Elvarri: Difference between revisions
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{{construction}} | {{construction}} | ||
{{infobox language | {{infobox language | ||
| image = File:Elvariu.png | |||
| imagecaption = The word "Elvariu" in Nagri script | |||
| imagesize = 300px | |||
| name = Elvarri | | name = Elvarri | ||
| nativename = elvariu / elvar eskes | | nativename = elvariu / elvar eskes | ||
| Line 12: | Line 15: | ||
| ancestor1 = Proto-Luxelvic | | ancestor1 = Proto-Luxelvic | ||
| ancestor2 = Proto-North Luxelvic | | ancestor2 = Proto-North Luxelvic | ||
| ancestor3 = Early Elvarri | |||
| setting = Hamanna | | setting = Hamanna | ||
| notice = ipa | | notice = ipa | ||
| Line 82: | Line 86: | ||
{{ipa|/ɛ ɔ/}} become {{ipa|/e o/}} in unstressed syllables. {{ipa|/u/}} was also often dropped between a velar consonant and any other consonant, rendering the latter consonant syllabic, as in ''k'''u'''ruk'' "tailor" [[IPA for Elvarri|[ˈkr̩uk]]]. | {{ipa|/ɛ ɔ/}} become {{ipa|/e o/}} in unstressed syllables. {{ipa|/u/}} was also often dropped between a velar consonant and any other consonant, rendering the latter consonant syllabic, as in ''k'''u'''ruk'' "tailor" [[IPA for Elvarri|[ˈkr̩uk]]]. | ||
==Grammar== | ==Grammar== | ||
Grammatically, Elvarri is a [[w:Synthetic language|synthetic]], mostly [[w:Fusional language|fusional]] [[w:Nominative-accusative language|nominative-accusative]] language. [[w:Noun|Nouns]] (''malor''), [[w:Adjective|adjectives]] ('' | Grammatically, Elvarri is a [[w:Synthetic language|synthetic]], mostly [[w:Fusional language|fusional]] [[w:Nominative-accusative language|nominative-accusative]] language. [[w:Noun|Nouns]] (''malor''), [[w:Adjective|adjectives]] (''hemeror'') and [[w:Pronoun|pronouns]] (''yomalor'') are inflected on [[w:Animacy|animacy]], [[w:Grammatical number|number]] and [[w:Grammatical case|case]]. Personal pronouns are also often dropped in spoken or colloquial speech, though only if the subject could be inferred; this is discouraged in standardised literary language. [[w:Verb|Verbs]] are inflected on tense, mood, and (to an extent) [[w:Grammatical person|person]]. | ||
===Personal pronouns=== | ===Personal pronouns=== | ||
Unlike regular nouns, personal pronouns are inflected on only five of the eight [[#Case|noun cases]], with the exception of the | Unlike regular nouns, personal pronouns are inflected on only five of the eight [[#Case|noun cases]], with the exception of the third-person pronouns which are inflected on seven. | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | ||
! colspan=2 | !! Nominative !! Accusative !! Genitive !! Dative !! Locative !! Instrumental !! Perlative | ! colspan=2 | !! Nominative !! Accusative !! Genitive !! Dative !! Locative !! Instrumental !! Perlative | ||
| Line 116: | Line 120: | ||
| ''evo'' || ''evas'' || ''ou'' || ''eves'' || ''aivo'' || ''leris'' || ''leras'' | | ''evo'' || ''evas'' || ''ou'' || ''eves'' || ''aivo'' || ''leris'' || ''leras'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Animate third-person pronouns refer to any animate noun, so they can refer to people (as in ''Sumpit '''evo''''' "'''They''' walk"), animals (Genesis 7:2 ''...tades op '''tor''' kavin'' "...the male and '''his''' female") and other animate nouns (''Tepusint dudvarda op hegarsint '''tar''''' "[He] reached the capital city and destroyed '''it'''"). | Animate third-person pronouns refer to any animate noun, so they can refer to people (as in ''Sumpit '''evo''''' "'''They''' walk"), animals (Genesis 7:2 ''...tades op '''tor''' kavin'' "...the male and '''his''' female") and other animate nouns (''Tepusint dudvarda op hegarsint '''tar''''' "[He] reached the capital city and destroyed '''it'''"). Inanimate third person pronouns were also historically used to [[w:Dehumanisation|dehumanise]], to refer to [[w:Enslavement|slaves]] or Dark elves, or to derogatorily refer to people the speaker disliked, such as Meskion's famous line ''Tulkombi demet Nagriponi pasani, vokikte op hegarsikte '''ovas'''.'' "Those who object to Nagripian politics, I will [humiliate] (lit. sodomise) and destroy '''them'''". | ||
===Demonstratives=== | |||
Demonstrative pronouns and determiners are inflected on case, number and proximity (proximal or distal). Determiners mostly end in ''-s'' while pronouns mostly end in ''-t'', though some case inflections, such as that of the dative, instrumental and perlative case. | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ Elvarri demonstrative pronouns | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=2 | !! Nominative !! Accusative !! Genitive !! Dative !! Locative !! Instrumental !! Perlative | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=3 | Proximal | |||
! Singular | |||
| ''omet'' || ''omit'' || ''omut'' || ''omest'' || ''ometat'' || ''ometor'' || ''ometar'' | |||
|- | |||
! Paucal | |||
| ''okmet'' || ''okmit'' || ''okmut'' || ''okmest'' || ''okmetat'' || ''okmetor'' || ''okmetar'' | |||
|- | |||
! Plural | |||
| ''odmet'' || ''odmit'' || ''odmut'' || ''odmest'' || ''odmetat'' || ''odmetor'' || ''odmetar'' | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=3 | Distal | |||
! Singular | |||
| ''met'' || ''mit'' || ''mut'' || ''mest'' || ''metat'' || ''metor'' || ''metar'' | |||
|- | |||
! Paucal | |||
| ''kemet'' || ''kemit'', ''kimit'' || ''kemut'' || ''kemest'' || ''kemtat'' || ''kemtor'' || ''kemtar'' | |||
|- | |||
! Plural | |||
| ''demet'' || ''demit'', ''dimit'', ''dimet'' || ''demut'' || ''demest'' || ''demetat'' || ''demetor'' || ''demetar'' | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ Elvarri demonstrative determiners | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=2 | !! Nominative !! Accusative !! Genitive !! Dative !! Locative !! Instrumental !! Perlative | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=3 | Proximal | |||
! Singular | |||
| ''omes'' || ''omis'' || ''omus'' || ''omest'' || ''ometas'' || ''ometor'' || ''ometar'' | |||
|- | |||
! Paucal | |||
| ''okmes'' || ''okmis'' || ''okmus'' || ''okmest'' || ''okmetas'' || ''okmetor'' || ''okmetar'' | |||
|- | |||
! Plural | |||
| ''odmes'' || ''odmis'' || ''odmus'' || ''odmest'' || ''odmetas'' || ''odmetor'' || ''odmetar'' | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=3 | Distal | |||
! Singular | |||
| ''mes'' || ''mis'' || ''mus'' || ''mest'' || ''metas'' || ''metor'' || ''metar'' | |||
|- | |||
! Paucal | |||
| ''kemes'' || ''kemis'' || ''kemus'' || ''kemest'' || ''kemtas'' || ''kemtor'' || ''kemtar'' | |||
|- | |||
! Plural | |||
| ''demes'' || ''demis'', ''dimes'' || ''demus'' || ''demest'' || ''demetas'' || ''demetor'' || ''demetar'' | |||
|} | |||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
Nouns are primarily infected on case, which then differentiates based on the animacy (broadly, whether the noun is living or not living) and the grammatical number (singular, paucal or plural) of the noun. | Nouns are primarily infected on case, which then differentiates based on the animacy (broadly, whether the noun is living or not living) and the grammatical number (singular, paucal or plural) of the noun. | ||
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! rowspan=2 | Paucal | ! rowspan=2 | Paucal | ||
! inanimate | ! inanimate | ||
| ''-ur'' || ''-ir'' || ''- | | ''-ur'' || ''-ir'' || ''-oro'' || ''-tra'' || ''-sia'' || ''-sur'' || ''-sra'' || ''-tor'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! animate | ! animate | ||
| ''-om'' || ''-am'' || ''-nem'' || ''-nis'' || ''- | | ''-om'' || ''-am'' || ''-nem'' || ''-nis'' || ''-eni'' || ''-ems'' || ''-ams'' || ''-va'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=2 | Plural | ! rowspan=2 | Plural | ||
! inanimate | ! inanimate | ||
| ''-or'' || ''-er'' || ''- | | ''-or'' || ''-er'' || ''-oros'' || ''-tar'' || ''-sa'' || ''-sor'' || ''-srat'' || ''-tor'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! animate | ! animate | ||
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{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | ||
|+ Case inflections on regular animate noun ''dud'' ("tree") | |+ Case inflections on regular animate noun ''dud'' ("tree") | ||
|- | |||
! !! Nominative !! Accusative !! Genitive !! Dative !! Locative !! Instrumental !! Perlative !! Vocative | ! !! Nominative !! Accusative !! Genitive !! Dative !! Locative !! Instrumental !! Perlative !! Vocative | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Paucal | ! Paucal | ||
| ''dudom'' || ''dudam'' || ''dudnem'' || ''dudnis'' || '' | | ''dudom'' || ''dudam'' || ''dudnem'' || ''dudnis'' || ''dudeni'' || ''dudems'' || ''dudams'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Plural | ! Plural | ||
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{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | ||
|+ Case inflections on regular inanimate noun ''rukum'' ("bread") | |+ Case inflections on regular inanimate noun ''rukum'' ("bread") | ||
|- | |||
! !! Nominative !! Accusative !! Genitive !! Dative !! Locative !! Instrumental !! Perlative !! Vocative | ! !! Nominative !! Accusative !! Genitive !! Dative !! Locative !! Instrumental !! Perlative !! Vocative | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Paucal | ! Paucal | ||
| ''rukumur'' || ''rukumir'' || '' | | ''rukumur'' || ''rukumir'' || ''rukumoro'' || ''rukumtra'' || ''rukumsia'' || ''rukumsur'' || ''rukumsra'' || rowspan=2 | ''rukumtor'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Plural | ! Plural | ||
| ''rukumor'' || ''rukumer'' || '' | | ''rukumor'' || ''rukumer'' || ''rukumoros'' || ''rukumtar'' || ''rukumsa'' || ''rukumsor'' || ''rukumsrat'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
|} | |} | ||
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===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
Elvarri verbs are inflected on [[w:Gramamtical tense|tense]], [[w:Grammatical mood|mood]], [[w:Grammatical aspect|aspect]] and to an extent [[w:Grammatical person|person]]; they are inflected on person only based on whether the subject is a [[#Personal pronouns|personal pronoun]] or whether it is a noun. | Elvarri verbs are inflected on [[w:Gramamtical tense|tense]], [[w:Grammatical mood|mood]], [[w:Grammatical aspect|aspect]] and to an extent [[w:Grammatical person|person]]; they are inflected on person only based on whether the subject is a [[#Personal pronouns|personal pronoun]] or whether it is a noun. | ||
===Colours=== | |||
Elvarri traditionally distinguishes between five base colours (''nor''), that, as adjectives, are always uninflected: {{l|elva|ohid}} (red), {{l|elva|kalla}} (yellow-orange, saffron), {{l|elva|drais}} (dark blue), {{l|elva|narva}} (blue-green), {{l|elva|sil}} (white) and {{l|elva|wal}} (black). These colours also symbolised various things: ''ohid'' symbolised ambition for power or for affection, ''kalla'' represented loyalty to spouse or nation, ''drais'' represented royalty, ''sil'' represented purity and beauty, and ''wal'' represented strength and soil. These colour symbolisms, though only widely recognised during the period of Elvarri being spoken natively, they widely influenced colour perception in Elvarno cultures, in particular [[Whitereed]] culture; their endonym itself, ''Sërben'', originally comes from the compound {{com|nocat=1|elva|sil|erven}}, literally "white grass" or "white reed". | |||
==Example texts== | ==Example texts== | ||
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|you (plural)=glei | |you (plural)=glei | ||
|they=evo | |they=evo | ||
|this= | |this=omes | ||
|that= | |that=mes | ||
|here= | |here=omea | ||
|there= | |there=mea | ||
|who= | |who= | ||
|what= | |what= | ||
|where= | |where=anmea | ||
|when= | |when= | ||
|how= | |how= | ||
|not= | |not=tiu | ||
|all= | |all=lok | ||
|many= | |many=nargom | ||
|some=-om | |some=-om | ||
|few= | |few=-om | ||
|other=arga | |other=arga | ||
|one=hond | |one=hond | ||
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|four=kev | |four=kev | ||
|five=hum | |five=hum | ||
|big= | |big=duvar | ||
|long= | |long=nemis | ||
|wide= | |wide=vuda | ||
|thick= | |thick=vuda | ||
|heavy= | |heavy=runnis | ||
|small= | |small=ull | ||
|short= | |short=ull | ||
|narrow= | |narrow=draya | ||
|thin= | |thin=draya | ||
|woman=kavin | |woman=kavin | ||
|man (adult male)=tades | |man (adult male)=tades | ||
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|child=tokis | |child=tokis | ||
|wife=vardi | |wife=vardi | ||
|husband= | |husband=kardi | ||
|mother=vanu | |mother=vanu | ||
|father= | |father=kanu | ||
|animal= | |animal=niss | ||
|fish=ebra | |fish=ebra | ||
|bird= | |bird=ofla | ||
|dog= | |dog=gennu | ||
|louse= | |louse=tu | ||
|snake= | |snake=ros | ||
|worm= | |worm=rosik | ||
|tree=dud | |tree=dud | ||
|forest=duid | |forest=duid | ||
|stick= | |stick=tund | ||
|fruit= | |fruit=lob | ||
|seed= | |seed=vik | ||
|leaf=teps | |leaf=teps | ||
|root= | |root=torsa | ||
|bark= | |bark=dudpetis | ||
|flower= | |flower=loska | ||
|grass= | |grass=erven | ||
|rope= | |rope=vezia | ||
|skin= | |skin=petis | ||
|meat= | |meat=teyar | ||
|blood= | |blood=beh | ||
|bone= | |bone=zar | ||
|fat= | |fat=agut | ||
|egg= | |egg=usso | ||
|horn= | |horn=gorsa | ||
|tail= | |tail=langa | ||
|feather= | |feather=topil | ||
|hair= | |hair=neve | ||
|head= | |head=pober | ||
|ear= | |ear=ard | ||
|eye= | |eye=alpa | ||
|nose= | |nose=farz | ||
|mouth= | |mouth=esk | ||
|tooth= | |tooth=ivok | ||
|tongue= | |tongue=null | ||
|fingernail= | |fingernail=olva | ||
|foot= | |foot=dram | ||
|leg= | |leg=dram | ||
|knee= | |knee=dramar | ||
|hand= | |hand=ahra | ||
|wing= | |wing=hal | ||
|belly= | |belly=ufern | ||
|guts= | |guts=uferni | ||
|neck= | |neck=eveg | ||
|back= | |back=azit | ||
|breast= | |breast=serga | ||
|heart= | |heart=nua | ||
|liver= | |liver=bol | ||
|drink= | |drink=muresko | ||
|eat= | |eat=esko | ||
|bite= | |bite=ivoki | ||
|suck= | |suck=nulli | ||
|spit= | |spit= | ||
|vomit= | |vomit= | ||
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|breathe= | |breathe= | ||
|laugh= | |laugh= | ||
|see= | |see=lusi | ||
|hear= | |hear=ardo | ||
|know= | |know= | ||
|think= | |think= | ||
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|fight= | |fight= | ||
|hunt= | |hunt= | ||
|hit= | |hit=tundi | ||
|cut= | |cut=urkamo | ||
|split= | |split=urkamo | ||
|stab= | |stab= | ||
|scratch= | |scratch= | ||
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|fly= | |fly= | ||
|walk= | |walk= | ||
|come= | |come=tepusi | ||
|lie= | |lie= | ||
|sit= | |sit= | ||
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|turn= | |turn= | ||
|fall= | |fall= | ||
|give= | |give=igi | ||
|hold= | |hold= | ||
|squeeze= | |squeeze= | ||
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|freeze= | |freeze= | ||
|swell= | |swell= | ||
|sun= | |sun=vasna | ||
|moon= | |moon=tulna | ||
|star= | |star=ana | ||
|water= | |water=mur | ||
|rain= | |rain=mogris | ||
|river=separ | |river=separ | ||
|lake= | |lake=kaul | ||
|sea= | |sea=muri | ||
|salt= | |salt=ozar | ||
|stone= | |stone=vir | ||
|sand= | |sand=dener | ||
|dust= | |dust=den | ||
|earth= | |earth=andan | ||
|cloud= | |cloud= | ||
|fog= | |fog=assal | ||
|sky= | |sky=in | ||
|wind= | |wind= | ||
|snow= | |snow=nurm | ||
|ice= | |ice= | ||
|smoke= | |smoke= | ||
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|burn= | |burn= | ||
|road= | |road= | ||
|mountain= | |mountain=gola | ||
|red= | |red=ohid | ||
|green= | |green=narva | ||
|yellow= | |yellow=kalla | ||
|white= | |white=sil | ||
|black= | |black=wal | ||
|night= | |night= | ||
|day= | |day= | ||
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|bad= | |bad= | ||
|rotten= | |rotten= | ||
|dirty= | |dirty=tiur | ||
|straight= | |straight= | ||
|round= | |round= | ||