs, ct (only in nct), cv''
| |
| *''chl, chm, chn, chr, cht, chv''
| |
| *''dm, dn, dr, dv''
| |
| *''dhm, dhn, dhr, dhv''
| |
| *''fl, fr, fs''
| |
| *''gl, gm, gn, gr, gv''
| |
| *''ghl, ghm, ghn, ghr, ghv''
| |
| *''ħl, ħm, ħn, ħr, ħs, ħt, ħv''
| |
| *''lb, lc, lch, ld, ldh, lf, lg, lgh, lħ, lm, ln, lp, lq, ls, lt, lth, lv, lz''
| |
| *''mb, ml, mn, mp''
| |
| *''nc, nch, nd, ndh, nf, ng, ngh, nħ, nl, nq, ns, nt, nth, nv, nz''
| |
| *''pl, pr, ps''
| |
| *''ql, qr, qv''
| |
| *''rb, rc, rch, rd, rdh, rf, rg, rgh, rħ, rm, rn, rp, rq, rs, rt, rth, rv, rz''
| |
| *''sc, sch, sf, sħ, sq, st, sth, sv''
| |
| *''thm, thn, thr, thv''
| |
| *''tm, tn, tr, tv''
| |
|
| |
| Permitted clusters can be organized as follows:
| |
| *Terminating in ''-t'':
| |
| **''cht'' < {*p, *b, *f, *ƛ, *ł, *k, *g, *x} + t
| |
| **''ħt'' < {*q, *ʁ, *χ} + t
| |
| **''lt'' < {*l} + t
| |
| **''nt'' < {*m, *n} + t
| |
| **''rt'' < {*r} + t
| |
| **''st'' < {*s, *z} + t
| |
|
| |
| ===Syllable structure and morphophonology===
| |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible"
| |
| ! rowspan=2 | 1st Consonant
| |
| ! colspan=20| Last Consonant
| |
| |-
| |
| ! m
| |
| ! n
| |
| ! p
| |
| ! t
| |
| ! k
| |
| ! b
| |
| ! d
| |
| ! g
| |
| ! s
| |
| ! š
| |
| ! tl
| |
| ! ts
| |
| ! tš
| |
| ! h
| |
| ! x
| |
| ! w
| |
| ! ǧ
| |
| ! y
| |
| ! l
| |
| ! r
| |
| |-
| |
| ! m
| |
| | mm
| |
| | mb
| |
| | mb
| |
| | nd
| |
| | ng
| |
| | mb
| |
| | nd
| |
| | ng
| |
| | ss
| |
| | šš
| |
| | ndr
| |
| | ns
| |
| | nš
| |
| | mm
| |
| | nǧ
| |
| | mm
| |
| | nǧ
| |
| | ny
| |
| | lm
| |
| | ndr
| |
| |-
| |
| ! n
| |
| | nd
| |
| | nn
| |
| | mb
| |
| | nd
| |
| | ng
| |
| | mb
| |
| | nd
| |
| | ng
| |
| | ss
| |
| | šš
| |
| | ndr
| |
| | ns
| |
| | nš
| |
| | nn
| |
| | nǧ
| |
| | mm
| |
| | nǧ
| |
| | nn
| |
| | lm
| |
| | ndr
| |
| |-
| |
| ! p
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! t
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! k
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! b
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! d
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! g
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! s
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! š
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! tl
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! ts
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! tš
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! h
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! x
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! w
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! y
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! l
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! r
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| ===Phonological diachronics===
| |
| ====Simple consonant correspondences====
| |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:650px; text-align:center;"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! PTal
| |
| ! {{recon|m}}
| |
| ! {{recon|p}}
| |
| ! {{recon|b}}
| |
| ! {{recon|ɸ}}
| |
| ! {{recon|n}}
| |
| ! {{recon|t}}
| |
| ! {{recon|d}}
| |
| ! {{recon|s}}
| |
| ! {{recon|z}}
| |
| ! {{recon|r}}
| |
| ! {{recon|θ}}
| |
| ! {{recon|ł}}
| |
| ! {{recon|λ}}
| |
| ! {{recon|l}}
| |
| ! {{recon|j}}
| |
| ! {{recon|k}}
| |
| ! {{recon|g}}
| |
| ! {{recon|x}}
| |
| ! {{recon|kʷ}}
| |
| ! {{recon|gʷ}}
| |
| ! {{recon|xʷ}}
| |
| ! {{recon|w}}
| |
| ! {{recon|q}}
| |
| ! {{recon|χ}}
| |
| ! {{recon|ʁ}}
| |
| ! {{recon|ʔ}}
| |
| ! {{recon|h}}
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Thm.
| |
| | ''m''
| |
| | ''p''
| |
| | ''b''
| |
| | ''f''
| |
| | ''n''
| |
| | ''t''
| |
| | ''d''
| |
| | ''s''
| |
| | ''z'', ''-r-''
| |
| | ''r''
| |
| | ''th''
| |
| | ''th''
| |
| | ''dh''
| |
| | ''l''
| |
| | ''j''
| |
| | ''c''
| |
| | ''g''
| |
| | ''ch''
| |
| | ''c''
| |
| | ''v''
| |
| | ''f''
| |
| | ''v''
| |
| | ''q''
| |
| | ''ħ''
| |
| | ''gh''
| |
| | 0-
| |
| | ''h-''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| ====Consonant clusters====
| |
| *''*sm, *sn, *sl, *sr'' > ''mm, nn, ll, rr''
| |
| *''*mʔ, *nʔ, *lʔ, *rʔ'' > ''mm, nn, ll, rr'' OR ''mp, nt, lt, rt''
| |
| *''*mh, *nh, *lh, *rh'' > ''nf, nth, lth, rth''
| |
| *coronal obstruent + sibilant<sub>i</sub> > sibilant<sub>i</sub>sibilant<sub>i</sub>
| |
| *CC[+resonant]{C, #} > CyC[+resonant]{C, #}
| |
| **Cyj{C, #} > Ci{C, #}
| |
| *CC[-resonant]C > CiC[-resonant]C
| |
| *''jy[ː]'' > ''i[ː]''
| |
| *''z'' > ''r'' / V_C[-semivowel, +voiced, ~{/z/}]
| |
| *''h'' > [ː~] / _C[+fricative]
| |
| *''*ʔ'' > [ː~] / _C
| |
| *''c'' > ''ch'' / _{''d'', ''t''}
| |
| *''*tk''/''*łt''/''*pt''/''*kt''/''*łk'', ''*tx'' > ''cht'', ''cth''
| |
| *''q''
| |
| **> ''ħ'' / _{''t''}
| |
| *''nr'' > ''ndr'', ''lr'' > ''ldr''
| |
| *''e'' > ''a'' / ʔ_#
| |
| *''ds ts ths zs ts'' > ''ss''
| |
| *''dz tz thz tz zz'' > ''z''
| |
| *''*λ'' > ''l'', ''*λλ'' > ''ld''
| |
| *''*ḽ'' > ''dh'', ''*ḽḽ'' > ''ldh''
| |
|
| |
| ====Vowel correspondences====
| |
| <!--===Post-classical readings===
| |
| The greatest variation is found in palatalization and the treatment of tone, radicals and interdentals.
| |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align:center;"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Grapheme
| |
| ! '''r'''
| |
| ! '''d'''
| |
| ! '''z'''
| |
| ! '''m'''
| |
| ! '''p'''
| |
| ! '''b'''
| |
| ! '''f'''
| |
| ! '''n'''
| |
| ! '''t'''
| |
| ! '''th'''
| |
| ! '''dh'''
| |
| ! '''s'''
| |
| ! '''c'''
| |
| ! '''g'''
| |
| ! '''ch'''
| |
| ! '''q'''
| |
| ! '''ħ'''
| |
| ! '''l'''
| |
| ! '''v'''
| |
| ! '''j'''
| |
| ! '''h'''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Classical
| |
| | /r/
| |
| | /d/
| |
| | /z/
| |
| | /m/
| |
| | /p/
| |
| | /b/
| |
| | /f/
| |
| | /n/
| |
| | /t/
| |
| | /θ/
| |
| | /ð/
| |
| | /s/
| |
| | /k/
| |
| | /g/
| |
| | /x/
| |
| | /ʡ/
| |
| | /ħ/
| |
| | /l/
| |
| | /ʋˠ/
| |
| | /j/
| |
| | /h/
| |
| |-
| |
| ![[Núrian]]
| |
| | /r/, /r̥/
| |
| | /d/, /dʱ/
| |
| | /z/, /zʱ/
| |
| | /m/, /m̥/
| |
| | /p/, /pʰ/
| |
| | /b/, /bʱ/
| |
| | /f/, /pfʰ/
| |
| | /n/, /n̥/
| |
| | /t/, /tʰ/
| |
| | /t/, /tʰ/
| |
| | /d/, /dʱ/
| |
| | /s/, /sʰ/
| |
| | /k/, /kʰ/
| |
| | /g/, /gʱ/
| |
| | /x/, /kxʰ/
| |
| | /ʡ/, /ʡʰ/
| |
| | /ʕ/, /ħ/
| |
| | /l/, /ɬ/
| |
| | /w/, /ʍ/
| |
| | /j/, /ɧ/
| |
| | Ø, /h/
| |
| |-
| |
| !|[[Qelorian]]
| |
| | /r/
| |
| | /d̪/
| |
| | /z/
| |
| | /m/
| |
| | /p/
| |
| | /b/
| |
| | /f/
| |
| | /n̪/
| |
| | /t̪/
| |
| | /f/
| |
| | /v/
| |
| | /s/
| |
| | /k/
| |
| | /ɴ/
| |
| | /χ/
| |
| | /ɴ/
| |
| | /χ/, /a/
| |
| | /l/
| |
| | /v/
| |
| | Ø
| |
| | Ø
| |
| |-
| |
| !|[[Snaħħian]]
| |
| | /r/
| |
| | /d̪/, /dʒ/
| |
| | /z/, /ʒ/
| |
| | /m/
| |
| | /p/
| |
| | /b/
| |
| | /ɸ~β/
| |
| | /n̪/
| |
| | /t̪/, /tʃ/
| |
| | /ħ/
| |
| | /d̪/
| |
| | /s/, /ʃ/
| |
| | /k/, /tʃ/
| |
| | /g/, /dʒ/
| |
| | /x/, /ʃ/
| |
| | /ʕ/
| |
| | /ħ/
| |
| | /l/
| |
| | /f~v/
| |
| | /j/
| |
| | Ø
| |
| |}
| |
| -->
| |
|
| |
| ==Orthography==
| |
| [[Image:Ŧā́thimā́ script.jpg|right|thumb|{{PAGENAME}} script in the ''tā́thimā́'' style.|240px]]
| |
|
| |
| The standardized {{PAGENAME}} alphabet, whose variants are also used to write other Talsmic languages, is a native alphabetic script consisting of consonant and vowel letters in addition to diacritics for vowel length and tones. It has developed from a runic alphabet. In the earliest texts vowel length and tone were not recorded; diacritics for these were first devised for religious and official purposes and gradually came to be universally mandatory. In texts meant to be sung (e.g. poetry or hymns) the tone marks are substituted with various cantillation marks that 'correspond' to the tone. Tone is generally ''not'' assigned when transcribing foreign words.
| |
|
| |
| The alphabetical order is as follows:
| |
| #'''R:''' ''raebe'' 'bud'
| |
| #'''D:''' ''drāle'' 'wave'
| |
| #'''Z:''' ''zungin'' 'banner'
| |
| #'''I:''' ''īr'' 'island'
| |
| #'''GH:''' ''ghel'' 'mouse'
| |
| #'''A:''' ''ail'' 'heart'
| |
| #'''Ħ:''' ''ħestūbir'' 'petals'
| |
| #'''F:''' ''fantor'' 'wings'
| |
| #'''M:''' ''merrī'' 'equanimity'
| |
| #'''L:''' ''lucce'' 'pericarp'
| |
| #'''G:''' ''gathue'' 'throat'
| |
| #'''C:''' ''caro'' 'human'
| |
| #'''H:''' ''hel'' 'voice'
| |
| #'''B:''' ''būn'' 'fish'
| |
| #'''S:''' ''saumo'' 'moon'
| |
| #'''V:''' ''vāla'' 'gate'
| |
| #'''O:''' ''osīna'' 'rill'
| |
| #'''J:''' ''jādhe'' 'bird'
| |
| #'''Ȝ:''' ''ȝēdo'' 'saw'
| |
| #'''DH:''' ''dhorfas'' 'to pierce'
| |
| #'''Y:''' ''yste'' 'air'
| |
| #'''CH:''' ''chaustis'' 'to go down'
| |
| #'''T:''' ''tīme'' 'hand'
| |
| #'''N:''' ''nuss'' 'to go up'
| |
| #'''TH:''' ''thrāpa'' 'combat'
| |
| #'''P:''' ''paur'' 'pond'
| |
| #'''E:''' ''era'' 'upright'
| |
| #'''U:''' ''umīse'' 'tent'
| |
|
| |
| ==Morphology==
| |
| ===Verbs===
| |
| ====Present====
| |
| *1sg -īn
| |
| *2sg -r
| |
| *3sg.m -mi
| |
| *3sg.s -si
| |
| *1dl.ex -unt? -ynt? -ant?
| |
| *1dl.in -nar
| |
| *2dl -lar
| |
| *3pl -ing
| |
| *1ex -maech
| |
| *1in -nis
| |
| *2pl -lis
| |
| *3pl -ti
| |
|
| |
| ====Preterite====
| |
| *-mer
| |
| *-ser
| |
| *-ter
| |
| ====Jussive====
| |
| *-mior
| |
| *-sior
| |
| *-tior
| |
| [[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]][[Category:Talsmic languages]][[Category:Pfeuno-K'aitian languages]][[Category:{{PAGENAME}}|*]][[Category:Hussmauch]]
| |