Literature talk:Be prepared: Difference between revisions

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'''Pandoga''' is a triconsonantal language with an Indic aesthetic.


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==Introduction==
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<!-- Example categories/headings:
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<!-- ***Phonology*** -->
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==Phonology==
===Orthography===
===Consonants===
There are 22 consonants in Pandoga (as in Hebrew!)
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!  !! Bilabial !! Labiodental !! Dental !! Alveolar !! Retroflex !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal
|-
| Voiceless stop || '''p''' /p/ || || '''t''' /t̪/ || || '''ṭ''' /ʈ/ || '''c''' /c/ || '''k''' /k/ ||
|-
| Voiced stop || '''b''' /b/ || || '''d''' /d̪/ || || '''ḍ''' /ɖ/ || '''j''' /ɟ/ || '''g''' /ɡ/ ||
|-
| Nasal || '''m''' /m/ || || '''n''' /n̪/ || || '''ṇ''' /ɳ/ || ||  ||
|-
| Fricative || || || '''s''' /s/ || || '''ṣ''' /ʂ/ || || || '''h''' /h/
|-
| Voiced fricative || || || '''z''' /z/ || || || || ||
|-
| Approximant || || '''v''' /ʋ/ || || || || '''y''' /j/ || ||
|-
| Lateral || || || '''l''' /l/ || || '''ḷ''' /ɺ̢/ || || ||
|-
| Trill || || || || '''r''' /r/ || || || ||
|}
===Vowels===
Pandoga has an unusual 5 vowel system:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Romanization !! IPA
|-
| a || /ɐ/
|-
| ā || /a:/
|-
| e || /e:/
|-
| i || /i/
|-
| o || /o:/
|}
===Prosody===
====Stress====
====Intonation====
===Phonotactics===
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
===Morphophonology===
==Morphology==
Pandoga uses a consonantal root system like the Semitic languages. Most roots have three consonants but some may have two or four (the latter occurs mostly in reduplicated or onomatopoeic roots like J-Ṇ-J-Ṇ "to glitter")
===Nouns===
There is no grammatical gender in Pandoga, even in pronouns.
===Verbs===
Pandoga verbs come in many binyanim: [list]
Each binyan has a conjugated form for the perfective aspect, as well as active and passive participles, a conjunctive and a verbal noun. Binyanim are typically named by the active participial form of the root P-R-H.
====Binyan ''PaRoHa''====
This is the simplest binyan which expresses the basic meaning of a root. Here is a typical PaRoHa verb, ''paṇoba'' (write):
*Perfective conjugation ''paṇabo-'' (active), ''capṇabo-'' (passive)
*Active participle ''paṇoba''
*Passive participle ''capṇoba''
*Conjunctive ''paṇaboṭi'', ''capṇaboṭi''
*Verbnoun ''paṇba''
The personal affixes are as follows:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="4" |
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
|-
!|1
|''-ṇa''
|''-ṇara'' (inclusive), ''-ṇi'' (exclusive)
|-
!|2
|''-ra''
|''-ri''
|-
!|2
|''-ta''
|''-ti''
|}
====Binyan ''PaReHa''====
This generally expresses an ''intensive'' meaning, though in some cases it works like a causative or an applicative. An example: "paṇeba" (to take notes)
*Perfective conjugation ''paṇabe-'' (active), ''capṇabe-'' (passive)
*Active participle ''paṇeba''
*Passive participle ''capṇeba''
*Conjunctive ''paṇaberi'', ''capṇaberi''
*Verbnoun ''piṇba''
====Defective binyanim====
Pandoga has a few binyanim which do not have conjugated or participial forms. An example is the binyan ''malPaRaHo-'' which is analogous to the German prefix ''er-''
==Syntax==
Unlike most Semitic languages, Pandoga is head-final and SVO (though SOV is also permissible).
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===
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==Example texts==
==Other resources==
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[[Category:Root-and-pattern languages]]
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Latest revision as of 02:13, 10 January 2019

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