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Pre-Húsnorsk: Difference between revisions

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|ancestor=Proto-Norse
|ancestor=Proto-Norse
|ancestor4={{PAGENAME}}
|ancestor4={{PAGENAME}}
|creator=Melinoë
|creator=[[user:Melinoë|Melinoë]]
|familycolor=Indo-European
|familycolor=Indo-European
|iso3=phus
|iso3=phus
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==Morphology==
==Morphology==
===Umlaut===
===Umlaut===
[[w:umlaut|Umlaut]] is a series of alternations in the stressed vowel. It arises as a historic vowel change, a kind of regressive harmony through which the stressed vowel becomes more similar to the vowel(s) in the following syllable, as in OWN "ǫlkur" (nominative plural of "alka"), from Proto-Germanic *alkōniz (nominative plural of *alkǭ). Umlaut was a pervasive feature of Old Norse, especially Old West Norse, appearing in almost every aspect of the language, but it is not nearly as so in Húsnorsk, u-umlaut having been fully analogized out, this greatly simplifies the language's morphology, but leads to many mergers, largely between different forms of a word (see the neuter a-stem nom/acc singular and plural, eg. ''mál'' and ''mál''). i-umlaut, however, is largely preserved, even extended at times. An odd phenomena occurs wherein words where the stressed vowel is ''i'', when undergoing i-umlaut, instead exhibit u-umlaut (eg. ''i'' > ''y''), the cause for this is entirely unknown.
[[w:umlaut|Umlaut]] is a series of alternations in the stressed vowel. It arises as a historic vowel change, a kind of regressive harmony through which the stressed vowel becomes more similar to the vowel(s) in the following syllable, as in OWN "ǫlkur" (nominative plural of "alka"), from Proto-Germanic *alkōniz (nominative plural of *alkǭ). Umlaut was a pervasive feature of Old Norse, especially Old West Norse, appearing in almost every aspect of the language, but it is not nearly as so in Húsnorsk, u-umlaut having been largely analogized out (it remains in some words where the u-umlaut occurred through enough forms for the umlauted root to be used rather than the basic one), this greatly simplifies the language's morphology, but leads to many mergers, largely between different forms of a word (see the neuter a-stem nom/acc singular and plural, eg. ''mál'' and ''mál''). i-umlaut, however, is largely preserved, even extended at times. An odd phenomena occurs wherein words where the stressed vowel is ''i'', when undergoing i-umlaut, instead exhibit u-umlaut (eg. ''i'' > ''y''), the cause for this is entirely unknown.


The later vowel alternations from l-vocalization have yet to occur, as l seemingly had not yet to vocalize.
The later vowel alternations from l-vocalization have yet to occur, as l seemingly had not yet to vocalize.
===Nouns===
===Nouns===
Pre-Húsnorsk seems to exhibit the beginnings of the masculine/feminine collapsing into the common, though it had not been completed yet, this being one of the main distinctions between Pre-Húsnorsk (a dialect of Old Norse) from Varhúsnorsk (a distinct language).
Pre-Húsnorsk seems to exhibit the beginnings of the masculine/feminine collapsing into the common, though it had not been completed yet, this being one of the main distinctions between Pre-Húsnorsk (a dialect of Old Norse) from Varhúsnorsk (a distinct language).
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===Verbs===
===Verbs===
Since Old Norse, Húsnorsk has begun using {{term|-at}} far more often, generalizing it into the negative affix for all verbs. ''-at'' appears as ''-t'' after vowels.
Húsnorsk has begun using {{term|-at}} far more often, generalizing it into the negative affix for all verbs. ''-at'' appears as ''-t'' after vowels.
 
The plural imperative is usually ''-ið'', but it's occasionally seen as ''-að'', the origin of this new suffix is unknown, but likely comes from differentiating it from the subjunctive.
====Strong verbs====
====Strong verbs====
Strong verbs are characterized by ablaut in the past tense forms, rather than the dental suffix of the weak verbs.
Strong verbs are characterized by ablaut in the past tense forms, rather than the dental suffix of the weak verbs.
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=====Class 1=====
=====Class 1=====
{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=grípa|type=1|gríp|grip}}
Class 1 is defined by ''-ī-'' in the present and ''-i-'' in the past.
{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s|lem=grīpa|type=1|grīp|grip}}
 
=====Class 2=====
=====Class 2=====
{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=lýga|type=2|lýg|lug}}
{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s|lem=ljūga|type=2|ljūg|lug}}
=====Class 3=====
=====Class 3=====
{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=sykka|type=3|sykk|sukk}}
{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s|lem=sykka|type=3|sykk|sukk}}
=====Class 4=====
=====Class 4=====
=====Class 5=====
=====Class 5=====
{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=gata|pastpart=tj|type=5|gat|gát}}
{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s|lem=gæta|paspar=t|type=5|gæt|gāt}}
=====Class 6=====
=====Class 6=====
=====Class 7=====
=====Class 7=====
{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=gagga|type=7|gagg|gegg}}
{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s|lem=gagga|type=7|gagg|gægg|1i=gægg}}
the -gg- of ''gagga'' acts as a good example for the -gg- > -j- change exhibited by many younger speakers in common verbs.
====Weak verbs====
Weak verbs are defined by a ''-þ-'' in the past tense, with the forms otherwise identical to the present.


====Weak verbs====
weak verbs have largely been leveled to two patterns, now called weak and j-weak. This first verb, ''bøygja'', is a j-weak.
weak verbs have largely been leveled to one or two patterns, now called weak and j-weak. This first verb, ''bǿgja'', is a j-weak.
{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs w|lem=bøygja|bøyg|bøygþ|1j=bøygj|2s=bøygts}}
{{Jugsnorsk verbs w|lem=bǿgja|bǿg|1j=bǿ(g)j}}


This next verb, ''hava'', is a plain weak.
This next verb, ''hafa'', is a plain weak.
{{Jugsnorsk verbs w|lem=hava|j=n|hav}}
{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs w|lem=hafa|haf|hafþ}}


====Suppletive verbs====
====Suppletive verbs====
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This first verb is the main copula. Though the tables presented here are fully regular as a strong 5 verb, forms exist which aren't, the Contionary page should be seen for these.
This first verb is the main copula. Though the tables presented here are fully regular as a strong 5 verb, forms exist which aren't, the Contionary page should be seen for these.
{{Pre-Húsnorsk wæʀa|lem=vaja|vaj|váj|1js=vé|2js=vé}}
{{Pre-Húsnorsk wæʀa}}
The regularized ''wæs-'' root was generally rare till late Pre-Húsnorsk, where it starts becoming the dominant forms (with ''wāʀ-'' retained for the past)


===Numerals===
===Numerals===
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| eldr
| eldr
| eldʀ
| eldʀ
| eudăʀ
| eldăʀ
|-
|-
|2
|2
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| mouth
| mouth
| (body) munnr</br>(river) mynni</br>(river) óss
| (body) munnr</br>(river) mynni</br>(river) óss
| (body) munðʀ</br>(river) mynni</br>(river) óss
| (body) munþʀ</br>(river) mynni</br>(river) ōss
| (body) munðăʀ</br>(river) mynði</br>(river) ósăʀ
| (body) munþăʀ</br>(river) mynþi</br>(river) ōsăʀ
|-
|-
|6
|6
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| blóð
| blóð
| blōþ
| blōþ
| blōð
| blōþ
|-
|-
|8
|8
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|10
|10
| root
| root
|  
| rót
|  
| rōt
|  
| rōt
|-
|-
|11
|11
| to come (move)
| to come (move)
|  
| kuma, koma
|  
| koma, kuma
|  
| koma
|-
|-
|12
|12
| breast
| breast
|  
| brjóst
|  
| brjōst?
|  
| brjost
|-
|-
|13
|13
| rain
| rain
|  
| regn
|  
| rægn
|  
| rægn
|-
|-
|14
|14
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| nafn
| nafn
| nafn (naβn?)
| nafn (naβn?)
| nafn
| namn
|-
|-
|16
|16
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| one (number)
| one (number)
| einn
| einn
| én(?)
| ēn(?)
| æin
| æin
|-
|-
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| not (adj./adv.)
| not (adj./adv.)
| eigi</br>(verbal) -at
| eigi</br>(verbal) -at
| eigi</br>(verbal) -at
| ēgi</br>(verbal) -at
| æigi, æi</br>(verbal) -(a)t
| æigi, æi</br>(verbal) -(a)t
|-
|-
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|58
|58
| to know
| to know
|  
| kunna</br>(a person) kenna
|  
| kunna</br>(a person) kænna
|  
| konna</br>(a person) kænna
|-
|-
|59
|59
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|63
|63
| soil
| soil
|n
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
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| feldr (animal)</br> skinn (general)</br>húð
| feldr (animal)</br> skinn (general)</br>húð
| feldʀ (animal)</br> skin(n) (general)</br>hūþ
| feldʀ (animal)</br> skin(n) (general)</br>hūþ
| feldăʀ (animal)</br> skinð³ (general)</br>hūðăʀ (human)
| feldăʀ (animal)</br> skenþ³ (general)</br>hūþăʀ (human)
|-
|-
|69
|69
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|75
|75
| to eat
| to eat
|  
| eta
|  
| æta
|  
| æta
|-
|-
|76
|76
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