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Carnian dialects: Difference between revisions
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(Created page with "Carnian is traditionally divided into five dialect groups: Carinthian (''corinsc''), Upper (''gorn''), Lower (''doln''), Central (''centraln''), and Kvarner (''cuarn'') as well as one sociolect Fyn. The dialects can also have several subdialects, which are further divided into microdialects. == Background == The rise of the March of Carinthia allowed Northwestern Alpine Slavic to become a prestigious vernacular and spread beyond the territory of Carinthia proper. I...") |
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=== Kvarner === | === Kvarner === | ||
The '''Kvarner''' dialect, spoken in | The '''Kvarner''' dialect, spoken in Istra and Libursca, represents a type of newer, mixed dialect which evolved as a consequence of Carnian territorial expansion southwards. It evolved from the mix of the traditional dialects, primarily Central, and had been significantly influenced by Chakavian and local Romance varieties. While those influences were stronger locally (i.e., Romance in western Istra and Reaca, Chakavian in the other areas), those features are found beyond the borders of the traditional settlement due to population mixing. | ||
Main features: | Main features: | ||
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* Weak to no vowel reduction. It should not be understood as the lack of reduction, but rather as fuller realization of unstressed vowels (e.g., [ɔ ~ o̞] instead of [ɞ]) | * Weak to no vowel reduction. It should not be understood as the lack of reduction, but rather as fuller realization of unstressed vowels (e.g., [ɔ ~ o̞] instead of [ɞ]) | ||
* Moderate and varying degree of syncope | * Moderate and varying degree of syncope | ||
* The accent is predominantly penultimate. Eastern | * The accent is predominantly penultimate. Eastern Istra and Gorski Kotar exhibit some degree of free accent influenced by Chakavian. Parts of Cres preserve stem-initial accent | ||
* Presence of pitch accent with tones often agreeing with the Chakavian words | * Presence of pitch accent with tones often agreeing with the Chakavian words | ||
* ''cie'' or ''cia'' instead of ''kei'' | * ''cie'' or ''cia'' instead of ''kei'' | ||
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* ''ea'' either merged with ''e'' or ''a'', or decomposed to [ɛ.ä] | * ''ea'' either merged with ''e'' or ''a'', or decomposed to [ɛ.ä] | ||
* ''œ'' usually merged with ''a'', except for Reaca agglomeration which has standard [ɜ] | * ''œ'' usually merged with ''a'', except for Reaca agglomeration which has standard [ɜ] | ||
* Non-palatal ''tzacavizm'': ''ċ'', ''ṡ'', and ''ġ'' are replaced with ''tz'', ''s'', and ''z'', or transitive ''tzj'', ''sj'', ''zj''. This is most common in eastern | * Non-palatal ''tzacavizm'': ''ċ'', ''ṡ'', and ''ġ'' are replaced with ''tz'', ''s'', and ''z'', or transitive ''tzj'', ''sj'', ''zj''. This is most common in eastern Istra and on the islands | ||
* Varying degree of accent retraction in place of old word-final nasal vowels (blocked entirely in areas with stem-initial accent) | * Varying degree of accent retraction in place of old word-final nasal vowels (blocked entirely in areas with stem-initial accent) | ||
* Mid vowels are often true mid [e̞] and [o̞] | * Mid vowels are often true mid [e̞] and [o̞] | ||
* The realization of ''y'' ranges from [ei] to [iː] | * The realization of ''y'' ranges from [ei] to [iː] | ||
* The infinitive is usually long -''ti'', with rhotacization to -''ri'', -''re'', or -''r'' in western | * The infinitive is usually long -''ti'', with rhotacization to -''ri'', -''re'', or -''r'' in western Istra | ||
* Fossilized instrumental and locative expressions | * Fossilized instrumental and locative expressions | ||
* High degree of Romance and Chakavian loanwords | * High degree of Romance and Chakavian loanwords | ||
* Presence of unadapted ''ć'' and ''đ'' in Chakavian loanwords | * Presence of unadapted ''ć'' and ''đ'' in Chakavian loanwords | ||
* Loss of animacy distinction in Western | * Loss of animacy distinction in Western Istra | ||
* Neuter-masculine merger in the Western | * Neuter-masculine merger in the Western Istra dialects | ||
=== Fyn === | === Fyn === | ||