Péla: Difference between revisions

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~~{{construction}}~~

{{Infobox language

| name = Péla

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| familycolor = Mixed

| pronunciation = pela

| speakers = 20,000

| date = 2025

| speakers2 = (Including [[Lankou]] speakers): 25,000

| fam1 = [[w:Creole language|Creole]]

| fam2 = [[w:French-based creole language|French Creole]]

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|-

! Plosive

| p b || t d || k g ||

| p b || t d || || k g ||

|-

! Nasal

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| w || l || || || j

|}

===Vowels===

{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"

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|-

! Open-mid

| ɛ || (ɔ)~~{{efn|Though technically a phoneme, it is rare, and even in the few cases it appears it is often in free variation with /o/ for most speakers.}}~~

| ɛ || (ɔ)

|-

! Close-mid

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| colspan=2 | a ã

|}

/ɛ/ and /e/ are separate phonemes, and are often the only differentiation between words that in French would be homophones, such as ''peche'' "to fish" and ''pèche'' "to sin". However, in Lankou(sometimes considered a dialect of Péla) /ɛ/ and /e/ have merged(and so has /ɔ/ and /o/, though in this case this phenomenon appears in standard Péla as well), meaning words like ''peche'' and ''pèche'' are homophones, as in its lexifier of French.

Though /ɔ/ is technically a phoneme, it is rare, and even in the few cases it appears it is often in free variation with /o/ for most speakers.

/ɛ/ and /e/ are separate phonemes, and are often the only differentiation between words that in French would be homophones, such as ''peche'' "to fish" and ''pèche'' "to sin". However, in Lankou(sometimes considered a dialect of Péla) /ɛ/ and /e/ have merged(and so has /ɔ/ and /o/, though in this case this phenomenon appears in standard Péla as well), meaning words like ''peche'' and ''pèche'' are homophones, as in its lexifier of French. This feature has, in recent years, seemed to have seeped back into standard Péla, particularly among young speakers.

==Grammar==

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|-

! First person

| ''man'' || ''yon''~~{{efn|From French ''on'', which though formally is the equivalent of the pronoun "one", commonly acts as a first-person plural pronoun in colloquial French.}}~~

| ''man'' || ''yon''

|-

! Second person

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|-

! Third person

| ''li'' || ''lis''{{efn|Derived from [[w:Portuguese language|Portuguese]] ''eles'' "they (m)". ''Lich'' is an uncommon variation more closely based on the European Portuguese pronunciation of ''eles'': [[w:Help:IPA/Portuguese|[ˈe.lɨʃ]]].}}<br>''lich''

| ''li'' || ''lis''<br>''lich''

|}

''Yon'' is from French ''on'', which though formally is the equivalent of the pronoun "one", commonly acts as the first-person plural pronoun(in place of ''nous'') in colloquial French.

''Lis''/''lich'' are interchangeable and are derived from [[w:Portuguese language|Portuguese]] ''eles'' "they (m)". ''Lich'' is an uncommon variation more closely based on the European Portuguese pronunciation of ''eles'': [[w:Help:IPA/Portuguese|[ˈe.lɨʃ]]].

===Possession===

Possession is usually indicated by placing the possessor after the head as in [[w:Haitian Creole]], e.g.

Possession is usually indicated by placing the possessor after the head as in [[w:Haitian Creole|Haitian Creole]], e.g.

: ''

: ''Patat om yan''

: "The man's potato"

This also applies to personal pronouns, and these are generally uninflected, e.g.:

: ''Patat ti ye patat man.''

: "Your potato and my potato."

If the possessor can be inferred from context(usually if a specific personal pronoun was previously used), then ''son'' is used(from French ''son'', the third-person genitive personal pronoun):

: ''Yè grène li grèn patat. Man se reman sitè, ka patat '''son''' se bon.''

: "He was sowing potato seeds yesterday. I am very excited, as '''his''' potatoes are good."

However, unlike in French, ''son'' can also be used as a dummy genitive for first and second person:

: ''Man re keyone, lo keyon '''son''' se reman che.''

: "I like to draw, so '''my''' pencils are really expensive."

: ''Ti ya bon, me rezoman '''son''' se biza.''

: "You're right, but '''your''' reasoning is weird."

===Word order & tense===

Tense in Péla is, peculiarly, primarily indicated by word order. SVO(subject-verb-object) indicates present tense, as so(verbs indicated in '''bold'''):

: ''Man '''oule''' yan fwi.''

: 1.SG want-VB ART.INDEF fruit

: 1.SG want.VB ART.INDEF fruit

: "I '''want''' a fruit."

Past tense is indicated by a VSO(verb-subject-object) word order:

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And finally, future tense is indicated by an SOV(subject-object-verb) word order:

: ''Apè man fwi yan '''bouche'''.''

: later 1.SG fruit ART.DEF ~~eat~~-VB

: later 1.SG fruit ART.DEF mouth-VB

: "I '''will eat''' the fruit later."

===Word derivation===

Many Péla verbs and nouns alike are derived from each other. Verbs always end in ''-e'' or ''-è'' whereas nouns do not have a fixed ending, allowing for word coinage by simply adding or removing the suffix. For example:

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[[Category:Péla]] [[Category:Conlangs]] [[Category:Languages]] [[Category:A posteriori]]

[[Category:Péla]] [[Category:Conlangs]] [[Category:Creole languages]] [[Category:Languages]] [[Category:A posteriori]]

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-{{construction}}
 {{Infobox language
 | name = Péla
@@ Line 7: / Line 6: @@
 | familycolor = Mixed
 | pronunciation = pela
+| speakers = 20,000
+| date = 2025
+| speakers2 = (Including [[Lankou]] speakers): 25,000
 | fam1 = [[w:Creole language|Creole]]
 | fam2 = [[w:French-based creole language|French Creole]]
@@ Line 24: / Line 26: @@
 |-
 ! Plosive
-| p b || t d || k g ||
+| p b || t d || || k g ||
 |-
 ! Nasal
@@ Line 35: / Line 37: @@
 | w || l || || || j
 |}
 ===Vowels===
 {| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
@@ Line 43: / Line 46: @@
 |-
 ! Open-mid
-| ɛ || (ɔ){{efn|Though technically a phoneme, it is rare, and even in the few cases it appears it is often in free variation with /o/ for most speakers.}}
+| ɛ || (ɔ)
 |-
 ! Close-mid
@@ Line 51: / Line 54: @@
 | colspan=2 | a ã
 |}
-/ɛ/ and /e/ are separate phonemes, and are often the only differentiation between words that in French would be homophones, such as ''peche'' "to fish" and ''pèche'' "to sin". However, in Lankou(sometimes considered a dialect of Péla) /ɛ/ and /e/ have merged(and so has /ɔ/ and /o/, though in this case this phenomenon appears in standard Péla as well), meaning words like ''peche'' and ''pèche'' are homophones, as in its lexifier of French.
+Though /ɔ/ is technically a phoneme, it is rare, and even in the few cases it appears it is often in free variation with /o/ for most speakers.
+/ɛ/ and /e/ are separate phonemes, and are often the only differentiation between words that in French would be homophones, such as ''peche'' "to fish" and ''pèche'' "to sin". However, in Lankou(sometimes considered a dialect of Péla) /ɛ/ and /e/ have merged(and so has /ɔ/ and /o/, though in this case this phenomenon appears in standard Péla as well), meaning words like ''peche'' and ''pèche'' are homophones, as in its lexifier of French. This feature has, in recent years, seemed to have seeped back into standard Péla, particularly among young speakers.
 ==Grammar==
@@ Line 61: / Line 66: @@
 |-
 ! First person
-| ''man'' || ''yon''{{efn|From French ''on'', which though formally is the equivalent of the pronoun "one", commonly acts as a first-person plural pronoun in colloquial French.}}
+| ''man'' || ''yon''
 |-
 ! Second person
@@ Line 67: / Line 72: @@
 |-
 ! Third person
-| ''li'' || ''lis''{{efn|Derived from [[w:Portuguese language|Portuguese]] ''eles'' "they (m)". ''Lich'' is an uncommon variation more closely based on the European Portuguese pronunciation of ''eles'': [[w:Help:IPA/Portuguese|[ˈe.lɨʃ]]].}}<br>''lich''
+| ''li'' || ''lis''<br>''lich''
 |}
+''Yon'' is from French ''on'', which though formally is the equivalent of the pronoun "one", commonly acts as the first-person plural pronoun(in place of ''nous'') in colloquial French.
+''Lis''/''lich'' are interchangeable and are derived from [[w:Portuguese language|Portuguese]] ''eles'' "they (m)". ''Lich'' is an uncommon variation more closely based on the European Portuguese pronunciation of ''eles'': [[w:Help:IPA/Portuguese|[ˈe.lɨʃ]]].
 ===Possession===
-Possession is usually indicated by placing the possessor after the head as in [[w:Haitian Creole]], e.g.
+Possession is usually indicated by placing the possessor after the head as in [[w:Haitian Creole|Haitian Creole]], e.g.
-: ''
+: ''Patat om yan''
+: "The man's potato"
+This also applies to personal pronouns, and these are generally uninflected, e.g.:
+: ''Patat ti ye patat man.''
+: "Your potato and my potato."
+If the possessor can be inferred from context(usually if a specific personal pronoun was previously used), then ''son'' is used(from French ''son'', the third-person genitive personal pronoun):
+: ''Yè grène li grèn patat. Man se reman sitè, ka patat '''son''' se bon.''
+: "He was sowing potato seeds yesterday. I am very excited, as '''his''' potatoes are good."
+However, unlike in French, ''son'' can also be used as a dummy genitive for first and second person:
+: ''Man re keyone, lo keyon '''son''' se reman che.''
+: "I like to draw, so '''my''' pencils are really expensive."
+: ''Ti ya bon, me rezoman '''son''' se biza.''
+: "You're right, but '''your''' reasoning is weird."
 ===Word order & tense===
 Tense in Péla is, peculiarly, primarily indicated by word order. SVO(subject-verb-object) indicates present tense, as so(verbs indicated in '''bold'''):
 : ''Man '''oule''' yan fwi.''
-: 1.SG want-VB ART.INDEF fruit
+: 1.SG want.VB ART.INDEF fruit
 : "I '''want''' a fruit."
 Past tense is indicated by a VSO(verb-subject-object) word order:
@@ Line 83: / Line 105: @@
 And finally, future tense is indicated by an SOV(subject-object-verb) word order:
 : ''Apè man fwi yan '''bouche'''.''
-: later 1.SG fruit ART.DEF eat-VB
+: later 1.SG fruit ART.DEF mouth-VB
 : "I '''will eat''' the fruit later."
 ===Word derivation===
 Many Péla verbs and nouns alike are derived from each other. Verbs always end in ''-e'' or ''-è'' whereas nouns do not have a fixed ending, allowing for word coinage by simply adding or removing the suffix. For example:
@@ Line 97: / Line 120: @@
 <references group="lower-alpha"/>
-[[Category:Péla]] [[Category:Conlangs]] [[Category:Languages]] [[Category:A posteriori]]
+[[Category:Péla]] [[Category:Conlangs]] [[Category:Creole languages]] [[Category:Languages]] [[Category:A posteriori]]