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[[Boot Polish/Lexicon]]
'''Suwáá''' (''Suwáá tahyeq'') is a language isolate of Hmøøh, spoken on the island country and archipelago of [[Verse:Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq|Suwáábyíq]]. It is mainly inspired aesthetically by Burmese, Japanese, Navajo, and Ancient Greek, and its grammar is meant to be "Navajo-lite" (agglutinative, strongly prefixing, strongly head-final, and head-marking, though not fully polysynthetic; noun incorporation is limited to certain formal styles).


The Suwáá dialect continuum is not known to be related to any other Hmøøhian language, but some have proposed a relation to the [[Quame languages]] based on lexical coincidences.
== Lexicon ==
* Nyu-Mɛ Kɛ{{acute}}q: inventor of  Kite guitar-type guitars
* su- = ''frozen derivation''
* wáá = person
* khywen = house
* weé = name
* maa = tree
* yań = water
* lwɛ = to do, to make
* mɔ́ = blood
* zoo = to look
* mé = to be (copula)
** ''Upwe namé.'' 'I am a boy.'
** ''Suwáá imé.'' 'He is a Suwáá.'
* ze = to eat
* zé = to stack


{{Infobox language
== Phonology ==
|image =  
=== Initials ===
|imagesize =  
Suwáá has a large number of initials; however, prefixes do not allow aspirated or voiced initials.
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
* Historical velar stops: k kh g ŋ ky khy gy ŋy kw khw gw ŋw kyw khyw gyw ŋyw /k kʰ g ŋ tɕ tɕʰ dʑ ɲ kw kʰw ŋw tɕɥ tɕʰɥ dʑɥ ɲɥ/
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
* Historical alveolar stops: t th d n s sh z ny tw thw dw nw sw shw zw nyw /t tʰ d n s sʰ z ɲ tw tʰw dw nw sw sʰw zw ɲɥ/
|nativename = ''Bootɂ palishoo''
* Historical labial stops: p ph b m py phy by my pw phw bw mw /p pʰ b m pj pʰj bj mj pw pʰw bw mw/
|pronunciation= /puːtʼ pʰɑlɪʂuː/
* y r w h ry hy rw hw ryw yw hyw /j r w h rj ɕ rw hw lɥ ɥ ɕɥ/
|region = Boot
|extinct = 220 v.T.
|familycolor=PfK
|fam1= [[Proto-Quihum|Quihum]]
|fam2= [[Shoeic languages|Shoeic]]
|script={{PAGENAME}} script
|iso3=
|notice=IPA
}}


'''{{PAGENAME}}''' ({{spell-nv|''Bootɂ palishoo''}} 'Boot's language') is a Quihum language spoken by the Boot people (or "Boot Poles"). It is primarily inspired by Polish, Navajo, and Ancient Greek.
Usually, /r/ is realized much like Standard Japanese ''r''; it is [l] before /i j/.


==Sound changes from Proto-Quihum==
=== Rimes ===
*kʷēma, tiłōr, nazgē, λawp’ē, caliłē, qʷ’ela, rōdē, lozet’ē, pʼazgʷē, q’eyōr
* Monomoraic: i e ɛ a ɔ o u n /i e ɛ a ɔ o u ɯ̃/
#k > kʲ > ts; kʷ > ʈʂ
* Bimoraic, but q cannot bear tone: iq eq ɛq aq ɔq oq uq /ɪʔ eɪ̯ʔ aɪ̯ʔ aʔ aʊ̯ʔ oʊ̯ʔ ʊʔ/
#q > x, k' > ʔ, g > ɣ
* Bimoraic, both morae tone-bearing: ii ee ɛɛ aa ɔɔ oo uu in en ɛn an ɔn on un /iː eː ɛː aː ɔː oː uː ɪɰ̃ eɪ̯ɰ̃ aɪ̯ɰ̃ aɰ̃ aʊ̯ɰ̃ oʊ̯ɰ̃ uɰ̃/
#p > kʷ > k
#s z > x ɣ / {r u/w K i/y}_
#h > x; r > ɣ
#ɬ tɬ ɮ > ç cç ʝ > ɕ t͡ɕ ʑ
#final ɣ drops out and lengthens the vowel
#*tʂēma, tiɕô, nazdzē, dʑawk’ē, tsaliɕē, ʔela, ɣōdē, lozet’ē, k’aʐdʐē, ʔejô
#uu > oo > aa > ee > ii > yee
#aaa, eee > aay, iii > uuy, ooo > aaw, uuu > iiw
#long diphthongs lose their offglides: aay aaw > aa, eey, eew > ee, iiw > ii, ooy, oow > oo. uuy > uu
PROTO-SHOEIC
#*tʂīma, tiɕā, nazdzī, dʑawk’ī, tsaliɕī, ʔela, ɣādī, lozet’ī, kʼaʐdʐī, ʔejā
#after ejectives, vowels shift because of creaky voice
#*aa > ea, ee > iə, ii > üü, oo > əə, uu > oo
#*a > ə, i > e, u > o
#noncreaky uu > üü; final -ii > üü
#*tʂīma, tiɕā, nazdzǖ, dʑawk’ǖ, tsaliɕǖ, ʔəla, ɣādǖ, lozet’ǖ, kʼəʐdʐǖ, ʔəjā
#ī, ǖ, ē palatalize >ʲī, ʲū, ʲē
#ā > ʲā, əə > ā
#ay > ē, aw > ō, oy uy > ī, iw > ʲū, ey > ʲē, ew > ʲō
#e > ʲa i > ʲɨ, a > o, o > u, u > ɨ, ə > a
#tʲ, cʲ > ć, dʲ, dzʲ > dź, sʲ > ś, zʲ > ź
#pʲ > t, bʲ > d, pʲ' > t'
#l > ł; lʲ > l; xʲ ɣʲ > ʂ ʐ
#ē > é; ī > í; ō > ó; ū > ó
#voicing distinction > aspiration/fortis
#*Boot Polish: {{spell-nv|''chiima, cyisya, nazyjyoo, dzyookɂoo, calisyoo, ɂala, ghaajyoo, lozyacyɂoo, kɂazhjhoo, ɂaya''}}
BOOT POLISH


==Phonology==
/ʔ/ is realized as gemination before obstruents; /ɯ̃ ɰ̃/ are realized as homorganic nasals before nasal and stop initials.
===Consonants===


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align:center;"
=== Tone ===
|+ '''Consonant phonemes in Boot Polish'''
High (acute) and low (unmarked)
|-
== Morphology ==
!  colspan="2" style="width: 136px; "|
=== Nouns ===
!  style="width: 68px; " |Labial
Suwáá nouns are often, though not always, monosyllabic, like ''mɔ́'' 'blood'. Here is an example of a noun inflected for possession:
!  style="width: 68px; " |Dental
* ''namɔ́'' = my blood
!  style="width: 68px; " |Retroflex
* ''himɔ́'' = thy blood
!  style="width: 68px; " |Alveolo-palatal
* ''tamɔ́'' = his/her/their blood (proximate, like Navajo bi-)
!  style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
* ''wamɔ́'' = his/her/their blood (obviative‚ like Navajo yi-)
!  style="width: 68px; " |Velar
* ''amɔ́'' = one's blood
!  style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
* ''kyamɔ́'' = our (exc.) blood
|-
* ''yemɔ́'' = our (inc.) blood
! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal
* ''erimɔ́'' = your (pl.) blood
| {{spell-nv|'''m'''}} /m/
| {{spell-nv|'''n'''}} /n/
|
|
| {{spell-nv|'''ny'''}} /ɲ/
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" style=""  |Plosive
! |<small>tenuis</small>
| {{spell-nv|'''b'''}} /p/
| {{spell-nv|'''d'''}} /t/
|
|
| {{spell-nv|'''gy'''}} /c/
| {{spell-nv|'''g'''}} /k/
| {{spell-nv|'''ɂ'''}} /ʔ/
|-
! |<small>aspirated</small>
| ({{spell-nv|'''p'''}} /pʰ/)
| {{spell-nv|'''t'''}} /tʰ/
|
|
| {{spell-nv|'''ky'''}} /cʰ/
| {{spell-nv|'''k'''}} /kʰ/
|
|-
! |<small>ejective</small>
|
| {{spell-nv|'''tɂ'''}} /tʼ/
|
|
| {{spell-nv|'''kyɂ'''}} /cʼ/
| {{spell-nv|'''kɂ'''}} /kʼ/
|
|-
! rowspan="2" style="" |Fricative
! |<small>lenis</small>
|
| {{spell-nv|'''z'''}} /z̊/
| {{spell-nv|'''zh'''}} /ʐ̊/
| {{spell-nv|'''zy'''}} /ʑ̊/
|
| {{spell-nv|'''gh'''}} /ɣ̊/
|
|-
! |<small>fortis</small>
|
| {{spell-nv|'''s'''}} /sˑ/
| {{spell-nv|'''sh'''}} /ʂˑ/
| {{spell-nv|'''sy'''}} /ɕˑ/
|
| {{spell-nv|'''kh'''}} /xˑ/
| {{spell-nv|'''h'''}} /h/
|-
! rowspan="3" style="" |Affricate
! |<small>tenuis</small>
|
| {{spell-nv|'''j'''}} /ts/
| {{spell-nv|'''jh'''}} /tʂ/
| {{spell-nv|'''jy'''}} /tɕ/
|
|
|
|-
! |<small>aspirated</small>
|
| {{spell-nv|'''c'''}} /tsʰ/
| {{spell-nv|'''ch'''}} /tʂʰ/
| {{spell-nv|'''cy'''}} /tɕʰ/
|
|
|
|-
! |<small>ejective</small>
|
| {{spell-nv|'''cɂ'''}} /tsʼ/
| {{spell-nv|'''chɂ'''}} /tʂʼ/
| {{spell-nv|'''cyɂ'''}} /tɕʼ/
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" style="" |Approximant
! |<small>central</small>
|
|
|
|
| {{spell-nv|'''y'''}} /j/
| {{spell-nv|'''w'''}} /w/
|
|-
! |<small>lateral</small>
|
| {{spell-nv|'''l'''}} /l/
|
|
| {{spell-nv|'''ly'''}} /ʎ/
|
|
|}


All consonants are long, compared to English: with plain stops the hold is longer, with aspirated stops the aspiration is longer, and with affricates the frication is longer. The voice onset time of the aspirated and ejective stops is twice as long as that found in most other languages.
Possession is indicated by using the appropriate possessive form after the possessor: ''Eqsiq tamɔ́'' (E. 3-blood) 'Eqsiq's blood'.
=== Verbs ===
Suwáá verb roots are always monosyllabic.


;Stops and affricates
== Syntax ==
All stops and affricates, except for the bilabial and glottal, have a three-way laryngeal contrast between unaspirated, aspirated, and ejective. The labials /p, pʰ, m/ are found mainly in grammatical affixes and loanwords. Most of the contrasts in the inventory lie within coronal territory at the alveolar and palatoalveolar places of articulation.
=== Obviation ===
Like Navajo, Suwáá shows various levels of animacy in its grammar, with certain nouns taking specific verb forms according to their rank in this animacy hierarchy. For instance, Suwáá nouns can be ranked by animacy on a continuum from most animate (a human or lightning) to least animate (an abstraction):


The aspirated stops /tʰ, kʰ/ (orthographic {{angbr|{{spell-nv|t}}}}, {{angbr|{{spell-nv|k}}}}) are typically aspirated with velar frication [tx, kx] (they are phonetically affricates — homorganic in the case of [kx], heterorganic in the case of [tx]). The acoustic difference between an affricate and a stop + fricative consonant cluster is the rate of increase in the amplitude of the frication noise (i.e. the ''rise time''); affricates have a short rise time, consonant clusters have a longer rise time between the stop and fricative. There is variation within Boot Polish, however, in this respect: some Boot Poles lack strong velar frication having instead a period of aspiration.
humans > infants/big animals > midsize animals > small animals > insects > natural forces > inanimate objects/plants > abstractions


Similarly the unaspirated velar /k/ (orthographic {{angbr|{{spell-nv|g}}}}) is realized as with optional voiced velar frication following the stop burst: [k] ~ [kɣ].
Generally, the most animate noun in a sentence must occur first while the noun with lesser animacy occurs second. If both nouns are equal in animacy, then either noun can occur in the first position. So, both example sentences (1) and (2) are correct. The ''n-'' prefix on the verb indicates that the 1st noun is the subject and ''i-'' indicates that the 2nd noun is the subject.


While the aspiration of stops is markedly long compared to most other languages, the aspiration of the affricates is quite short: the main feature distinguishing /ts/, /tʂ/ and /tɕ/ from /tsʰ/, /tʂʰ/ and /tɕʰ/ is that the frication is half again as long in the latter: [tsʰˑ], [tʂʰˑ], [tɕʰˑ]. The ejectives /tsʼ/, /tʂʼ/, /tɕʼ/, on the other hand, have short frication, presumably due to the lack of pulmonic airflow. There is a period of near silence before the glottalized onset of the vowel.
: ''Upwe unɛń nzoo.'' (1)
: boy girl OBV-look
: 'The boy is looking at the girl.'


;Fricatives
: ''Upwe unɛń izoo.'' (2)
Boot Polish fricatives are noisier than the fricatives that occur in English.
: boy girl PROX-look
: 'The girl is being looked at by the boy.'


Boot Polish also does not have consistent phonetic voicing in the "voiced" fricative members: /z, ʐ, ʑ, ɣ/ may be partially devoiced during the constriction. In stem-initial position, /ʐ/ has a slight tendency to be voiceless near the offset, /z/ and /ʑ/ are often mostly voiceless with phonetic voicing only at the onset, /ɣ/ is also only partially voiced with voicing at onset. A more consistent acoustic correlate of the "voicing" is the duration of the consonant: "voiceless" consonants have longer durations than "voiced" consonants.
But example sentence (3) sounds wrong to most Suwáá speakers because the less animate noun occurs before the more animate noun:
: ''*Hipyii unɛń hyenkywáq.''
: bird girl PST-OBV-peck
: 'The bird pecked the girl.'


;Glottal(ized) consonants
To express this idea requires that the more animate noun occur first, as in sentence (4):
Consonants involving a glottal closure — the glottal stop, ejective stops, and the glottalized sonorants — may have optional creaky voice on voiced sounds adjacent to the glottal gesture. Glottal stops may also be realized entirely as creaky voice instead of single glottal closure. Ejectives in Boot Polish differ from the ejectives in many other languages in that the glottal closure is not released near-simultaneously with the release of the oral closure (as is common in other languages) — it is held for a significant amount of time following oral release. The glottalized sonorants /mʼ, nʼ/ are articulated with a glottal stop preceding the oral closure with optional creaky voice during the oral closure: [ʔm ~ ʔm̰, ʔn ~ ʔn̰].
: ''Unɛń hipyii hyeekywáq.''
: girl bird PST-PROX-peck
: 'The girl was pecked by the bird.'


===Vowels===
== Vocabulary ==
{{col-begin}}
Purist
{{col-break}}
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
|+ '''Boot Polish oral vowels'''
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Front
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Central
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
| {{spell-nv|'''i'''}} /ɪ/
| {{spell-nv|'''ii'''}} /iː/
|
|
| {{spell-nv|'''o'''}} /u/
| {{spell-nv|'''oo'''}} /uː/
|-
! style="" |Mid
| {{spell-nv|'''e'''}} /ɛ/
| {{spell-nv|'''ee'''}} /ɛː/
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Open
|
|
|
|
| {{spell-nv|'''a'''}} /ɑ/
| {{spell-nv|'''aa'''}} /ɑː/
|}
 
{{col-break}}
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
|+ '''Boot Polish nasal vowels'''
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Front
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Central
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
| {{spell-nv|'''iƞ'''}} /ĩ/
| {{spell-nv|'''iiƞ'''}} /ĩː/
|
|
| {{spell-nv|'''oƞ'''}} /ũ/
| {{spell-nv|'''ooƞ'''}} /ũː/
|-
! style="" |Mid
| {{spell-nv|'''eƞ'''}} /ɛ̃/
| {{spell-nv|'''eeƞ'''}} /ɛ̃ː/
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Open
|
|
|
|
| {{spell-nv|'''aƞ'''}} /ɑ̃/
| {{spell-nv|'''aaƞ'''}} /ɑ̃ː/
|}
{{col-end}}
 
==Morphology==
Boot Polish is quite fusional, using consonant and vowel changes to inflect words.
===Nouns===
Forming the genitive for masculine singular nouns:
# If the noun ends in a non-ejective stop, turn it to an ejective: {{spell-nv|''lyiijh''}} 'grass' > {{spell-nv|''lyiichʼ''}}
# If the word ends in another consonant, add {{spell-nv|''-Vɂ''}} (where V is a short non-nasal counterpart of the last vowel): {{spell-nv|''shchɂoy''}} 'love' > {{spell-nv|''shchɂoyoɂ''}}
# If the word ends in a vowel, add {{spell-nv|''-ɂ''}}: {{spell-nv|''ghaƞshjhaƞ''}} 'bucket' > {{spell-nv|''ghaƞshjhaƞɂ''}}
 
Forming the genitive for feminine singular nouns:
# If the noun ends in a vowel, add {{spell-nv|''-kh''}}: {{spell-nv|''palishoo''}} 'language' > {{spell-nv|''palishookh''}}
# If the noun ends in a coronal stop, turn it into a dental affricate: {{spell-nv|''jyeed''}} 'tears' > {{spell-nv|''jyeej''}}
# If the word ends in a velar stop, turn it into a retroflex affricate: {{spell-nv|''hooƞk''}} 'armor' > {{spell-nv|''hooƞch''}}
# If the word ends in any other consonant, add {{spell-nv|''-Vkh''}}.
 
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]][[Category:Shoeic languages]][[Category:Quihum languages]][[Category:Hussmauch]]

Latest revision as of 19:56, 27 August 2024

Suwáá (Suwáá tahyeq) is a language isolate of Hmøøh, spoken on the island country and archipelago of Suwáábyíq. It is mainly inspired aesthetically by Burmese, Japanese, Navajo, and Ancient Greek, and its grammar is meant to be "Navajo-lite" (agglutinative, strongly prefixing, strongly head-final, and head-marking, though not fully polysynthetic; noun incorporation is limited to certain formal styles).

The Suwáá dialect continuum is not known to be related to any other Hmøøhian language, but some have proposed a relation to the Quame languages based on lexical coincidences.

Lexicon

  • Nyu-Mɛ Kɛ́q: inventor of Kite guitar-type guitars
  • su- = frozen derivation
  • wáá = person
  • khywen = house
  • weé = name
  • maa = tree
  • yań = water
  • lwɛ = to do, to make
  • mɔ́ = blood
  • zoo = to look
  • mé = to be (copula)
    • Upwe namé. 'I am a boy.'
    • Suwáá imé. 'He is a Suwáá.'
  • ze = to eat
  • zé = to stack

Phonology

Initials

Suwáá has a large number of initials; however, prefixes do not allow aspirated or voiced initials.

  • Historical velar stops: k kh g ŋ ky khy gy ŋy kw khw gw ŋw kyw khyw gyw ŋyw /k kʰ g ŋ tɕ tɕʰ dʑ ɲ kw kʰw ŋw tɕɥ tɕʰɥ dʑɥ ɲɥ/
  • Historical alveolar stops: t th d n s sh z ny tw thw dw nw sw shw zw nyw /t tʰ d n s sʰ z ɲ tw tʰw dw nw sw sʰw zw ɲɥ/
  • Historical labial stops: p ph b m py phy by my pw phw bw mw /p pʰ b m pj pʰj bj mj pw pʰw bw mw/
  • y r w h ry hy rw hw ryw yw hyw /j r w h rj ɕ rw hw lɥ ɥ ɕɥ/

Usually, /r/ is realized much like Standard Japanese r; it is [l] before /i j/.

Rimes

  • Monomoraic: i e ɛ a ɔ o u n /i e ɛ a ɔ o u ɯ̃/
  • Bimoraic, but q cannot bear tone: iq eq ɛq aq ɔq oq uq /ɪʔ eɪ̯ʔ aɪ̯ʔ aʔ aʊ̯ʔ oʊ̯ʔ ʊʔ/
  • Bimoraic, both morae tone-bearing: ii ee ɛɛ aa ɔɔ oo uu in en ɛn an ɔn on un /iː eː ɛː aː ɔː oː uː ɪɰ̃ eɪ̯ɰ̃ aɪ̯ɰ̃ aɰ̃ aʊ̯ɰ̃ oʊ̯ɰ̃ uɰ̃/

/ʔ/ is realized as gemination before obstruents; /ɯ̃ ɰ̃/ are realized as homorganic nasals before nasal and stop initials.

Tone

High (acute) and low (unmarked)

Morphology

Nouns

Suwáá nouns are often, though not always, monosyllabic, like mɔ́ 'blood'. Here is an example of a noun inflected for possession:

  • namɔ́ = my blood
  • himɔ́ = thy blood
  • tamɔ́ = his/her/their blood (proximate, like Navajo bi-)
  • wamɔ́ = his/her/their blood (obviative‚ like Navajo yi-)
  • amɔ́ = one's blood
  • kyamɔ́ = our (exc.) blood
  • yemɔ́ = our (inc.) blood
  • erimɔ́ = your (pl.) blood

Possession is indicated by using the appropriate possessive form after the possessor: Eqsiq tamɔ́ (E. 3-blood) 'Eqsiq's blood'.

Verbs

Suwáá verb roots are always monosyllabic.

Syntax

Obviation

Like Navajo, Suwáá shows various levels of animacy in its grammar, with certain nouns taking specific verb forms according to their rank in this animacy hierarchy. For instance, Suwáá nouns can be ranked by animacy on a continuum from most animate (a human or lightning) to least animate (an abstraction):

humans > infants/big animals > midsize animals > small animals > insects > natural forces > inanimate objects/plants > abstractions

Generally, the most animate noun in a sentence must occur first while the noun with lesser animacy occurs second. If both nouns are equal in animacy, then either noun can occur in the first position. So, both example sentences (1) and (2) are correct. The n- prefix on the verb indicates that the 1st noun is the subject and i- indicates that the 2nd noun is the subject.

Upwe unɛń nzoo. (1)
boy girl OBV-look
'The boy is looking at the girl.'
Upwe unɛń izoo. (2)
boy girl PROX-look
'The girl is being looked at by the boy.'

But example sentence (3) sounds wrong to most Suwáá speakers because the less animate noun occurs before the more animate noun:

*Hipyii unɛń hyenkywáq.
bird girl PST-OBV-peck
'The bird pecked the girl.'

To express this idea requires that the more animate noun occur first, as in sentence (4):

Unɛń hipyii hyeekywáq.
girl bird PST-PROX-peck
'The girl was pecked by the bird.'

Vocabulary

Purist