Chlesamnic: Difference between revisions
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***[[Kolasian]]† | ***[[Kolasian]]† | ||
****[[Erqhomis]] | ****[[Erqhomis]] | ||
***[[Ancient Tevvic]] | ***[[Ancient Tevvic]] | ||
****[[Tevvic]] | ****[[Tevvic]] | ||
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===Lexicography=== | ===Lexicography=== | ||
The following is a very brief selection of cognates in basic vocabulary across the Chlesamnic family, which may serve to give an idea of the sound changes involved. This is not a list of translations: cognates have a common origin, but their meaning may be shifted and loanwords may have replaced them. | The following is a very brief selection of cognates in basic vocabulary across the Chlesamnic family, which may serve to give an idea of the sound changes involved. This is not a list of translations: cognates have a common origin, but their meaning may be shifted and loanwords may have replaced them. | ||
[[Category:Chlesamnic languages]][[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:Language families]][[Category: Indo-European_languages]][[Category: A_posteriori]] | [[Category:Chlesamnic languages]][[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:Language families]][[Category: Indo-European_languages]][[Category: A_posteriori]] | ||
Latest revision as of 21:14, 6 July 2026
| Chlesamnic | |
|---|---|
| Created by | – |
| Geographic distribution | Eurasia |
| Linguistic classification | Indo-European
|
| Proto-language | Proto-Chlesamnic |
| Subdivisions | |
 Modern-day extent of Chlesamnic languages:
West Chlesamnic Languages
North Chlesamnic Languages
Central Chlesamnic Languages
South Chlesamnic Languages
East Chlesamnic Languages | |
The Chlesamnic languages are a branch of the Para-Germanic languages in the Indo-European language family that are spoken predominantly in Central Asia and Eastern Europe. They are thought to descend from a proto-language called Proto-Chlesamnic, an offshoot from Pre-Proto-Germanic, and thus distantly related to the Germanic languages.
A notable feature of early Chlemsamnic was its susceptibility to be influenced by various superstrata, resulting in the various modern Chlesamnic languages to become quite divergent from each other.
Etymology
The name of the language family is derived from Chlesamnia (a historical region centered around Lake Balkhash). The regional designation is derived from Ancient Greek Χλεσαμνία (Khlesamnía), itself borrowed from either Proto-Chlesamnic or one of its immediate descendants (compare Ancient [UNNAMED] 
/hlesamna/).
Homeland
Branches
Due to their divergent nature, the true number of languages that make up the Chlesamnic family is still under debate. This article aims to show languages that are conventionally agreed upon that make up the five branches of the Chlesamnic languages. These five branches are named on the basis of geography, namely West, North, Central, South, and East Chlesamnic:
- Chlesamnic
- West Chlesamnic
- Polovic
- Old Low Polovic†
- Low Polovic (including Standard Low Polovic)
- Dobrujan Polovic
- Volga Polovic
- Old Thadic†
- Old Low Polovic†
- Maritsan
- Jankıbıreqhü
- Fylfathic
- Polovic
- East Chlesamnic
- Old Sirrese†
- Sirrese
- (unnamed lang)
- Classical Kanasnian†
- Old Sirrese†
- South Chlesamnic
- North Chlesamnic
- Ural Chlesamnic
- West Chlesamnic
West Chlesamnic
Within this branch there is heavy divergence, some say it should be split into the western branch and the “Grecian” branch, containing Maritsan and Jankıbıreqhü.
East Chlesamnic
North Chlesamnic
History
Typology
Earlier attested languages such as Old Thadic, Old Low Polovic, Ancient Tevvic, and Kolasian have been instrumental to comparative linguistics, as they exhibit many shared characteristics that have been lost or altered in their modern descendants. Using those languages, a number of shared typological features can be identified.
Grammar
- Largely suffix-based fusional morphology
- Nominative-Accusative alignment
- Subject-object-verb (SOV) word order
- 8-9 grammatical cases
- Nominative
- Vocative
- Accusative
- Allative (a post-PIE innovation)
- Genitive
- Ablative
- Dative (merged with the PIE locative)
- Instrumental
- Comitative (a post-PIE innovation, unclear if it was a shared Chlesamnic innovation or if it developed independently in Thadic)
- Three grammatical genders
- Masculine
- Feminine (High Polovic would merge the feminine into the masculine by the time of the first written records)
- Neuter
- Absence of the dual number
- Synthetic subjunctive mood
- Synthetic future tense
- Synthetic passive voice
- Verbal class system reminiscent to that of the Germanic languages
- a Strong class of verbs that formed their preterites by reduplication and changes to the stem vowel according to seven patterns
- a Weak class of verbs that formed their preterites by means of a dental suffix
- a So-called preterite-present class whose present tense shows the form of the strong preterite
- Postpositions as opposed to prepositions
- Clitics for uses such as marking pronominal possession and verbal objects and introducing subordinate clauses
| reconstructed a-stem endings | ||
|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | |
| Nominative | *-as | *-os |
| Vocative | *-Ø | |
| Accusative | *-am | *-ams |
| Nom./Voc./Acc. (n.) | *-ā ~ *-ams | |
| Allative | *-aur | *-arus |
| Genitive | *-as | *-ôm |
| Ablative | *-eť | *-ams |
| Dative | *-ai | *-aisu |
| Instrumental | *-o | *-am(i)s |
| Comitative | *-wam ~ *-oham ~ *-s-ham | ? |
| reconstructed present-active endings | ||
|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | |
| 1st person | *-o | *-(a)mas |
| 2nd person | *-asi | *-(a)θ |
| 3rd person | *-aθi | *-anθi |
Phonology
Lexicography
The following is a very brief selection of cognates in basic vocabulary across the Chlesamnic family, which may serve to give an idea of the sound changes involved. This is not a list of translations: cognates have a common origin, but their meaning may be shifted and loanwords may have replaced them.