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== | == Páphēnai Néssa Text == | ||
Ηθάσπη παινἐνόναση πας χυίλλη ἑνόυση καιπή, | |||
πάχα ύδεςμαι αθάσση. | |||
Λαι βαζήα: ἱναι, πάζι ιντυκόσον θαλόςκαι δαώνι, | |||
λαι παςμα παιλώ ήια λαι βυλόνι λαι θαυίσι | |||
– ἱα μαζήυα πασθαδάς. | |||
''' | ''– ναι Παιναζόυθαι Άωβύαἰ, Υλόψα θόυρροξ'' | ||
=== Transliteration === | |||
Ēthái̧pē painenónąsē pai̧ chýillē henóusē kaipḗ, | |||
pácha ýdei̧mai athái̧sē. | |||
Lai bazḗa: hínai, pázi intykóson thalóskai daṓni, | |||
lai pai̧ma pailṓ ēia lai bylóni lai thavísi: | |||
hía mazḗva pai̧thadás. | |||
''' | ''– nai Painazóųthai Aōbýai, Ylópsa Thóųrrhox'' | ||
== Background == | |||
The Nessa (or Nyssa) people have a strong maritime background combined with an expansionist and exploratory drive. As a result they frequently come in contact with other more disjoint cultures who had presumably spread in different directions to the Nessa long ago, and thus have acquired different customs. | |||
' | This is a poem that was first come upon by a Nessanese outrigger pilot. The poem was translated without regard for meter or other artistry, as procuring resources in the foreign language was difficult enough. An attempt to discern the author's social role was made based on their apparent pen name, <strong>Ylópsa Thóųrrhox</strong>, who was presumably someone who hunts for wild dogs in order to tame them. | ||
It is the guess of the translator that the society this poem originated in must have been both primitive, lacking dogs of their own such that they must find strays in the wilds, but also sophisticated, such that they can write poetry. | |||
''' | Others have suggested that the Ylópsa is in fact ''not'' a wild dog, despite vague descriptions given, but is a mythical beast, thus explaining why a society capable of such sophistication would want to collect them rather than breed them from existing stock. | ||
In such a case, the original author may simply be using an extravagant pen name. | |||
''' | Regardless of the background, it is hoped the poem will speak for itself, ''despite'' the conversion to the Nessanese language. | ||
''' | == Gloss == | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="background: white; text-align: center; margin:auto;" | |||
|+ Line #1 | |||
|- <!-- Nυσσα --> | |||
| Ηθάσπη || παινἐνόναση || πας || χυίλλη || ἑνόυση || καιπή, | |||
|- <!-- Nyssa --> | |||
| Ēthái̧pē || painenónąsē || pai̧ || chýillē || henóusē || kaipḗ, | |||
|- <!-- /nys:a/ --> | |||
| /e'θaj̊pe || pεnε'nonase || paj̊ || xyl:e || hε'nuse || kεpe/ | |||
|- | |||
| ēthái̧-pē || pai-in-henón-en-sē || pai̧ || chýillē || henón-sē || kai-pḗ | |||
|- | |||
| want-1s || CAUS-PERF-content-(PATfoc)-1p.INCL || like || before || content-1p.INCL || ACT-1s | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="background: white; text-align: center; margin:auto;" | |||
|+ Line #2 | |||
|- <!-- Nυσσα --> | |||
| πάχα || ύδεςμαι || αθάσση. | |||
|- <!-- Nyssa --> | |||
| pácha || ýdei̧mai || athái̧sē. | |||
|- <!-- /nys:a/ --> | |||
| /'paxa || 'yðεj̊mε || a'θaj̊se/ | |||
|- | |||
| pácha || ýdei̧-mai← || ←athái̧-sē. | |||
|- | |||
| despite || later-STAT← || ←die-1p.INCL | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="background: white; text-align: center; margin:auto;" | |||
|+ Line #3 | |||
|- <!-- Nυσσα --> | |||
| Λαι || βαζήα: || ἱναι, || πάζι || ιντυκόσον || θαλόςκαι || δαώνι, | |||
|- <!-- Nyssa --> | |||
| Lai || bazḗa: || hínai, || pázi || intykóson || thalóskai || daṓni, | |||
|- <!-- /nys:a/ --> | |||
| /lε || ba'ze.a || 'hinε || 'pazi || inty'koson || θa'loskε || d(a)'o:ni/ | |||
|- | |||
| Lai || bazḗ-a: || hí-nai⇇, || pázi || in-tykós-on || thalóz̊-kai← || ←daṓn-i, | |||
|- | |||
| and || understand-PAT: || 3s-GEN⇇, || future || PERF-(grow/sprout)-LOC || fallowland-ACT← || ←leaf-PL, | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="background: white; text-align: center; margin:auto;" | |||
|+ Line #4 | |||
|- <!-- Nυσσα --> | |||
| λαι || παςμα || παιλώ || ήια || λαι || βυλόνι || λαι || θαυίσι: | |||
|- <!-- Nyssa --> | |||
| lai || pai̧ma || pailṓ || ḗia || lai || bylóni || lai || thavísi: | |||
|- <!-- /nys:a/ --> | |||
| /lε || paj̊ma || pε'lo: || i:.a || lε || by'loni || lε || θa'viz̊i/ | |||
|- | |||
| lai || pai̧-ma || pailṓ || ḗi-a || lai || bylón-i || lai || thavís-i: | |||
|- | |||
| and || like-STAT← || ←go || sun-PL₂ || and || moon-PL || and || year-PL | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="background: white; text-align: center; margin:auto;" | |||
|+ Line #5 | |||
|- <!-- Nυσσα --> | |||
| – ἱα || μαζήυα || πασθαδάς. | |||
|- <!-- Nyssa --> | |||
| – hía || mazḗva || pai̧thadás. | |||
|- <!-- /nys:a/ --> | |||
| /'hi.a || ma'zeva || paj̊θa'daz̊/ | |||
|- | |||
| – hía || ma-zḗva || pai̧-thadás | |||
|- | |||
| – 3s || STAT-breath || like-long_ago | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="background: white; text-align: center; margin:auto;" | |||
|+ Line #6 | |||
|- <!-- Nυσσα --> | |||
| ''– ναι'' || ''Παιναζόυθαι'' || ''Άωβύαἰ'', || ''Υλόψα'' || ''θόυρροξ'' | |||
|- <!-- Nyssa --> | |||
| ''– nai'' || ''Painazóųthai'' || ''Aōbýai, '' || ''Ylópsa'' || ''Thóųrrhox'' | |||
|- <!-- /nys:a/ --> | |||
| /nai/ || /pεna'zuthε/ || /(a).ō'by.ε/, || /y'lopsa/ || /'θur:oks/ | |||
|- | |||
| nai← || ←Pai-nazón-thai← || ←Aō-býas-i || Ylópsa || Thóųrrhox | |||
|- | |||
| GEN← || ←CAUS-(tame/familiar)-PAT← || ←dog-wild-PL ||colspan=2| [personal name] | |||
|} | |||
''' | == Gloss-glossary == | ||
:'''ACT''' – actor | |||
:'''CAUS''' – causative | |||
:'''GEN''' – genitive | |||
:'''INCL''' – inclusive | |||
:'''LOC''' – locative | |||
:'''PAT''' – patient | |||
:'''(PATfoc)''' – patient focus | |||
:'''PERF''' – perfective | |||
:'''PL''' – plural | |||
:'''PL₂''' – plural #2 (used mostly where the normal plural doesn't make phonetic sense) | |||
:'''STAT''' – stative | |||
''' | == Grammar notes == | ||
While the above gloss should go a long way towards familiarising foreigners with the Nessanese language, some important things to note include: | |||
* There is little clear distinction between verbs and nouns morphologically speaking. | |||
:: ''painazón = tame smthing; one who tames'' | |||
:* An exception: a(n)- is generally a clear verb marker as it marks transitivity. | |||
* Word order tends to be VSO (the syntactic pivot tends to follow the verb). | |||
* The verb, or noun in its role, will focus one of its arguments. This makes that argument the syntactic pivot. | |||
* The syntactic pivot (subject)'s case is generally unmarked. | |||
* Modifiers ''follow'' their heads. | |||
:: ''aō-býas = dog-wild = a wild dog''. | |||
* Noun cases are generally preposed or prefixed, ''but'' they can be joined onto the preceding word. This can be for 3 reasons: | |||
:* Phonology: because the preceding word is more likely to be phonologically affected by the following consononant, e.g.: ''painazón thai-aōbýas ⇒ painazóų thai-aōbýas ⇒ painazóųthai aōbýas'', | |||
:* Semantics: because the speaker is attempting to indicate some sort of special relationship between the phrases, | |||
:* Style: because the speaker felt like it. | |||
:: This is an optional process. | |||
''' | === Pass the Particle Parcel === | ||
The latter "particle passing" is indicated with arrows. For example, ''later-STAT← ←die-1p.INCL'' indicates that the STAT particle has been given to ''later'' by ''die''; the prefix ultimately applies to ''die'' though. And finally, ''⇇'' indicates that a particle applies to an entire clause. | |||
''' | === Infinitives and Imperatives === | ||
A verb phrase that is an argument to another verb (e.g., I want to '''eat''') may focus patients instead of the actor. The patient voice is also often used for imperatives. | |||
=== Noun cases and Verb focus === | |||
The language has the following noun cases: | |||
* '''Actor''' – kai- | |||
* '''Patient''' – thai- | |||
* '''Locative''' – -on | |||
* '''Oblique''' – ho- | |||
* '''Instrumental''' – (h)e- | |||
''' | The correlate with the following focus/voice affixes verbs use: | ||
* '''Actor''' – a(n)- (transitive), mai- (stative or active) | |||
* '''Patient''' – -a, -en- | |||
* '''Locative''' – -on | |||
* '''Oblique''' – -i | |||
* '''Instrumental''' – (h)e- | |||
'' | === Other verbal particles === | ||
* pai- is a causative marker. | |||
* The perfective aspect particle is ''-(i)n-'', which goes after any other prefixes and before the root. | |||
== Gloss (OLD: DO NOT INCLUDE) == | |||
<!--Ēthái̧pē painenónąsē pai̧ chyíllē henoų́sē kaipḗ, pácha ýdei̧ maiathái̧sē. | |||
Lai bazḗa: hínai, pázi intykóson thalós kaidaṓni, lai pai̧ mapailṓ ēia lai bylóni lai thavísi: hía mazḗva pai̧thadás. | |||
Ηθάσ́πη παινἑνόνα̌ση πας́ χυίλλη ἑνόυ̌ση καιπή, πάχα ύδες μαιαθάσ́ση. | |||
Λαι βαζήα: ἱναι, πάζι ιντυκόσ̌ον θαλός καιδαώνι, λαι πας́ μαπαιλώ ήια λαι βυλόνι λαι θαυίσ̌ι - ἱα μαζ̌ήυα πασ́θαδάς.--> | |||
{| class="" | |||
|+ Line 1 <!--katháipē or ēthái̧kʷē cf. bitil > bisis (bisískē ~ I starve) && lapaR > lapḗ (a-lapḗ-kē ~ I hunger for), *sen(ae)ng = content --> <!-- http://www.trussel2.com/acd/acd-s_p.htm?zoom_highlight=similar+to+like pada --> <!-- http://www.trussel2.com/acd/acd-s_l.htm#7492 lajam--> | |||
|- | |||
| ēthái̧pē || <!--paienóųsē-->painenónąsē || pai̧ <!-- pas, pai --> || chýillē <!-- chýilla < (q)uNah)--> || henóusē ???-pē || pácha<!--*baka cf. without = not with = tidak ber-; tanpa | baka > dwecha > dytha --> || ýdeimai <!-- *udehi vs *pagi > pazi--><!-- -mai--> || <!--mai- --> athái̧sē | |||
|- | |||
| ēthái̧-(kē/pē) || pai-in-henón-n-sē || pai̧ || chýillē || henón-sē ???-(kē/pē) || pácha || ýdei-mai || athái̧-sē | |||
|- | |||
| want-1s || CAUS-PERF-happy-PAT-1p.INCL || like || before || happy-1p.INCL ACT-1s || despite-STAT || die-1p.INCL | |||
|} | |||
{| class="" | |||
|+ Line 2 | |||
| Lai || bazḗa: <!-- *pazē but bazḗ < *bajaq (know/understand > tell/ask in PMP) VS thēu < Caqu (know/skilled@)--> | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
| and || understand.IMP | |||
|} | |||
== | <!-- And understand: that thing where leaves will bring life to this world in the future, and like time how time goes on? That lives on here. --> | ||
<!-- Lai bazḗa: hiana (híon? hínai) pázi aintykós (em-in-tykós *tukul daóni thai-thalós) (DIR.LEAF = ???-daóni < *dahun-*Si (originate from)) (PAT.WORLD = *tenem/tasik-Calun (sea-fallowland?) OR just CaluN > thalós = uncultivated land) :: -> hínai pázi(na) aintykós daóni thai-thalós | |||
Lai bazḗa: hínai, pázi intykóson thalóskai daóni, lai pai̧ma pailṓ ēia lai bylóni lai thavísi (lai)? (and so.STAT go the days and months and years) Hía inēa/zēua paithadás (> paidathás / paithadás** (pa (still)-dadaN && < ñawa). | |||
Ēthái̧pē painenónąsē pai̧ chýillē henóusē kaipḗ, pácha ýdei̧mai athái̧sē. | |||
Lai bazḗa: hínai, pázi intykóson thalóskai daóni, lai pai̧ma pailṓ ēia lai bylóni lai thavísi: híama zḗva pai̧thadás. | |||
daóni > dōni? (Pailo < paNaw) | |||
Ēthái̧pē painenónąsē pai̧ chyíllē henoų́sē kaipḗ, pácha ýdei̧ maiathái̧sē. | |||
Lai bazḗa: hínai, pázi intykóson thalós kaidaóni, lai pai̧ mapailṓ ēia lai bylóni lai thavísi: hía mazḗva pai̧thadás. | |||
Ηθάσ́πη παινἑνόνα̌ση πας́ χυίλλη ἑνόυ̌ση καιπή, πάχα ύδες μαιαθάσ́ση. | |||
Λαι βαζήα: ἱναι, πάζι ιντυκόσ̌ον θαλός καιδαώνι, λαι πας́ μαπαιλώ ήια λαι βυλόνι λαι θαυίσ̌ι - ἱα μαζ̌ήυα πασ́θαδάς. | |||
(And understand: that of how the leaves grow on the earth, and how as days and months and years go: that breathes as in ancient times. | |||
== At'ants'as Text == | |||
''Mes msomi ak'alwoym hewop'ami.''<br /> | ''Mes msomi ak'alwoym hewop'ami.''<br /> | ||
Line 95: | Line 251: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=4 | I long to make us happy. | | colspan=4 | I long to make us happy. | ||
|- | |||
| colspan=4 | I wish to make us happy. | |||
|} | |} | ||
Line 103: | Line 261: | ||
| and.PRF || except || 1pl.INTR || strong.emotion=end-sg.LOC || die-INTR.1pl.PRF | | and.PRF || except || 1pl.INTR || strong.emotion=end-sg.LOC || die-INTR.1pl.PRF | ||
|- | |- | ||
| and || except || we || at the end of strong emotions || we die | | and || except || we || at the end of strong emotions || we die, | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=5 | And | | colspan=5 | And except we die in the end {said emotionally} | ||
|- | |||
| colspan=5 | And even though we will die in the end, | |||
|} | |} | ||
Line 116: | Line 276: | ||
| as || in the past || us || I am causing to be | | as || in the past || us || I am causing to be | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=4 | | | colspan=4 | as in the past I caused us to be. | ||
|- | |||
| colspan=4 | as I caused us to be before. | |||
|} | |} | ||
Line 138: | Line 300: | ||
| (Id.) ''yang'' || leaves 🍃🍃 || this world || in the future || | | (Id.) ''yang'' || leaves 🍃🍃 || this world || in the future || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=5 | | | colspan=5 | leaves grow this world in the future | ||
|- | |||
| colspan=5 | leaves will bring life to this world | |||
|} | |} | ||
Line 146: | Line 310: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| and.IMPRF || then=like || time-sg.INTR || go-INTR.3sg.IMPRF | | and.IMPRF || then=like || time-sg.INTR || go-INTR.3sg.IMPRF | ||
|- | |||
| and || like then || time || goes | |||
|- | |||
| colspan=4 | and like then, time will go (? and that is destiny?) | |||
|} | |} | ||
Line 153: | Line 321: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| strong.emotion=XDIS-INTR || PROX-LOC || breathe_live-INTR.3sg.IMPRF | | strong.emotion=XDIS-INTR || PROX-LOC || breathe_live-INTR.3sg.IMPRF | ||
|- | |||
| that || here || lives | |||
|- | |||
| colspan=3 | For things that live here. | |||
|} | |} | ||
Line 160: | Line 332: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| wolf-tamer-sg.2POSS | | wolf-tamer-sg.2POSS | ||
|- | |||
| Of Wolf Tamer | |||
|} | |} | ||
== Grammar == | |||
And: mas (general clause joiner. also slightly comitative), lai < *Na (thing joiner) | |||
zai: at (cf. dai) | |||
Irrealis conjunction: <!--http://www.trussel2.com/acd/acd-s_b.htm?zoom_highlight=like+as+though--> (Ba > pha, phai?) | |||
Plurals: -i <!-- *Si --> and -a <!-- i/a/u thingo --> |
Latest revision as of 07:02, 4 June 2017
Páphēnai Néssa Text
Ηθάσπη παινἐνόναση πας χυίλλη ἑνόυση καιπή,
πάχα ύδεςμαι αθάσση.
Λαι βαζήα: ἱναι, πάζι ιντυκόσον θαλόςκαι δαώνι,
λαι παςμα παιλώ ήια λαι βυλόνι λαι θαυίσι
– ἱα μαζήυα πασθαδάς.
– ναι Παιναζόυθαι Άωβύαἰ, Υλόψα θόυρροξ
Transliteration
Ēthái̧pē painenónąsē pai̧ chýillē henóusē kaipḗ,
pácha ýdei̧mai athái̧sē.
Lai bazḗa: hínai, pázi intykóson thalóskai daṓni,
lai pai̧ma pailṓ ēia lai bylóni lai thavísi:
hía mazḗva pai̧thadás.
– nai Painazóųthai Aōbýai, Ylópsa Thóųrrhox
Background
The Nessa (or Nyssa) people have a strong maritime background combined with an expansionist and exploratory drive. As a result they frequently come in contact with other more disjoint cultures who had presumably spread in different directions to the Nessa long ago, and thus have acquired different customs.
This is a poem that was first come upon by a Nessanese outrigger pilot. The poem was translated without regard for meter or other artistry, as procuring resources in the foreign language was difficult enough. An attempt to discern the author's social role was made based on their apparent pen name, Ylópsa Thóųrrhox, who was presumably someone who hunts for wild dogs in order to tame them.
It is the guess of the translator that the society this poem originated in must have been both primitive, lacking dogs of their own such that they must find strays in the wilds, but also sophisticated, such that they can write poetry.
Others have suggested that the Ylópsa is in fact not a wild dog, despite vague descriptions given, but is a mythical beast, thus explaining why a society capable of such sophistication would want to collect them rather than breed them from existing stock.
In such a case, the original author may simply be using an extravagant pen name.
Regardless of the background, it is hoped the poem will speak for itself, despite the conversion to the Nessanese language.
Gloss
Ηθάσπη | παινἐνόναση | πας | χυίλλη | ἑνόυση | καιπή, |
Ēthái̧pē | painenónąsē | pai̧ | chýillē | henóusē | kaipḗ, |
/e'θaj̊pe | pεnε'nonase | paj̊ | xyl:e | hε'nuse | kεpe/ |
ēthái̧-pē | pai-in-henón-en-sē | pai̧ | chýillē | henón-sē | kai-pḗ |
want-1s | CAUS-PERF-content-(PATfoc)-1p.INCL | like | before | content-1p.INCL | ACT-1s |
πάχα | ύδεςμαι | αθάσση. |
pácha | ýdei̧mai | athái̧sē. |
/'paxa | 'yðεj̊mε | a'θaj̊se/ |
pácha | ýdei̧-mai← | ←athái̧-sē. |
despite | later-STAT← | ←die-1p.INCL |
Λαι | βαζήα: | ἱναι, | πάζι | ιντυκόσον | θαλόςκαι | δαώνι, |
Lai | bazḗa: | hínai, | pázi | intykóson | thalóskai | daṓni, |
/lε | ba'ze.a | 'hinε | 'pazi | inty'koson | θa'loskε | d(a)'o:ni/ |
Lai | bazḗ-a: | hí-nai⇇, | pázi | in-tykós-on | thalóz̊-kai← | ←daṓn-i, |
and | understand-PAT: | 3s-GEN⇇, | future | PERF-(grow/sprout)-LOC | fallowland-ACT← | ←leaf-PL, |
λαι | παςμα | παιλώ | ήια | λαι | βυλόνι | λαι | θαυίσι: |
lai | pai̧ma | pailṓ | ḗia | lai | bylóni | lai | thavísi: |
/lε | paj̊ma | pε'lo: | i:.a | lε | by'loni | lε | θa'viz̊i/ |
lai | pai̧-ma | pailṓ | ḗi-a | lai | bylón-i | lai | thavís-i: |
and | like-STAT← | ←go | sun-PL₂ | and | moon-PL | and | year-PL |
– ἱα | μαζήυα | πασθαδάς. |
– hía | mazḗva | pai̧thadás. |
/'hi.a | ma'zeva | paj̊θa'daz̊/ |
– hía | ma-zḗva | pai̧-thadás |
– 3s | STAT-breath | like-long_ago |
– ναι | Παιναζόυθαι | Άωβύαἰ, | Υλόψα | θόυρροξ |
– nai | Painazóųthai | Aōbýai, | Ylópsa | Thóųrrhox |
/nai/ | /pεna'zuthε/ | /(a).ō'by.ε/, | /y'lopsa/ | /'θur:oks/ |
nai← | ←Pai-nazón-thai← | ←Aō-býas-i | Ylópsa | Thóųrrhox |
GEN← | ←CAUS-(tame/familiar)-PAT← | ←dog-wild-PL | [personal name] |
Gloss-glossary
- ACT – actor
- CAUS – causative
- GEN – genitive
- INCL – inclusive
- LOC – locative
- PAT – patient
- (PATfoc) – patient focus
- PERF – perfective
- PL – plural
- PL₂ – plural #2 (used mostly where the normal plural doesn't make phonetic sense)
- STAT – stative
Grammar notes
While the above gloss should go a long way towards familiarising foreigners with the Nessanese language, some important things to note include:
- There is little clear distinction between verbs and nouns morphologically speaking.
- painazón = tame smthing; one who tames
- An exception: a(n)- is generally a clear verb marker as it marks transitivity.
- Word order tends to be VSO (the syntactic pivot tends to follow the verb).
- The verb, or noun in its role, will focus one of its arguments. This makes that argument the syntactic pivot.
- The syntactic pivot (subject)'s case is generally unmarked.
- Modifiers follow their heads.
- aō-býas = dog-wild = a wild dog.
- Noun cases are generally preposed or prefixed, but they can be joined onto the preceding word. This can be for 3 reasons:
- Phonology: because the preceding word is more likely to be phonologically affected by the following consononant, e.g.: painazón thai-aōbýas ⇒ painazóų thai-aōbýas ⇒ painazóųthai aōbýas,
- Semantics: because the speaker is attempting to indicate some sort of special relationship between the phrases,
- Style: because the speaker felt like it.
- This is an optional process.
Pass the Particle Parcel
The latter "particle passing" is indicated with arrows. For example, later-STAT← ←die-1p.INCL indicates that the STAT particle has been given to later by die; the prefix ultimately applies to die though. And finally, ⇇ indicates that a particle applies to an entire clause.
Infinitives and Imperatives
A verb phrase that is an argument to another verb (e.g., I want to eat) may focus patients instead of the actor. The patient voice is also often used for imperatives.
Noun cases and Verb focus
The language has the following noun cases:
- Actor – kai-
- Patient – thai-
- Locative – -on
- Oblique – ho-
- Instrumental – (h)e-
The correlate with the following focus/voice affixes verbs use:
- Actor – a(n)- (transitive), mai- (stative or active)
- Patient – -a, -en-
- Locative – -on
- Oblique – -i
- Instrumental – (h)e-
Other verbal particles
- pai- is a causative marker.
- The perfective aspect particle is -(i)n-, which goes after any other prefixes and before the root.
Gloss (OLD: DO NOT INCLUDE)
ēthái̧pē | painenónąsē | pai̧ | chýillē | henóusē ???-pē | pácha | ýdeimai | athái̧sē |
ēthái̧-(kē/pē) | pai-in-henón-n-sē | pai̧ | chýillē | henón-sē ???-(kē/pē) | pácha | ýdei-mai | athái̧-sē |
want-1s | CAUS-PERF-happy-PAT-1p.INCL | like | before | happy-1p.INCL ACT-1s | despite-STAT | die-1p.INCL |
Lai | bazḗa: |
and | understand.IMP |
(Ba > pha, phai?)
Plurals: -i and -a