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| nativename = etzeà
| nativename = etzeà
| pronunciation =ed͡zeɑ
| pronunciation =ed͡zeɑ
| pronunciation_key = IPA for Etzeá
| creator = User:Jukethatbox
| creator = User:Jukethatbox
| created = 2023
| created = 2023
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| mapcaption = Etzeán Island. Most Etzeá speakers live on the western side of the island, past the Tûzogyâud Range.
| mapcaption = Etzeán Island. Most Etzeá speakers live on the western side of the island, past the Tûzogyâud Range.
}}
}}
'''Etzeá'''(''etzeà''; [[Help:IPA|[ed͡zeɑ]]]) is the secondary language spoken on the [[:File:Etzean.jpeg|island of Etzeán]] within the Moshurian Empire. Due to its early geographic isolation from mainland Yeldhic languages, Etzeá became the closest modern living relative to [[Proto-Yeldhic]] in the [[Yeldhic languages|Yeldhic language family]], making the language a key contributor in modern reconstructions of Early Proto-Yeldhic. Since the arrival of the [[Taskaric languages|Taskaric]] [[Néekh]] people in the Tûznam Basin around 1350 UH, various Néekh loanwords and Taskaric language loanwords in general have entered the Etzeá lexicon.
'''Etzeá'''(''etzeà''; [[IPA for Etzeá|[ed͡zeɑ]]]) is the secondary language spoken on the [[:File:Etzean.jpeg|island of Etzeán]] primarily by the Etzeá people, who primarily live in rural areas; however, it has also become a common second language of the indigenous [[Myshon]] and the various [[Tuzak languages|Tuzak]] peoples.


Etzeá has also been influenced by the indigenous [[Myshon|Myshon language]] spoken around Ipuśtovek, and the [[Ta Tuzak|Tuzak languages]] spoken in and around the Dżedi Forest, as well as the Bir Basin.
Due to its early geographic isolation from mainland Yeldhic languages, Etzeá became the closest modern living relative to [[Proto-Yeldhic]] in the [[Yeldhic languages|Yeldhic language family]], making the language a key contributor in modern reconstructions of Early Proto-Yeldhic.
==History==
==History==
===Etymology===
===Etymology===
The name ''etzeà'''s etymology is heavily debated, though one theory is that it developed agglutinatively by the combination of one word and a case marker: Proto-Yeldhic ''*eðu'', "land" and ablative case marker ''*-ē'', or in other words, ''*eðʷē'', "away from the mainland". However, this theory has been criticised, as the actual Etzeá descendant of ''*eðu'' is {{cont|edyu|y}} "earth, land", so the reconstructed descendant form of ''*eðʷē'' should be ''*edyê'', not ''etzeà'' or ''Etzeàn''.
The name ''etzeà'''s etymology is heavily debated, though one theory is that it developed agglutinatively by the combination of one word and a case marker: Proto-Yeldhic ''*eðu'', "land" and ablative case marker ''*-ē'', or in other words, ''*eðʷē'', "away from the mainland". However, this theory has been criticised, as the actual Etzeá descendant of ''*eðu'' is {{cont|edyu|y}} "earth, land", so the reconstructed descendant form of ''*eðʷē'' should be ''*edyê'', not ''etzeà'' or ''Etzeàn''.
===Formation===
===Formation===
The first Etzeic peoples were a Proto-Yeldhic people who probably inhabited Kokiso Point, the closest coastal landmark on Talkoch to Etzeán Island. They probably arrived on Etzeán Island around 2400 UH, just in time before the development of the Paleoyeldhic languages on the mainland in 2370 UH. On Etzeán Island, the Etzeic peoples spread all the way to the Tûzogyâud Range(Etzeá: [[Help:IPA|[tuːzoɡjaːud]]]) by 1750 UH. The areas around Mount Ogoñi(Etzeá: ''Ogoñigyed'') was settled later, around 1600 UH.
The first Etzeic peoples were a Proto-Yeldhic people who probably inhabited Kokiso Point, the closest coastal landmark on Talkoch to Etzeán Island. They probably arrived on Etzeán Island around 2400 UH, just in time before the development of the Paleoyeldhic languages on the mainland in 2370 UH. On Etzeán Island, the Etzeic peoples spread all the way to the Tûzogyâud Range(Etzeá: [[IPA for Etzeá|[tuːzoɡjaːud]]]) by 1750 UH. The areas around Mount Ogoñi(Etzeá: ''Ogoñigyed'') was settled later, around 1600 UH.


===Arrival of the Néekh===
===Arrival of the Néekh===
Around 880 UH, the Taskaric [[Néekh]] people first arrived by boat on the eastern side of the Tûzogyâud Range(Néekh: ''tzêgoz Tîkhgudd'' [[Help:IPA|[tɪxɡud̪]]]), rapidly settling much of the Tûznam Basin. According to Etzeá legend, the first contact between the two peoples occurred in 700 UH, when the king of the Gòtyaz(Etzeá: [[Help:IPA|[ɡɔcaz]]]) people decided to follow the Sunyr(Etzeá and Néekh: ''sunîr'') river to its source, crossing the treacherous Tûzogyâud for the first time in doing so. Soon after finally reaching flatter land on the other side of the mountains, he saw pastures of a "strange crop" across the landscape,<ref>Most historians now agree that the crop was probably corn, which in Radael is endemic to Birnu, specifically in the plains of Izhkutrëa, and was probably brought to Etzeán by the Néekh. Archaeological evidence supports this hypothesis.</ref> indicating the existence of a "strange people" that would be able to cultivate this crop.<ref>This is also the origin of the Etzeá idiom ''gebac ssbûr, gebac tago'' [[Help:IPA|[ɡebaʃ sʲbuːɾ ɡebaʃ tago]]] "strange people, strange crop", equivalent to "the apple doesn't fall far from the tree" in a more general sense, such as for groups of people.</ref><ref>Archaeologically speaking, this legend, or rather the date it is supposed to have occurred is probably false. First, there is evidence of Etzeic settlement on the other side of the Tûzogyâud as early as 900 UH, a full two centuries before the legend supposedly happened, making intercultural contact much less likely to have begun so late.</ref>
Around 880 UH, the Taskaric [[Néekh]] people first arrived by boat on the eastern side of the Tûzogyâud Range(Néekh: ''tzêgoz Tîkhgudd''), rapidly settling much of the Tûznam Basin. According to Etzeá legend, the first contact between the two peoples occurred in 700 UH, when the king of the Gòtyaz(Etzeá: [[IPA for Etzeá|[ɡɔcaz]]]) people decided to follow the Sunyr(Etzeá and Néekh: ''sunîr'') river to its source, crossing the treacherous Tûzogyâud for the first time in doing so. Soon after finally reaching flatter land on the other side of the mountains, he saw pastures of a "strange crop" across the landscape,<ref>Most historians now agree that the crop was probably corn, which in Radael is endemic to Birnu, specifically in the plains of Izhkutrëa, and was probably brought to Etzeán by the Néekh. Archaeological evidence supports this hypothesis.</ref> indicating the existence of a "strange people" that would be able to cultivate this crop.<ref>This is also the origin of the Etzeá idiom ''gebac ssbûr, gebac tago'' [[IPA for Etzeá|[ɡebaʃ sʲbuːɾ ɡebaʃ tago]]] "strange people, strange crop", equivalent to "the apple doesn't fall far from the tree" in a more general sense, such as for groups of people.</ref><ref>Archaeologically speaking, this legend, or rather the date it is supposed to have occurred is probably false. First, there is evidence of Etzeic settlement on the other side of the Tûzogyâud as early as 900 UH, a full two centuries before the legend supposedly happened, making intercultural contact much less likely to have begun so late.</ref>


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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|-
|-
! colspan=2 | Plosive
! colspan=2 | Plosive
| p b || t d || || c ⟨ty⟩ ɟ ⟨dy⟩ || k g
| '''p''' /[[w:Voiceless bilabial plosive|p]]/ · '''b''' /[[w:Voiced bilabial plosive|b]]/|| '''t''' /[[w:Voiceless alveolar plosive|t]]/ · '''d''' /[[w:Voiced alveolar plosive|d]]/ || || '''ty''' /[[w:Voiceless palatal plosive|c]]/ · '''dy, (gy)''' /[[w:Voiced palatal plosive|ɟ]]/ || '''k''' /[[w:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]/ · '''g''' /[[w:Voiced velar plosive|ɡ]]/
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | Nasal
! colspan=2 | Nasal
| m || n || || ɲ ⟨ñ⟩ || ŋ ⟨ng⟩
| '''m''' /[[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]/ || '''n''' /[[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]/ || || '''ñ''' /[[w:Voiced palatal nasal|ɲ]]/ || '''ng''' /[[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]/
|-
|-
!colspan=2 | Tap/trill
!colspan=2 | Tap/trill
| || ɾ ⟨r⟩ · r || || ||
| || '''r''' /[[w:Voiced alveolar tap|ɾ]]/, /[[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]/ || || ||
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | Lateral approximants
! colspan=2 | Lateral approximants
| || l || || ʎ ⟨ll⟩ ||
| || '''l''' /[[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]]/ || || '''ll''' /[[w:Voiced palatal lateral approximant|ʎ]]/ ||
|-
|-
! rowspan=2 | Fricatives
! rowspan=2 | Fricatives
! pulmonic
! pulmonic
| || s z || ʃ ⟨c⟩ ʒ ⟨j⟩ || rowspan=2 | ç ⟨ch⟩ || x ⟨h⟩
| || '''s''' /[[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]]/ · '''z''' /[[w:Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]]/ || '''c''' /[[w:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]]/ · '''j''' /[[w:Voiced postalveolar fricative|ʒ]]/ || rowspan=2 | '''ch''' /[[w:Voiceless palatal fricative|ç]]/ || '''h''' /[[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x]]/
|-
|-
! palatalised
! palatalised
| || sʲ ⟨ss⟩ zʲ ⟨zz⟩ || ||
| || '''ss''' /sʲ/ · '''zz''' /zʲ/ || ||
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | Affricates
! colspan=2 | Affricates
| pf~pfʷ ⟨ŵ⟩ || t͡s ⟨ts⟩ d͡z ⟨tz⟩ || || (t͡ɕ) (d͡ʑ) ||
| '''ŵ''' /[[w:Voiceless labiodental affricate|p̪f~p̪fʷ]]/ || '''ts''' /[[w:Voiceless alveolar affricate|t͡s]]/ · '''tz''' /[[w:Voiced alveolar affricate|d͡z]]/ || || /[[w:Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate|t͡ɕ]]/ · /[[w:Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate|d͡ʑ]]/||
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | Semivowel
! colspan=2 | Semivowel
| w || || || j ⟨y⟩ ||
| /[[w:Voiced labial–velar approximant|w]]/ || || || '''y''' /[[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]/ ||
|}
|}
⟨th⟩ is a digraph that was once used to represent [[Moshurian]] /ð/. Modern speakers pronounce ⟨th⟩ as /s/.
⟨th⟩ is a digraph that was once used to represent [[Moshurian]] /ð/. Modern speakers pronounce ⟨th⟩ as /s/.


/t͡ɕ/ and /d͡ʑ/ are allophones of /t͡s/ and /d͡z/ before /i/.
/t͡ɕ/ and /d͡ʑ/ are allophones of /t͡s/ and /d͡z/ before /i iː/.


The consonant cluster /kw/ is written ⟨qu⟩, and /gw/ is written ⟨gu⟩.
The consonant cluster /kw/ is written ⟨qu⟩, and /gw/ is written ⟨gu⟩.


/ɟ/ is generally written as ⟨dy⟩ and is traditionally contrastive with /gj/, written ⟨gy⟩; however, this distinction does not occur in many non-standard dialects and colloquial speech. The distinction, called ''gyâdyol'' (<small>With distinction:</small> [[Help:IPA|[gjaːɟol]]]; <small>Without distinction:</small> [[Help:IPA|[ɟaːɟol]]]), can also inadvertently redevelop through [[w:Hypercorrection|hypercorrection]]; some speakers in Turñma, traditionally known for a lack of ''gyâdyol'', have shown to pronounce /gj/ as affricate /[[w:Voiced palatal affricate|ɟʝ]]/, especially in initial positions, so ''gyâdyol'' may be pronounced [[Help:IPA|[ɟʝaːɟol]]].
/ɟ/ is generally written as ⟨dy⟩ and is traditionally contrastive with /gj/, written ⟨gy⟩; however, this distinction does not occur in many non-standard dialects and colloquial speech. The distinction, called ''gyâdyol'' (<small>With distinction:</small> [[IPA for Etzeá|[gjaːɟol]]]; <small>Without distinction:</small> [[IPA for Etzeá|[ɟaːɟol]]]), can also inadvertently redevelop through [[w:Hypercorrection|hypercorrection]]; some speakers in Turñma, traditionally known for a lack of ''gyâdyol'', have shown to pronounce /gj/ as affricate /[[w:Voiced palatal affricate|ɟʝ]]/, especially in initial positions, so ''gyâdyol'' may be pronounced [[IPA for Etzeá|[ɟʝaːɟol]]].
 
===Vowels===
===Vowels===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! rowspan=2 | !! colspan=2 | Front !! colspan=2 | Central !! colspan=2 | Back
! rowspan=2 | !! colspan=2 | Front !! colspan=2 | Back
|-
|-
! short !! long !! short !! long !! short !! long
! short !! long !! short !! long
|-
|-
! Close
! Close
| i || iː || colspan=2 | || u || uː
| '''i''' /[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]/ || '''î''' /iː/ || '''u''' /[[w:Close back unrounded vowel|u]]/ || '''û''' /uː/
|-
|-
! Close-mid
! Close-mid
| e || eː || colspan=2 | || o || oː
| '''e''' /[[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]/ || '''ê''' /eː/ || '''o''' /[[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]/ || '''ô''' /oː/
|-
|-
! Open-mid
! Open-mid
| ɛ || || colspan=2 | || ɔ ||
| '''è, ea''' /[[w:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛ]]/ || || '''ò''' /[[w:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]]/ ||
|-
|-
! Open
! Open
| colspan=2 | || a || aː || ɑ ||
| '''a''' /[[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]/ || '''â''' /aː/ || '''à''' /[[w:Open back unrounded vowel|ɑ]]/ ||
|}
|}
/ɑ/, /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ are shown by the letters ⟨à⟩, ⟨è⟩ and ⟨ò⟩ respectively. Long vowels are represented by circumflexes, as in ⟨â, ê, î, ô, û⟩ for /aː eː iː oː uː/ respectively.
All Proto-Yeldhic vowels, including long vowels, are preserved in Etzeá, except ''*é *ḗ'' which merged with /e eː/.
All Proto-Yeldhic vowels, including long vowels, are preserved in Etzeá, except ''*é'' which merged with /e/. ⟨ea⟩ also represents /ɛ/.


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
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: ''Kuzao nea satzan'ch.''
: ''Kuzao nea satzan'ch.''
: "The bottle that is mine, is blue.
: "The bottle that is mine, is blue.
Note that the structure of the second sentence, though grammatically correct, is generally uncommon. It is more likely to be formulated by a native speaker as ''Nea kuzao sátzan'ch''.
Note that the structure of the second sentence, though grammatically correct, is generally uncommon. It is more likely to be formulated by a native speaker as ''Nea kuzao satzan'ch''.


===Numerals===
===Numerals===
Numbers from 1-5 are entirely derived from [[Proto-Yeldhic]].
Numbers from 1-5 are entirely derived from [[Proto-Yeldhic]].
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! !! Etzeá !! Proto-Yeldhic
! !! colspan=2 | Etzeá !! Proto-Yeldhic
|-
|-
! 1
! 1
| ''ik'' || ''*ik''
| colspan=2 | ''ik'' || ''*ik''
|-
|-
! 2
! 2
| ''byân'' || ''*bījan''
| colspan=2 | ''byân'' || ''*bījan''
|-
|-
! 3
! 3
| ''tich'' || ''*tiði''
| colspan=2 | ''tich'' || ''*tiði''
|-
|-
! 4
! 4
| ''quisse'' || ''*wiśen''
| ''quis'' || ''quise'' || ''*wiśen''
|-
|-
! 5
! 5
| ''gueyèm'' || ''*igoīm''
| colspan=2 | ''guêm'' || ''*igoīm''
|}
|}


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Etzeá has a SVO word order and adjective-noun order. However, if an adverb is modifying the head, it is always placed before. Examples:
Etzeá has a SVO word order and adjective-noun order. However, if an adverb is modifying the head, it is always placed before. Examples:
: ''O tsia po jol ênez.''
: ''O tsia po jol ênez.''
: [[Help:IPA|[o t͡ɕia po ʒol eːnez]]]
: [[IPA for Etzeá|[o t͡ɕia po ʒol eːnez]]]
: 3.{{sc|sg}}.{{sc|nom}} go.{{sc|past}}.{{sc|simple}} {{sc|sbj}}.{{sc|abl}}.{{sc|art}} red.{{sc|sg}} house
: 3.{{sc|sg}}.{{sc|nom}} go.{{sc|past}}.{{sc|simple}} {{sc|sbj}}.{{sc|abl}}.{{sc|art}} red.{{sc|sg}} house
: "He went from his red house."
: "He went from his red house."
"He went quickly from his red house" would be:
"He went quickly from his red house" would be:
: ''Tâcta o tsia po jol ênez.''
: ''Tâcta o tsia po jol ênez.''
: [[Help:IPA|[taːʃta o t͡ɕia po ʒol eːnez]]]
: [[IPA for Etzeá|[taːʃta o t͡ɕia po ʒol eːnez]]]
: fast-{{sc|adv}} 3.{{sc|sg}}.{{sc|nom}} go.{{sc|past}}.{{sc|simple}} {{sc|sbj}}.{{sc|abl}}.{{sc|art}} red.{{sc|sg}} house
: fast-{{sc|adv}} 3.{{sc|sg}}.{{sc|nom}} go.{{sc|past}}.{{sc|simple}} {{sc|sbj}}.{{sc|abl}}.{{sc|art}} red.{{sc|sg}} house


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The Etzeá copula(''llècho'') is the only verb in Etzeá that is placed after the object. It is generally concatenated as '''ch'' after adjectives and nouns(when the subject is a noun), as in:
The Etzeá copula(''llècho'') is the only verb in Etzeá that is placed after the object. It is generally concatenated as '''ch'' after adjectives and nouns(when the subject is a noun), as in:
: ''Lems gòbal'ch.''
: ''Lems gòbal'ch.''
: [[Help:IPA|[lems gɔbalç]]]
: [[IPA for Etzeá|[lems gɔbalç]]]
: "The man is marooned."
: "The man is marooned."
However, if the subject is a [[#Personal pronouns|pronoun]] like ''en'', ''so'', ''tsus'' or the informal second-person ''o'', the copula is entirely omitted. Contrary to popular belief, this is not a vernacular feature, but a standard part of Etzeá grammar. However, this rule only officially applies to the specified pronouns; the rule does not apply to ''oyo'', ''pella''/''tsipella'' or the third-person ''o'', though the omission of the copula even in these contexts is fairly common in vernacular speech.
However, if the subject is a [[#Personal pronouns|pronoun]] like ''en'', ''so'', ''tsus'' or the informal second-person ''o'', the copula is entirely omitted. Contrary to popular belief, this is not a vernacular feature, but a standard part of Etzeá grammar. However, this rule only officially applies to the specified pronouns; the rule does not apply to ''oyo'', ''pella''/''tsipella'' or the third-person ''o'', though the omission of the copula even in these contexts is fairly common in vernacular speech.
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: "I am the rescuer." (Non-vernacular, Standard)
: "I am the rescuer." (Non-vernacular, Standard)
: '''''O''' lam lo podig.''
: '''''O''' lam lo podig.''
: "*He is the rescuer." (Non-standard; Vernacular in some areas)
: "*He the rescuer." (Non-standard; Vernacular in some areas)
: ''O lam lo podig''''ch'''.''
: ''O lam lo podig''''ch'''.''
: "He is the rescuer." (Non-vernacular, Standard)
: "He is the rescuer." (Non-vernacular, Standard)
==Example texts==
==Example texts==
==Other resources==
==Other resources==
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[[Category:Etzeá]]
[[Category:Etzeá]]
[[Category:Radael]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Yeldhic languages]]
[[Category:Yeldhic languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
Retrieved from "https://duo.linguifex.com/wiki/Etzeá"