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'''Qivattutannguaq''' is a diachronic IE conlang created by a 19th-century Lõisian fantasy author.
==Phonology==
Vowels: i u a ii uu ee aa ai au iu ui
 
Consonants: p v t d s z k g q m n ng l r j w /p v t ð~d s z k ɣ~g q~χ m n ŋ l (uvular R) j w/
 
Voiceless stops are unaspirated.
 
'''i u''' are pronounced [e~ɛ o~ɔ] before '''q''': ''ingníq'' [ɪ̀ŋnéχ] 'fire'; ''quunúq'' [huːnóχ] 'son'; ''wiqúq'' [wèχóχ] 'poison'.
===Diachronics===
o > u
 
RC > aRC
 
l before voiceless consonants = /ɬ/
 
nt nd > nt, ndʰ > nn
 
==Pronouns==
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''jaa'' 'I'
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
!|Nominative
|''jaa''||''angmii''
|-
!|Genitive
|''mini''||''angmaqun''
|-
!|Dative
|''mai''||''angmavuq''
|-
!|Accusative
|''mi'' ||''angmi''
|-
!|Ablative
|''minit, miit'' ||''angmavuq''
|-
!|Locative
|''minit, miit'' ||''angmavi''
|}
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''tuu'' 'thou'
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
!|Nominative
|''tuu''||''juu''
|-
!|Genitive
|''tivi''||''jungmaqun''
|-
!|Dative
|''tai''||''jungmavuq''
|-
!|Accusative
|''ti'' ||''jungmi''
|-
!|Ablative
|''tivit, tiit'' ||''jungmavuq''
|-
!|Locative
|''tivit, tiit'' ||''jungmavi''
|}
 
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Reflexive pronoun
|-
!| !! (Number-neutral)
|-
!|Nominative
|''-''
|-
!|Genitive
|''qivi''
|-
!|Dative
|''qai''
|-
!|Accusative
|''qi''
|-
!|Ablative
|''qivit, qiit''
|-
!|Locative
|''qivit, qiit''
|}
 
Ancient Hivatish had no true 3rd person pronouns. Demonstrstives were used instead.
 
*siqu, siqaa, situt = this
*qu, qaa, tut = that
*ju, jaa, jut = which (relative pronoun)
*kiq? kia? kit? = who? what?
 
==Nouns==
===Functions of the cases===
Qivattutannguaq has 6 or 7 cases depending on register.
*The nominative is used for subjects and predicate objects. In Prisinitutannguaq, it is also used for direct objects, and the -q and -n endings are dropped.
*Dative objects and benefactives use the dative. It is also used for "have", as in Latin.
*The genitive is used for attributive possession and "belongs to" possession. Genitives come before nouns.
*The direct object of an affirmative verb takes the accusative, and the direct object of a negated verb takes the ablative:
**''Suwaa walkum iwiti.'' = The dog saw a wolf.
**''Suwaa walkiat nēm iwiti.'' = The dog did not see a wolf.
*Static locations take the locative. A preposition such as ''in'' or ''at'' can be used but is not necessary.
*Destinations for prepositions indicating destination like ''in'' 'into', ''at'' 'at' or ''ipi'' 'onto' take the accusative.
*"from a location" generally just takes the ablative, but some contexts require the preposition ''ut''. (such as from a place that is city-sized or larger: ''ut vukaat'' 'from the city', but ''taamut'' 'from the house')
*For 'with' (instrumental) ''su'' + ablative is used. 'With' (comitative) requires the preposition ''san'' + ablative.
*Agents of passive verbs use the ablative.
 
===Thematic===
====o-stem masculine====
 
====o-stem neuter====
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
'''Qunngartutannguáq declension'''
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''wírdun'' 'law' (< {{recon|werdʰh₁om}})
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
!|Nominative
|''wírdun''||''wírdaa''
|-
!|Genitive
|''wírdaa''||''wírduun''
|-
!|Dative
|''wírdai''||''wírdavuq''
|-
!|Accusative
|''wírdun'' ||''wírdaa''
|-
!|Ablative
|''wírdiat'' ||''wírdavuq''
|-
!|Locative
|''wírdiat'' ||''wírdavi''
|-
!|Vocative
|''wírdi!'' ||''wírdaa!''
|}
{{col-break}}
'''Prisinitutannguáq declension'''
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''wírdo'' 'law'
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
!|Nominative-Accusative
|''wírdo''||''wírdaa(q)''
|-
!|Genitive
|''wírdaa''||''wírduu''
|-
!|Dative
|''wírdai''||''wírdavi''
|-
!|Ablative-Locative
|''wírdut'' ||''wírdavi''
|-
!|Vocative
|''wírdi!'' ||''wírdaa(q)!''
|}
{{col-break}}
{{col-end}}
 
====eh2-stems====
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
'''Qunngartutannguáq declension'''
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''vukáa'' 'city' (< {{recon|bʰug-éh₂}} 'refuge')
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
!|Nominative
|''vukáa''||''vukáaq''
|-
!|Genitive
|''vukáaq''||''vukúun''
|-
!|Dative
|''vukái''||''vukáavuq''
|-
!|Accusative
|''vukáan'' ||''vukáaq''
|-
!|Ablative
|''vukáat'' ||''vukáavuq''
|-
!|Locative
|''vukáat'' ||''vukáavi''
|-
!|Vocative
|''vukáa!'' ||''vukáaq!''
|}
{{col-break}}
'''Prisinitutannguáq declension'''
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''vukáa'' 'city'
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
!|Nominative
|''vukáa''||''vukáaq''
|-
!|Genitive
|''vukáaq''||''vukúu''
|-
!|Dative
|''vukái''||''vukáavi''
|-
!|Ablative-Locative
|''vukáat'' ||''vukáavi''
|-
!|Vocative
|''vukáa!'' ||''vukáaq!''
|}
{{col-end}}
 
====u-stems====
Masculine and feminine u-stems decline as follows:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''quunúq'' 'son'
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
!|Nominative
|''quunúq''||''quunúwiq''
|-
!|Genitive
|''quuníuq''||''quunúun''
|-
!|Dative
|''quuníwi''||''quunúvuq''
|-
!|Accusative
|''quunún'' ||''quunúuq''
|-
!|Ablative
|''quunút'' ||''quunúvuq''
|-
!|Locative
|''quunút'' ||''quunúvi''
|-
!|Vocative
|''quunú!'' ||''quunúwiq!''
|}
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''iglú'' 'tent, camp'
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
!|Nominative
|''iglú''||''iglúa''
|-
!|Genitive
|''iglíuq''||''iglúun''
|-
!|Dative
|''iglíwi''||''iglúvuq''
|-
!|Accusative
|''iglú'' ||''iglúa''
|-
!|Ablative
|''iglút'' ||''iglúvuq''
|-
!|Locative
|''iglút'' ||''iglúvi''
|-
!|Vocative
|''iglú!'' ||''iglúa!''
|}
 
====i-stems====
Masculine and feminine i-stems:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''ingníq'' 'fire'
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
!|Nominative
|''ingníq''||''ingníiq''
|-
!|Genitive
|''ingníiq''||''ingnúun''
|-
!|Dative
|''ingníi''||''ingnívuq''
|-
!|Accusative
|''ingnín'' ||''ingníiq''
|-
!|Ablative
|''ingnít'' ||''ingnívuq''
|-
!|Locative
|''ingnít'' ||''ingnívi''
|-
!|Vocative
|''ingní!'' ||''ingníiq!''
|}
Also: ''teeppútiq'' 'master'.
 
Neuter i-stems:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''anurí'' 'storm' (< Proto-Inuit ''ạnųʁǝ̈'' 'wind')
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
!|Nominative
|''anurí''||''anuría''
|-
!|Genitive
|''anuríiq''||''anurúun''
|-
!|Dative
|''anuríi''||''anurívuq''
|-
!|Accusative
|''anurí'' ||''anuría''
|-
!|Ablative
|''anurít'' ||''anurívuq''
|-
!|Locative
|''anurít'' ||''anurívi''
|-
!|Vocative
|''anurí!'' ||''anuría!''
|}
 
==== h2-stems and thematized athematics ====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''imaq'' 'sea'
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
!|Nominative
|''imáq''||''imáaq''
|-
!|Genitive
|''imiáq''||''imúun''
|-
!|Dative
|''imái''||''imávuq''
|-
!|Accusative
|''imán'' ||''imáaq''
|-
!|Ablative
|''imát'' ||''imávuq''
|-
!|Locative
|''imát'' ||''imávi''
|-
!|Vocative
|''imá!'' ||''imáaq!''
|}
 
Nouns with a vowel before the ''-aq'' decline as follows:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''tannguáq'' 'tongue; language (f.)'
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
!|Nominative
|''tannguáq''||''tannguáaq''
|-
!|Genitive
|''tanngujáq''||''tannguwúun''
|-
!|Dative
|''tannguái''||''tannguávuq''
|-
!|Accusative
|''tannguán'' ||''tannguáaq''
|-
!|Ablative
|''tannguát'' ||''tannguávuq''
|-
!|Locative
|''tannguát'' ||''tannguávi''
|-
!|Vocative
|''tannguá!'' ||''tannguáaq!''
|}
 
====n-stems====
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''zamáa'' 'human'
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
!|Nominative
|''zamaa''||''zamuniq''
|-
!|Genitive
|''zamuuq''||''zamunuun''
|-
!|Dative
|''zamunii''||''zamunavuq''
|-
!|Accusative
|''zamunan'' ||''zamunaaq''
|-
!|Ablative
|''zamunit'' ||''zamunavuq''
|-
!|Locative
|''zamunit'' ||''zamunavi''
|-
!|Vocative
|''zamuni!'' ||''zamuniq!''
|}
 
====-mn-nouns====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''núman'' 'name'
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
!|Nominative
|''numan''||''numanaa''
|-
!|Genitive
|''numaaq''||''numanuun''
|-
!|Dative
|''numanii''||''numanavuq''
|-
!|Accusative
|''numan'' ||''numanaa''
|-
!|Ablative
|''numanit'' ||''numanavuq''
|-
!|Locative
|''numanit'' ||''numanavi''
|-
!|Vocative
|''numan!'' ||''numanaa!''
|}
Also: ''wírman'' 'time', ''wíngman'' 'clothes'
 
===Athematic===
Example nouns: ''qaullaq'' = sun; ''apalaq'' = apple
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''réezaq'' 'king'
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
!|Nominative
|''reezaq''||''reeziq''
|-
!|Genitive
|''reeziaq''||''reezuun''
|-
!|Dative
|''reezii''||''reezavuq''
|-
!|Accusative
|''reezan'' ||''reezaaq''
|-
!|Ablative
|''reezit'' ||''reezavuq''
|-
!|Locative
|''reezit'' ||''reezavi''
|-
!|Vocative
|''rees!'' ||''reeziq!''
|}
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''iqalugaq'' 'trout' (< Proto-Inuit ''ǝqaluɣ'')
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
!|Nominative
|''iqalugaq''||''iqalugiq''
|-
!|Genitive
|''iqalugiaq''||''iqaluguun''
|-
!|Dative
|''iqalugii''||''iqalugavuq''
|-
!|Accusative
|''iqalugan'' ||''iqalugaaq''
|-
!|Ablative
|''iqalugit'' ||''iqalugavuq''
|-
!|Locative
|''iqalugit'' ||''iqalugavi''
|-
!|Vocative
|''iqaluk!'' ||''iqalugiq!''
|}
''Wútar'' 'water' is still a heteroclitic in Qunng. (cf. Ancient Greek ὕδωρ, ὕδατος). In Pris. the form ''wútraa'' (declined as a feminine ''-aa'' noun) is preferred; this survives as ''õdra'' in the modern language.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''wútar'' 'water'
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
!|Nominative
|''wútar''||''wútanaa''
|-
!|Genitive
|''wútaniaq''||''wútanuun''
|-
!|Dative
|''wútanii''||''wútanavuq''
|-
!|Accusative
|''wútar'' ||''wútanaa''
|-
!|Ablative
|''wútanit'' ||''wútanavuq''
|-
!|Locative
|''wútanit'' ||''wútanavi''
|-
!|Vocative
|''wútar!'' ||''wútanaa!''
|}
 
''náawuq'' (f.) 'boat, ship' is irregular:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''náawuq'' 'boat, ship'
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
!|Nominative
|''náawuq''||''náawiq''
|-
!|Genitive
|''naawíuq''||''náawuun''
|-
!|Dative
|''naawí''||''náawuvuq''
|-
!|Accusative
|''náawun'' ||''náawuuq''
|-
!|Ablative
|''náawit'' ||''náawuvuq''
|-
!|Locative
|''náawit'' ||''náawuvi''
|-
!|Vocative
|''náawu!'' ||''náawiq!''
|}
 
===''pateer''-class===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''pateer'' 'father'
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
!|Nominative
|''pateer''||''patiriq''
|-
!|Genitive
|''patriaq''||''patiruun''
|-
!|Dative
|''patrii''||''patiravuq''
|-
!|Accusative
|''patran'' ||''patiraaq''
|-
!|Ablative
|''patrit'' ||''patiravuq''
|-
!|Locative
|''patrit'' ||''patiravi''
|-
!|Vocative
|''patir!'' ||''patiriq!''
|}
 
 
Declined similarly: maateer, vraateer, whiqeer, dukateer, Tippateer = father, mother, brother, sister, daughter, (Hivatish sky god)
 
==Adjectives==
Adjectives fall into three main declensions: -uq adjectives (~ Latin 1st declension adjectives), -iq adjectives (~ Latin 3rd declension adjectives), and -aq adjectives (containing verb participles).
===-uq adjectives===
''qinuq'' 'old'
*nom: qinuq, qinaa, qinun, pl. qinaaq, qinaaq, qinaa
*gen: qinaa, qinaaq, qinaaq, pl. qinuun
*dat: qinai, pl. qinavuq, qinaavuq, qinavuq
*acc: qinun, qinaan, qinun, pl. qinuuq, qinaaq, qinaa
*abl: qiniat, qinaat, qiniat, pl. qinavuq, qinaavuq, qinavuq
*loc: qiniat, qinaat, qiniat, pl. qinavi, qinaavi, qinavi
*voc: qini, qinaa, qini, pl. qinaaq, qinaaq, qinaa
 
===-iq adjectives===
iqusiniq 'noble'
*nom. iqusiniq, iqusiniq, iqusini; pl. iqusiniiq, iqusiniiq, iqusinia
 
===-aq adjectives===
nom. -aq, -aq, -an; pl. -aaq, -aaq, -aa
 
==Prepositions==
*''su'' = w/ abl.: with (instrumental)
*''san'' = w/ abl.: with (comitative)
*''viz'' = w/ gen.: without
*''in''
**w/ acc.: into
**w/ loc.: inside
*''at''
**w/ acc.: towards; at
**w/ loc.: at, by
*''attir''
**w/ loc.: between,
**w/ acc.: against
*''ut'' = w/ abl.: out of
*''ipi''
**w/ acc.: onto
**w/ loc.: on
*''tira''
**w/ acc: (moving) through, beyond
**w/ loc: beyond
 
==Verbs==
Qivattutannguaq verbs have only three tenses: present, past, and optative.
 
===Athematic===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''tituat'' 'he gives', pres. ind.
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
!|1
|''tituan''||''titumaq''
|-
!|2
|''tituaq''||''tituti''
|-
!|3
|''tituat''||''tituut''
|}
 
===e/o-thematic===
These verbs often take the past form from PIE root aorists.
 
Some verbs in this class:
*''vilsit, ivalsi'' = shines
*''vinnit, ivanni'' = binds
*''siuqit, isuqi'' = tries
 
 
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! colspan="3" | Present
|-
! Person !! Active !! Passive
|-
| 1SG || ''vinnaa'' || ''vinnaar''
|-
| 2SG || ''vinniq'' || ''vinnitar''
|-
| 3SG || ''vinnit'' || ''vinnitur''
|-
| 1PL || ''vinnumaq'' || ''vinnumaqti''
|-
| 2PL || ''vinniti'' || ''vinnitau, vinnitaqti''
|-
| 3PL || ''vinnuut'' || ''vinnuttur''
|-
! colspan="3" | Past
|-
! Person !! Active !! Passive
|-
| 1SG || ''ivanna'' || ''ivannar''
|-
| 2SG || ''ivanta'' || ''ivantar''
|-
| 3SG || ''ivanni'' || ''ivannur''
|-
| 1PL || ''ivannami'' || ''ivannamaqti''
|-
| 2PL || ''ivannati'' || ''ivannatau, ivannataqti''
|-
| 3PL || ''ivanneer'' || ''ivanneerur''
|-
! colspan="3" | Optative
|-
! Person !! Active !! Passive
|-
| 1SG || ''vinnain'' || ''vinnajaar''
|-
| 2SG || ''vinnaiq'' || ''vinnaitar''
|-
| 3SG || ''vinnait'' || ''vinnaitur''
|-
| 1PL || ''vinnaimaq'' || ''vinnaimaqti''
|-
| 2PL || ''vinnaiti'' || ''vinnaitau, vinnaitaqti''
|-
| 3PL || ''vinnajuut'' || ''vinnajuttur''
|-
! colspan="3" | Imperative
|-
! Person !! Active !! Passive
|-
| 2SG || ''vinni!'' || ''vinniqi!''
|-
| 3SG || ''vinnitaa!'' || ''vinnitaar!''
|-
| 2PL || ''vinniti!'' || ''vinnitau!''
|-
| 3PL || ''vinnuttaa!'' || ''vinnuttaar!''
|-
! colspan="3" | Participles
|-
! Tense !! Active !! Passive
|-
| Present || ''vinnattaq'' || ''vinnumuq''
|-
| Past || ''vannawuq'' || ''vannuq''
|}
 
===Nasal infix present verbs===
===-eh2- verbs===
teepputijaat = he rules
 
*present: teepputijaa, tepputijaaq, teepputijaat, teepputijaamaq, teepputijaati, teepputijaat
*past: iteepputijaaqa, iteepputijaaqta, iteepputijaaqi, iteepputijaangmi, iteepputijaaqti, iteepputijaaqeer
 
===-éye- verbs===
taiséet (*doyḱ-éye-ti) = he locates, he pinpoints
 
*present: taisíjaa, taiséeq, taiséet, taiséemaq, taiséeti, taisíjuut
*past: itaiséeqa, itaiséeqta, itaiséeqi, itaiséengmi, itaiséeqti, itaiséeqeer
 
===Copula===
*present: ingmi, eeq, eet, ingmaq, iqti, iquut
*past: iqqa, iqta, iqqi, iqami, iqati, iqqeer
 
==Numerals==
*zero: nuillur (m.), nuillaa (f.), nuillų (n.)
*I: áinur (m.), áinaa (f.), áinų (n.); ordinal ''pramúr''
*II: tuwái (inanimate), tuwáa (animate); ordinal ''ántirur''
*III: tríir (animate), tría (inanimate); ordinal ''tirtúr''
*IIII: kituárir (animate), kituára (inanimate); ordinal ''kituartúr''
*Λ. pínkir; ordinal ''píktur''
*ΛΙ: wiír; ordinal ''wíhtur''
*ΛΙΙ: híptą; ordinal ''híptammur''
*ΛΙΙΙ: ustáa; ordinal ''ústaawur''
*ΛIIII: níwą; ordinal ''níwammur''
*Χ: tísą; ordinal ''tísammur''
*XI: ainumpirsą
*XII: tuumpirsą
*XIII: triipirsą
*XIIII: kituarpirsą
*XΛ: pikkipirsą
*XΛI: wiipirsą
*XΛII: qiptapirsą
*XΛIII: ustaapirsą
*XΛIIII: niwapirsą
*XX: tuihtisaą
*XXI: ainumpirtuihtisą
*XXII: tuumpirtuihtisą
*...
*XXX: tirtisą
*XXXX: kituartisą
*D: pinkitisą
*DX: wiitisą
*DXX: qiptantisą
*DXXX: ustantisą
*DXXXX: niwantisą
*O: santų
*Q: pinkisantų
*M: tuxantų
*Ī (10000): zillių
*Ī̄ (1,0000,0000): tuxillių
 
Numerals percede nouns. Numbers above 1 take the genitive (partitive) singular.
===Declension===
''ainuq'' declines as a singular ''-uq'' adjective. ''pikkiq'' and ''wiïq'' decline like -iq adjectives, and ''qiptun'', ''astaa'', ''nivun'' and ''tisun'' decline like neuter nouns.
====''tuwai''====
*nom./acc./voc. ''tuwaa'' (animate), ''tuwai'' (inanimate)
*gen. ''tuwuun, tuun''
*dat./abl. ''tuwaavuq'' (animate), ''tuwaivuq'' (inanimate)
*loc. ''tuwaavi'' (animate), ''tuwaivi'' (inanimate)
 
====''tria''====
*nom./acc./voc. ''triiq'' (animate), ''tria'' (inanimate)
*gen. ''trijuun''
*dat./abl. ''triivuq''
*loc. ''triivi''
 
====''kituara''====
*nom./voc. ''kituariq'' (animate), ''kituara'' (inanimate)
*acc. ''kituaraaq'' (animate), ''kituara'' (inanimate)
*gen. ''kituaruun''
*dat./abl. ''kituaravuq''
*loc. ''kituaravi''
 
==Derivation==
*''-isúq'' = forms adjectives (< -ik'os)
*Verb prefixes: ''in-'', ''at-'', ''attir-'', ''pi-'', ''su-'', ''san-'', ''ik(s)-'', ''pir-'', ''hupir-'', ''huu-'', ...
**Ex. from ''wiitit'' 'he sees': ''ikwiitit'' 'he identifies, he susses out', ''atwiitit'' 'he sees to it that', ''piwiitit'' 'he sees fit'; ''attirwiitit'' 'he agrees' (negative polarity item like the English ''see eye to eye''); ''suwiitit'' 'he witnesses'
*''-inuq'' = agent
*''-niq'' (from *-nih2) = feminine agent
**''reeziniq'' = queen, from ''reezaq'' king
*''-allún'' (from *-tlóm) = instrument
 
==Syntax==
 
todo: change to VSO / TopicVSO
 
Qunngartutannguaq word order is SOV by default but can be changed due to emphasis. On the other hand, Prisinitutannguaq is consistently SVO.
 
:PIE: '''''gʷih₃wós pisḱós wédni n̥h₂sḱéti.'''''
:Qunng: '''''Kīwóh piksóh wótanit naksít.'''''
:Pris: '''''Kiiwỏ piksỏ naksỉt (w)ỏtraat.'''''
:Modern: '''''Kiu piks näksed hõv õdrad.'''''
:''The living fish swims in the water.''
 
Adjectives and genitives precede nouns, and relative clauses follow nouns.
 
 
[[Category:Indo-European languages|Q]]

Latest revision as of 21:52, 10 March 2024

Qivattutannguaq is a diachronic IE conlang created by a 19th-century Lõisian fantasy author.

Phonology

Vowels: i u a ii uu ee aa ai au iu ui

Consonants: p v t d s z k g q m n ng l r j w /p v t ð~d s z k ɣ~g q~χ m n ŋ l (uvular R) j w/

Voiceless stops are unaspirated.

i u are pronounced [e~ɛ o~ɔ] before q: ingníq [ɪ̀ŋnéχ] 'fire'; quunúq [huːnóχ] 'son'; wiqúq [wèχóχ] 'poison'.

Diachronics

o > u

RC > aRC

l before voiceless consonants = /ɬ/

nt nd > nt, ndʰ > nn

Pronouns

jaa 'I'
Singular Plural
Nominative jaa angmii
Genitive mini angmaqun
Dative mai angmavuq
Accusative mi angmi
Ablative minit, miit angmavuq
Locative minit, miit angmavi


tuu 'thou'
Singular Plural
Nominative tuu juu
Genitive tivi jungmaqun
Dative tai jungmavuq
Accusative ti jungmi
Ablative tivit, tiit jungmavuq
Locative tivit, tiit jungmavi


Reflexive pronoun
(Number-neutral)
Nominative -
Genitive qivi
Dative qai
Accusative qi
Ablative qivit, qiit
Locative qivit, qiit

Ancient Hivatish had no true 3rd person pronouns. Demonstrstives were used instead.

  • siqu, siqaa, situt = this
  • qu, qaa, tut = that
  • ju, jaa, jut = which (relative pronoun)
  • kiq? kia? kit? = who? what?

Nouns

Functions of the cases

Qivattutannguaq has 6 or 7 cases depending on register.

  • The nominative is used for subjects and predicate objects. In Prisinitutannguaq, it is also used for direct objects, and the -q and -n endings are dropped.
  • Dative objects and benefactives use the dative. It is also used for "have", as in Latin.
  • The genitive is used for attributive possession and "belongs to" possession. Genitives come before nouns.
  • The direct object of an affirmative verb takes the accusative, and the direct object of a negated verb takes the ablative:
    • Suwaa walkum iwiti. = The dog saw a wolf.
    • Suwaa walkiat nēm iwiti. = The dog did not see a wolf.
  • Static locations take the locative. A preposition such as in or at can be used but is not necessary.
  • Destinations for prepositions indicating destination like in 'into', at 'at' or ipi 'onto' take the accusative.
  • "from a location" generally just takes the ablative, but some contexts require the preposition ut. (such as from a place that is city-sized or larger: ut vukaat 'from the city', but taamut 'from the house')
  • For 'with' (instrumental) su + ablative is used. 'With' (comitative) requires the preposition san + ablative.
  • Agents of passive verbs use the ablative.

Thematic

o-stem masculine

o-stem neuter

Qunngartutannguáq declension

wírdun 'law' (< *werdʰh₁om)
Singular Plural
Nominative wírdun wírdaa
Genitive wírdaa wírduun
Dative wírdai wírdavuq
Accusative wírdun wírdaa
Ablative wírdiat wírdavuq
Locative wírdiat wírdavi
Vocative wírdi! wírdaa!

Prisinitutannguáq declension

wírdo 'law'
Singular Plural
Nominative-Accusative wírdo wírdaa(q)
Genitive wírdaa wírduu
Dative wírdai wírdavi
Ablative-Locative wírdut wírdavi
Vocative wírdi! wírdaa(q)!


eh2-stems

Qunngartutannguáq declension

vukáa 'city' (< *bʰug-éh₂ 'refuge')
Singular Plural
Nominative vukáa vukáaq
Genitive vukáaq vukúun
Dative vukái vukáavuq
Accusative vukáan vukáaq
Ablative vukáat vukáavuq
Locative vukáat vukáavi
Vocative vukáa! vukáaq!

Prisinitutannguáq declension

vukáa 'city'
Singular Plural
Nominative vukáa vukáaq
Genitive vukáaq vukúu
Dative vukái vukáavi
Ablative-Locative vukáat vukáavi
Vocative vukáa! vukáaq!


u-stems

Masculine and feminine u-stems decline as follows:

quunúq 'son'
Singular Plural
Nominative quunúq quunúwiq
Genitive quuníuq quunúun
Dative quuníwi quunúvuq
Accusative quunún quunúuq
Ablative quunút quunúvuq
Locative quunút quunúvi
Vocative quunú! quunúwiq!
iglú 'tent, camp'
Singular Plural
Nominative iglú iglúa
Genitive iglíuq iglúun
Dative iglíwi iglúvuq
Accusative iglú iglúa
Ablative iglút iglúvuq
Locative iglút iglúvi
Vocative iglú! iglúa!

i-stems

Masculine and feminine i-stems:

ingníq 'fire'
Singular Plural
Nominative ingníq ingníiq
Genitive ingníiq ingnúun
Dative ingníi ingnívuq
Accusative ingnín ingníiq
Ablative ingnít ingnívuq
Locative ingnít ingnívi
Vocative ingní! ingníiq!

Also: teeppútiq 'master'.

Neuter i-stems:

anurí 'storm' (< Proto-Inuit ạnųʁǝ̈ 'wind')
Singular Plural
Nominative anurí anuría
Genitive anuríiq anurúun
Dative anuríi anurívuq
Accusative anurí anuría
Ablative anurít anurívuq
Locative anurít anurívi
Vocative anurí! anuría!

h2-stems and thematized athematics

imaq 'sea'
Singular Plural
Nominative imáq imáaq
Genitive imiáq imúun
Dative imái imávuq
Accusative imán imáaq
Ablative imát imávuq
Locative imát imávi
Vocative imá! imáaq!

Nouns with a vowel before the -aq decline as follows:

tannguáq 'tongue; language (f.)'
Singular Plural
Nominative tannguáq tannguáaq
Genitive tanngujáq tannguwúun
Dative tannguái tannguávuq
Accusative tannguán tannguáaq
Ablative tannguát tannguávuq
Locative tannguát tannguávi
Vocative tannguá! tannguáaq!

n-stems

zamáa 'human'
Singular Plural
Nominative zamaa zamuniq
Genitive zamuuq zamunuun
Dative zamunii zamunavuq
Accusative zamunan zamunaaq
Ablative zamunit zamunavuq
Locative zamunit zamunavi
Vocative zamuni! zamuniq!

-mn-nouns

núman 'name'
Singular Plural
Nominative numan numanaa
Genitive numaaq numanuun
Dative numanii numanavuq
Accusative numan numanaa
Ablative numanit numanavuq
Locative numanit numanavi
Vocative numan! numanaa!

Also: wírman 'time', wíngman 'clothes'

Athematic

Example nouns: qaullaq = sun; apalaq = apple

réezaq 'king'
Singular Plural
Nominative reezaq reeziq
Genitive reeziaq reezuun
Dative reezii reezavuq
Accusative reezan reezaaq
Ablative reezit reezavuq
Locative reezit reezavi
Vocative rees! reeziq!
iqalugaq 'trout' (< Proto-Inuit ǝqaluɣ)
Singular Plural
Nominative iqalugaq iqalugiq
Genitive iqalugiaq iqaluguun
Dative iqalugii iqalugavuq
Accusative iqalugan iqalugaaq
Ablative iqalugit iqalugavuq
Locative iqalugit iqalugavi
Vocative iqaluk! iqalugiq!

Wútar 'water' is still a heteroclitic in Qunng. (cf. Ancient Greek ὕδωρ, ὕδατος). In Pris. the form wútraa (declined as a feminine -aa noun) is preferred; this survives as õdra in the modern language.

wútar 'water'
Singular Plural
Nominative wútar wútanaa
Genitive wútaniaq wútanuun
Dative wútanii wútanavuq
Accusative wútar wútanaa
Ablative wútanit wútanavuq
Locative wútanit wútanavi
Vocative wútar! wútanaa!

náawuq (f.) 'boat, ship' is irregular:

náawuq 'boat, ship'
Singular Plural
Nominative náawuq náawiq
Genitive naawíuq náawuun
Dative naawí náawuvuq
Accusative náawun náawuuq
Ablative náawit náawuvuq
Locative náawit náawuvi
Vocative náawu! náawiq!

pateer-class

pateer 'father'
Singular Plural
Nominative pateer patiriq
Genitive patriaq patiruun
Dative patrii patiravuq
Accusative patran patiraaq
Ablative patrit patiravuq
Locative patrit patiravi
Vocative patir! patiriq!


Declined similarly: maateer, vraateer, whiqeer, dukateer, Tippateer = father, mother, brother, sister, daughter, (Hivatish sky god)

Adjectives

Adjectives fall into three main declensions: -uq adjectives (~ Latin 1st declension adjectives), -iq adjectives (~ Latin 3rd declension adjectives), and -aq adjectives (containing verb participles).

-uq adjectives

qinuq 'old'

  • nom: qinuq, qinaa, qinun, pl. qinaaq, qinaaq, qinaa
  • gen: qinaa, qinaaq, qinaaq, pl. qinuun
  • dat: qinai, pl. qinavuq, qinaavuq, qinavuq
  • acc: qinun, qinaan, qinun, pl. qinuuq, qinaaq, qinaa
  • abl: qiniat, qinaat, qiniat, pl. qinavuq, qinaavuq, qinavuq
  • loc: qiniat, qinaat, qiniat, pl. qinavi, qinaavi, qinavi
  • voc: qini, qinaa, qini, pl. qinaaq, qinaaq, qinaa

-iq adjectives

iqusiniq 'noble'

  • nom. iqusiniq, iqusiniq, iqusini; pl. iqusiniiq, iqusiniiq, iqusinia

-aq adjectives

nom. -aq, -aq, -an; pl. -aaq, -aaq, -aa

Prepositions

  • su = w/ abl.: with (instrumental)
  • san = w/ abl.: with (comitative)
  • viz = w/ gen.: without
  • in
    • w/ acc.: into
    • w/ loc.: inside
  • at
    • w/ acc.: towards; at
    • w/ loc.: at, by
  • attir
    • w/ loc.: between,
    • w/ acc.: against
  • ut = w/ abl.: out of
  • ipi
    • w/ acc.: onto
    • w/ loc.: on
  • tira
    • w/ acc: (moving) through, beyond
    • w/ loc: beyond

Verbs

Qivattutannguaq verbs have only three tenses: present, past, and optative.

Athematic

tituat 'he gives', pres. ind.
Singular Plural
1 tituan titumaq
2 tituaq tituti
3 tituat tituut

e/o-thematic

These verbs often take the past form from PIE root aorists.

Some verbs in this class:

  • vilsit, ivalsi = shines
  • vinnit, ivanni = binds
  • siuqit, isuqi = tries


Present
Person Active Passive
1SG vinnaa vinnaar
2SG vinniq vinnitar
3SG vinnit vinnitur
1PL vinnumaq vinnumaqti
2PL vinniti vinnitau, vinnitaqti
3PL vinnuut vinnuttur
Past
Person Active Passive
1SG ivanna ivannar
2SG ivanta ivantar
3SG ivanni ivannur
1PL ivannami ivannamaqti
2PL ivannati ivannatau, ivannataqti
3PL ivanneer ivanneerur
Optative
Person Active Passive
1SG vinnain vinnajaar
2SG vinnaiq vinnaitar
3SG vinnait vinnaitur
1PL vinnaimaq vinnaimaqti
2PL vinnaiti vinnaitau, vinnaitaqti
3PL vinnajuut vinnajuttur
Imperative
Person Active Passive
2SG vinni! vinniqi!
3SG vinnitaa! vinnitaar!
2PL vinniti! vinnitau!
3PL vinnuttaa! vinnuttaar!
Participles
Tense Active Passive
Present vinnattaq vinnumuq
Past vannawuq vannuq

Nasal infix present verbs

-eh2- verbs

teepputijaat = he rules

  • present: teepputijaa, tepputijaaq, teepputijaat, teepputijaamaq, teepputijaati, teepputijaat
  • past: iteepputijaaqa, iteepputijaaqta, iteepputijaaqi, iteepputijaangmi, iteepputijaaqti, iteepputijaaqeer

-éye- verbs

taiséet (*doyḱ-éye-ti) = he locates, he pinpoints

  • present: taisíjaa, taiséeq, taiséet, taiséemaq, taiséeti, taisíjuut
  • past: itaiséeqa, itaiséeqta, itaiséeqi, itaiséengmi, itaiséeqti, itaiséeqeer

Copula

  • present: ingmi, eeq, eet, ingmaq, iqti, iquut
  • past: iqqa, iqta, iqqi, iqami, iqati, iqqeer

Numerals

  • zero: nuillur (m.), nuillaa (f.), nuillų (n.)
  • I: áinur (m.), áinaa (f.), áinų (n.); ordinal pramúr
  • II: tuwái (inanimate), tuwáa (animate); ordinal ántirur
  • III: tríir (animate), tría (inanimate); ordinal tirtúr
  • IIII: kituárir (animate), kituára (inanimate); ordinal kituartúr
  • Λ. pínkir; ordinal píktur
  • ΛΙ: wiír; ordinal wíhtur
  • ΛΙΙ: híptą; ordinal híptammur
  • ΛΙΙΙ: ustáa; ordinal ústaawur
  • ΛIIII: níwą; ordinal níwammur
  • Χ: tísą; ordinal tísammur
  • XI: ainumpirsą
  • XII: tuumpirsą
  • XIII: triipirsą
  • XIIII: kituarpirsą
  • XΛ: pikkipirsą
  • XΛI: wiipirsą
  • XΛII: qiptapirsą
  • XΛIII: ustaapirsą
  • XΛIIII: niwapirsą
  • XX: tuihtisaą
  • XXI: ainumpirtuihtisą
  • XXII: tuumpirtuihtisą
  • ...
  • XXX: tirtisą
  • XXXX: kituartisą
  • D: pinkitisą
  • DX: wiitisą
  • DXX: qiptantisą
  • DXXX: ustantisą
  • DXXXX: niwantisą
  • O: santų
  • Q: pinkisantų
  • M: tuxantų
  • Ī (10000): zillių
  • Ī̄ (1,0000,0000): tuxillių

Numerals percede nouns. Numbers above 1 take the genitive (partitive) singular.

Declension

ainuq declines as a singular -uq adjective. pikkiq and wiïq decline like -iq adjectives, and qiptun, astaa, nivun and tisun decline like neuter nouns.

tuwai

  • nom./acc./voc. tuwaa (animate), tuwai (inanimate)
  • gen. tuwuun, tuun
  • dat./abl. tuwaavuq (animate), tuwaivuq (inanimate)
  • loc. tuwaavi (animate), tuwaivi (inanimate)

tria

  • nom./acc./voc. triiq (animate), tria (inanimate)
  • gen. trijuun
  • dat./abl. triivuq
  • loc. triivi

kituara

  • nom./voc. kituariq (animate), kituara (inanimate)
  • acc. kituaraaq (animate), kituara (inanimate)
  • gen. kituaruun
  • dat./abl. kituaravuq
  • loc. kituaravi

Derivation

  • -isúq = forms adjectives (< -ik'os)
  • Verb prefixes: in-, at-, attir-, pi-, su-, san-, ik(s)-, pir-, hupir-, huu-, ...
    • Ex. from wiitit 'he sees': ikwiitit 'he identifies, he susses out', atwiitit 'he sees to it that', piwiitit 'he sees fit'; attirwiitit 'he agrees' (negative polarity item like the English see eye to eye); suwiitit 'he witnesses'
  • -inuq = agent
  • -niq (from *-nih2) = feminine agent
    • reeziniq = queen, from reezaq king
  • -allún (from *-tlóm) = instrument

Syntax

todo: change to VSO / TopicVSO

Qunngartutannguaq word order is SOV by default but can be changed due to emphasis. On the other hand, Prisinitutannguaq is consistently SVO.

PIE: gʷih₃wós pisḱós wédni n̥h₂sḱéti.
Qunng: Kīwóh piksóh wótanit naksít.
Pris: Kiiwỏ piksỏ naksỉt (w)ỏtraat.
Modern: Kiu piks näksed hõv õdrad.
The living fish swims in the water.

Adjectives and genitives precede nouns, and relative clauses follow nouns.

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