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''' | '''Qivattutannguaq''' is a diachronic IE conlang created by a 19th-century Lõisian fantasy author. | ||
==Phonology== | |||
Vowels: i u a ii uu ee aa ai au iu ui | |||
Consonants: p v t d s z k g q m n ng l r j w /p v t ð~d s z k ɣ~g q~χ m n ŋ l (uvular R) j w/ | |||
Voiceless stops are unaspirated. | |||
'''i u''' are pronounced [e~ɛ o~ɔ] before '''q''': ''ingníq'' [ɪ̀ŋnéχ] 'fire'; ''quunúq'' [huːnóχ] 'son'; ''wiqúq'' [wèχóχ] 'poison'. | |||
===Diachronics=== | |||
o > u | |||
RC > aRC | |||
l before voiceless consonants = /ɬ/ | |||
nt nd > nt, ndʰ > nn | |||
==Pronouns== | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ ''jaa'' 'I' | |||
|- | |||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|Nominative | |||
|''jaa''||''angmii'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Genitive | |||
|''mini''||''angmaqun'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Dative | |||
|''mai''||''angmavuq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Accusative | |||
|''mi'' ||''angmi'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Ablative | |||
|''minit, miit'' ||''angmavuq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Locative | |||
|''minit, miit'' ||''angmavi'' | |||
|} | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ ''tuu'' 'thou' | |||
|- | |||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|Nominative | |||
|''tuu''||''juu'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Genitive | |||
|''tivi''||''jungmaqun'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Dative | |||
|''tai''||''jungmavuq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Accusative | |||
|''ti'' ||''jungmi'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Ablative | |||
|''tivit, tiit'' ||''jungmavuq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Locative | |||
|''tivit, tiit'' ||''jungmavi'' | |||
|} | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ Reflexive pronoun | |||
|- | |||
!| !! (Number-neutral) | |||
|- | |||
!|Nominative | |||
|''-'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Genitive | |||
|''qivi'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Dative | |||
|''qai'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Accusative | |||
|''qi'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Ablative | |||
|''qivit, qiit'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Locative | |||
|''qivit, qiit'' | |||
|} | |||
Ancient Hivatish had no true 3rd person pronouns. Demonstrstives were used instead. | |||
*siqu, siqaa, situt = this | |||
*qu, qaa, tut = that | |||
*ju, jaa, jut = which (relative pronoun) | |||
*kiq? kia? kit? = who? what? | |||
==Nouns== | |||
===Functions of the cases=== | |||
Qivattutannguaq has 6 or 7 cases depending on register. | |||
*The nominative is used for subjects and predicate objects. In Prisinitutannguaq, it is also used for direct objects, and the -q and -n endings are dropped. | |||
*Dative objects and benefactives use the dative. It is also used for "have", as in Latin. | |||
*The genitive is used for attributive possession and "belongs to" possession. Genitives come before nouns. | |||
*The direct object of an affirmative verb takes the accusative, and the direct object of a negated verb takes the ablative: | |||
**''Suwaa walkum iwiti.'' = The dog saw a wolf. | |||
**''Suwaa walkiat nēm iwiti.'' = The dog did not see a wolf. | |||
*Static locations take the locative. A preposition such as ''in'' or ''at'' can be used but is not necessary. | |||
*Destinations for prepositions indicating destination like ''in'' 'into', ''at'' 'at' or ''ipi'' 'onto' take the accusative. | |||
*"from a location" generally just takes the ablative, but some contexts require the preposition ''ut''. (such as from a place that is city-sized or larger: ''ut vukaat'' 'from the city', but ''taamut'' 'from the house') | |||
*For 'with' (instrumental) ''su'' + ablative is used. 'With' (comitative) requires the preposition ''san'' + ablative. | |||
*Agents of passive verbs use the ablative. | |||
===Thematic=== | |||
====o-stem masculine==== | |||
====o-stem neuter==== | |||
{{col-begin}} | |||
{{col-break}} | |||
'''Qunngartutannguáq declension''' | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ ''wírdun'' 'law' (< {{recon|werdʰh₁om}}) | |||
|- | |||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|Nominative | |||
|''wírdun''||''wírdaa'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Genitive | |||
|''wírdaa''||''wírduun'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Dative | |||
|''wírdai''||''wírdavuq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Accusative | |||
|''wírdun'' ||''wírdaa'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Ablative | |||
|''wírdiat'' ||''wírdavuq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Locative | |||
|''wírdiat'' ||''wírdavi'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Vocative | |||
|''wírdi!'' ||''wírdaa!'' | |||
|} | |||
{{col-break}} | |||
'''Prisinitutannguáq declension''' | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ ''wírdo'' 'law' | |||
|- | |||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|Nominative-Accusative | |||
|''wírdo''||''wírdaa(q)'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Genitive | |||
|''wírdaa''||''wírduu'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Dative | |||
|''wírdai''||''wírdavi'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Ablative-Locative | |||
|''wírdut'' ||''wírdavi'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Vocative | |||
|''wírdi!'' ||''wírdaa(q)!'' | |||
|} | |||
{{col-break}} | |||
{{col-end}} | |||
====eh2-stems==== | |||
{{col-begin}} | |||
{{col-break}} | |||
'''Qunngartutannguáq declension''' | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ ''vukáa'' 'city' (< {{recon|bʰug-éh₂}} 'refuge') | |||
|- | |||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|Nominative | |||
|''vukáa''||''vukáaq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Genitive | |||
|''vukáaq''||''vukúun'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Dative | |||
|''vukái''||''vukáavuq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Accusative | |||
|''vukáan'' ||''vukáaq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Ablative | |||
|''vukáat'' ||''vukáavuq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Locative | |||
|''vukáat'' ||''vukáavi'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Vocative | |||
|''vukáa!'' ||''vukáaq!'' | |||
|} | |||
{{col-break}} | |||
'''Prisinitutannguáq declension''' | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ ''vukáa'' 'city' | |||
|- | |||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|Nominative | |||
|''vukáa''||''vukáaq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Genitive | |||
|''vukáaq''||''vukúu'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Dative | |||
|''vukái''||''vukáavi'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Ablative-Locative | |||
|''vukáat'' ||''vukáavi'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Vocative | |||
|''vukáa!'' ||''vukáaq!'' | |||
|} | |||
{{col-end}} | |||
====u-stems==== | |||
Masculine and feminine u-stems decline as follows: | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ ''quunúq'' 'son' | |||
|- | |||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|Nominative | |||
|''quunúq''||''quunúwiq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Genitive | |||
|''quuníuq''||''quunúun'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Dative | |||
|''quuníwi''||''quunúvuq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Accusative | |||
|''quunún'' ||''quunúuq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Ablative | |||
|''quunút'' ||''quunúvuq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Locative | |||
|''quunút'' ||''quunúvi'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Vocative | |||
|''quunú!'' ||''quunúwiq!'' | |||
|} | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ ''iglú'' 'tent, camp' | |||
|- | |||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|Nominative | |||
|''iglú''||''iglúa'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Genitive | |||
|''iglíuq''||''iglúun'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Dative | |||
|''iglíwi''||''iglúvuq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Accusative | |||
|''iglú'' ||''iglúa'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Ablative | |||
|''iglút'' ||''iglúvuq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Locative | |||
|''iglút'' ||''iglúvi'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Vocative | |||
|''iglú!'' ||''iglúa!'' | |||
|} | |||
====i-stems==== | |||
Masculine and feminine i-stems: | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ ''ingníq'' 'fire' | |||
|- | |||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|Nominative | |||
|''ingníq''||''ingníiq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Genitive | |||
|''ingníiq''||''ingnúun'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Dative | |||
|''ingníi''||''ingnívuq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Accusative | |||
|''ingnín'' ||''ingníiq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Ablative | |||
|''ingnít'' ||''ingnívuq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Locative | |||
|''ingnít'' ||''ingnívi'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Vocative | |||
|''ingní!'' ||''ingníiq!'' | |||
|} | |||
Also: ''teeppútiq'' 'master'. | |||
Neuter i-stems: | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ ''anurí'' 'storm' (< Proto-Inuit ''ạnųʁǝ̈'' 'wind') | |||
|- | |||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|Nominative | |||
|''anurí''||''anuría'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Genitive | |||
|''anuríiq''||''anurúun'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Dative | |||
|''anuríi''||''anurívuq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Accusative | |||
|''anurí'' ||''anuría'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Ablative | |||
|''anurít'' ||''anurívuq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Locative | |||
|''anurít'' ||''anurívi'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Vocative | |||
|''anurí!'' ||''anuría!'' | |||
|} | |||
==== h2-stems and thematized athematics ==== | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ ''imaq'' 'sea' | |||
|- | |||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|Nominative | |||
|''imáq''||''imáaq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Genitive | |||
|''imiáq''||''imúun'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Dative | |||
|''imái''||''imávuq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Accusative | |||
|''imán'' ||''imáaq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Ablative | |||
|''imát'' ||''imávuq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Locative | |||
|''imát'' ||''imávi'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Vocative | |||
|''imá!'' ||''imáaq!'' | |||
|} | |||
Nouns with a vowel before the ''-aq'' decline as follows: | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|+ '' | |+ ''tannguáq'' 'tongue; language (f.)' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | !| !! Singular !! Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Nominative | !|Nominative | ||
|'' | |''tannguáq''||''tannguáaq'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Genitive | !|Genitive | ||
|'' | |''tanngujáq''||''tannguwúun'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Dative | !|Dative | ||
|'' | |''tannguái''||''tannguávuq'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Accusative | !|Accusative | ||
|'' | |''tannguán'' ||''tannguáaq'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Ablative | !|Ablative | ||
|'' | |''tannguát'' ||''tannguávuq'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Locative | !|Locative | ||
|'' | |''tannguát'' ||''tannguávi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Vocative | !|Vocative | ||
|'' | |''tannguá!'' ||''tannguáaq!'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
====n-stems==== | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ ''zamáa'' 'human' | |||
|- | |||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|Nominative | |||
|''zamaa''||''zamuniq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Genitive | |||
|''zamuuq''||''zamunuun'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Dative | |||
|''zamunii''||''zamunavuq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Accusative | |||
|''zamunan'' ||''zamunaaq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Ablative | |||
|''zamunit'' ||''zamunavuq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Locative | |||
|''zamunit'' ||''zamunavi'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Vocative | |||
|''zamuni!'' ||''zamuniq!'' | |||
|} | |||
====-mn-nouns==== | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|+ '' | |+ ''núman'' 'name' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | !| !! Singular !! Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Nominative | !|Nominative | ||
|'' | |''numan''||''numanaa'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Genitive | !|Genitive | ||
|'' | |''numaaq''||''numanuun'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Dative | !|Dative | ||
|'' | |''numanii''||''numanavuq'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Accusative | !|Accusative | ||
|'' | |''numan'' ||''numanaa'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Ablative | !|Ablative | ||
|'' | |''numanit'' ||''numanavuq'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Locative | !|Locative | ||
|'' | |''numanit'' ||''numanavi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Vocative | !|Vocative | ||
|'' | |''numan!'' ||''numanaa!'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Also: ''wírman'' 'time', ''wíngman'' 'clothes' | |||
===Athematic=== | |||
Example nouns: ''qaullaq'' = sun; ''apalaq'' = apple | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|+ '' | |+ ''réezaq'' 'king' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | !| !! Singular !! Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Nominative | !|Nominative | ||
|'' | |''reezaq''||''reeziq'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Genitive | !|Genitive | ||
|'' | |''reeziaq''||''reezuun'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Dative | !|Dative | ||
|'' | |''reezii''||''reezavuq'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Accusative | !|Accusative | ||
|'' | |''reezan'' ||''reezaaq'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Ablative | !|Ablative | ||
|'' | |''reezit'' ||''reezavuq'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Locative | !|Locative | ||
|'' | |''reezit'' ||''reezavi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Vocative | !|Vocative | ||
|'' | |''rees!'' ||''reeziq!'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|+ '' | |+ ''iqalugaq'' 'trout' (< Proto-Inuit ''ǝqaluɣ'') | ||
|- | |||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|Nominative | |||
|''iqalugaq''||''iqalugiq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Genitive | |||
|''iqalugiaq''||''iqaluguun'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Dative | |||
|''iqalugii''||''iqalugavuq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Accusative | |||
|''iqalugan'' ||''iqalugaaq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Ablative | |||
|''iqalugit'' ||''iqalugavuq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Locative | |||
|''iqalugit'' ||''iqalugavi'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Vocative | |||
|''iqaluk!'' ||''iqalugiq!'' | |||
|} | |||
''Wútar'' 'water' is still a heteroclitic in Qunng. (cf. Ancient Greek ὕδωρ, ὕδατος). In Pris. the form ''wútraa'' (declined as a feminine ''-aa'' noun) is preferred; this survives as ''õdra'' in the modern language. | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ ''wútar'' 'water' | |||
|- | |||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|Nominative | |||
|''wútar''||''wútanaa'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Genitive | |||
|''wútaniaq''||''wútanuun'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Dative | |||
|''wútanii''||''wútanavuq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Accusative | |||
|''wútar'' ||''wútanaa'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Ablative | |||
|''wútanit'' ||''wútanavuq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Locative | |||
|''wútanit'' ||''wútanavi'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Vocative | |||
|''wútar!'' ||''wútanaa!'' | |||
|} | |||
''náawuq'' (f.) 'boat, ship' is irregular: | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ ''náawuq'' 'boat, ship' | |||
|- | |||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|Nominative | |||
|''náawuq''||''náawiq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Genitive | |||
|''naawíuq''||''náawuun'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Dative | |||
|''naawí''||''náawuvuq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Accusative | |||
|''náawun'' ||''náawuuq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Ablative | |||
|''náawit'' ||''náawuvuq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Locative | |||
|''náawit'' ||''náawuvi'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Vocative | |||
|''náawu!'' ||''náawiq!'' | |||
|} | |||
===''pateer''-class=== | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ ''pateer'' 'father' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | !| !! Singular !! Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
!| | !|Nominative | ||
|'' | |''pateer''||''patiriq'' | ||
|- | |||
!|Genitive | |||
|''patriaq''||''patiruun'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Dative | |||
|''patrii''||''patiravuq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Accusative | |||
|''patran'' ||''patiraaq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Ablative | |||
|''patrit'' ||''patiravuq'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!| | !|Locative | ||
|'' | |''patrit'' ||''patiravi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!| | !|Vocative | ||
|'' | |''patir!'' ||''patiriq!'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Declined similarly: maateer, vraateer, whiqeer, dukateer, Tippateer = father, mother, brother, sister, daughter, (Hivatish sky god) | |||
==Adjectives== | |||
Adjectives fall into three main declensions: -uq adjectives (~ Latin 1st declension adjectives), -iq adjectives (~ Latin 3rd declension adjectives), and -aq adjectives (containing verb participles). | |||
===-uq adjectives=== | |||
''qinuq'' 'old' | |||
*nom: qinuq, qinaa, qinun, pl. qinaaq, qinaaq, qinaa | |||
*gen: qinaa, qinaaq, qinaaq, pl. qinuun | |||
*dat: qinai, pl. qinavuq, qinaavuq, qinavuq | |||
*acc: qinun, qinaan, qinun, pl. qinuuq, qinaaq, qinaa | |||
*abl: qiniat, qinaat, qiniat, pl. qinavuq, qinaavuq, qinavuq | |||
*loc: qiniat, qinaat, qiniat, pl. qinavi, qinaavi, qinavi | |||
*voc: qini, qinaa, qini, pl. qinaaq, qinaaq, qinaa | |||
===-iq adjectives=== | |||
iqusiniq 'noble' | |||
*nom. iqusiniq, iqusiniq, iqusini; pl. iqusiniiq, iqusiniiq, iqusinia | |||
===-aq adjectives=== | |||
nom. -aq, -aq, -an; pl. -aaq, -aaq, -aa | |||
==Prepositions== | |||
*''su'' = w/ abl.: with (instrumental) | |||
*''san'' = w/ abl.: with (comitative) | |||
*''viz'' = w/ gen.: without | |||
*''in'' | |||
**w/ acc.: into | |||
**w/ loc.: inside | |||
*''at'' | |||
**w/ acc.: towards; at | |||
**w/ loc.: at, by | |||
*''attir'' | |||
**w/ loc.: between, | |||
**w/ acc.: against | |||
*''ut'' = w/ abl.: out of | |||
*''ipi'' | |||
**w/ acc.: onto | |||
**w/ loc.: on | |||
*''tira'' | |||
**w/ acc: (moving) through, beyond | |||
**w/ loc: beyond | |||
==Verbs== | |||
Qivattutannguaq verbs have only three tenses: present, past, and optative. | |||
===Athematic=== | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|+ '' | |+ ''tituat'' 'he gives', pres. ind. | ||
|- | |- | ||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | !| !! Singular !! Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1 | !|1 | ||
|'' | |''tituan''||''titumaq'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|2 | !|2 | ||
|'' | |''tituaq''||''tituti'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|3 | !|3 | ||
|'' | |''tituat''||''tituut'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
===e/o-thematic=== | |||
These verbs often take the past form from PIE root aorists. | |||
Some verbs in this class: | |||
*''vilsit, ivalsi'' = shines | |||
*''vinnit, ivanni'' = binds | |||
*''siuqit, isuqi'' = tries | |||
{| class="bluetable" | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="3" | Present | |||
|- | |||
! Person !! Active !! Passive | |||
|- | |||
| 1SG || ''vinnaa'' || ''vinnaar'' | |||
|- | |||
| 2SG || ''vinniq'' || ''vinnitar'' | |||
|- | |||
| 3SG || ''vinnit'' || ''vinnitur'' | |||
|- | |||
| 1PL || ''vinnumaq'' || ''vinnumaqti'' | |||
|- | |||
| 2PL || ''vinniti'' || ''vinnitau, vinnitaqti'' | |||
|- | |||
| 3PL || ''vinnuut'' || ''vinnuttur'' | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="3" | Past | |||
|- | |||
! Person !! Active !! Passive | |||
|- | |||
| 1SG || ''ivanna'' || ''ivannar'' | |||
|- | |||
| 2SG || ''ivanta'' || ''ivantar'' | |||
|- | |||
| 3SG || ''ivanni'' || ''ivannur'' | |||
|- | |||
| 1PL || ''ivannami'' || ''ivannamaqti'' | |||
|- | |||
| 2PL || ''ivannati'' || ''ivannatau, ivannataqti'' | |||
|- | |||
| 3PL || ''ivanneer'' || ''ivanneerur'' | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="3" | Optative | |||
|- | |||
! Person !! Active !! Passive | |||
|- | |||
| 1SG || ''vinnain'' || ''vinnajaar'' | |||
|- | |||
| 2SG || ''vinnaiq'' || ''vinnaitar'' | |||
|- | |||
| 3SG || ''vinnait'' || ''vinnaitur'' | |||
|- | |||
| 1PL || ''vinnaimaq'' || ''vinnaimaqti'' | |||
|- | |||
| 2PL || ''vinnaiti'' || ''vinnaitau, vinnaitaqti'' | |||
|- | |||
| 3PL || ''vinnajuut'' || ''vinnajuttur'' | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="3" | Imperative | |||
|- | |||
! Person !! Active !! Passive | |||
|- | |||
| 2SG || ''vinni!'' || ''vinniqi!'' | |||
|- | |||
| 3SG || ''vinnitaa!'' || ''vinnitaar!'' | |||
|- | |||
| 2PL || ''vinniti!'' || ''vinnitau!'' | |||
|- | |||
| 3PL || ''vinnuttaa!'' || ''vinnuttaar!'' | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="3" | Participles | |||
|- | |||
! Tense !! Active !! Passive | |||
|- | |||
| Present || ''vinnattaq'' || ''vinnumuq'' | |||
|- | |||
| Past || ''vannawuq'' || ''vannuq'' | |||
|} | |||
===Nasal infix present verbs=== | |||
===-eh2- verbs=== | |||
teepputijaat = he rules | |||
*present: teepputijaa, tepputijaaq, teepputijaat, teepputijaamaq, teepputijaati, teepputijaat | |||
*past: iteepputijaaqa, iteepputijaaqta, iteepputijaaqi, iteepputijaangmi, iteepputijaaqti, iteepputijaaqeer | |||
===-éye- verbs=== | |||
taiséet (*doyḱ-éye-ti) = he locates, he pinpoints | |||
*present: taisíjaa, taiséeq, taiséet, taiséemaq, taiséeti, taisíjuut | |||
*past: itaiséeqa, itaiséeqta, itaiséeqi, itaiséengmi, itaiséeqti, itaiséeqeer | |||
===Copula=== | |||
*present: ingmi, eeq, eet, ingmaq, iqti, iquut | |||
*past: iqqa, iqta, iqqi, iqami, iqati, iqqeer | |||
==Numerals== | |||
*zero: nuillur (m.), nuillaa (f.), nuillų (n.) | |||
*I: áinur (m.), áinaa (f.), áinų (n.); ordinal ''pramúr'' | |||
*II: tuwái (inanimate), tuwáa (animate); ordinal ''ántirur'' | |||
*III: tríir (animate), tría (inanimate); ordinal ''tirtúr'' | |||
*IIII: kituárir (animate), kituára (inanimate); ordinal ''kituartúr'' | |||
*Λ. pínkir; ordinal ''píktur'' | |||
*ΛΙ: wiír; ordinal ''wíhtur'' | |||
*ΛΙΙ: híptą; ordinal ''híptammur'' | |||
*ΛΙΙΙ: ustáa; ordinal ''ústaawur'' | |||
*ΛIIII: níwą; ordinal ''níwammur'' | |||
*Χ: tísą; ordinal ''tísammur'' | |||
*XI: ainumpirsą | |||
*XII: tuumpirsą | |||
*XIII: triipirsą | |||
*XIIII: kituarpirsą | |||
*XΛ: pikkipirsą | |||
*XΛI: wiipirsą | |||
*XΛII: qiptapirsą | |||
*XΛIII: ustaapirsą | |||
*XΛIIII: niwapirsą | |||
*XX: tuihtisaą | |||
*XXI: ainumpirtuihtisą | |||
*XXII: tuumpirtuihtisą | |||
*... | |||
*XXX: tirtisą | |||
*XXXX: kituartisą | |||
*D: pinkitisą | |||
*DX: wiitisą | |||
*DXX: qiptantisą | |||
*DXXX: ustantisą | |||
*DXXXX: niwantisą | |||
*O: santų | |||
*Q: pinkisantų | |||
*M: tuxantų | |||
*Ī (10000): zillių | |||
*Ī̄ (1,0000,0000): tuxillių | |||
Numerals percede nouns. Numbers above 1 take the genitive (partitive) singular. | |||
===Declension=== | |||
''ainuq'' declines as a singular ''-uq'' adjective. ''pikkiq'' and ''wiïq'' decline like -iq adjectives, and ''qiptun'', ''astaa'', ''nivun'' and ''tisun'' decline like neuter nouns. | |||
====''tuwai''==== | |||
*nom./acc./voc. ''tuwaa'' (animate), ''tuwai'' (inanimate) | |||
*gen. ''tuwuun, tuun'' | |||
*dat./abl. ''tuwaavuq'' (animate), ''tuwaivuq'' (inanimate) | |||
*loc. ''tuwaavi'' (animate), ''tuwaivi'' (inanimate) | |||
====''tria''==== | |||
*nom./acc./voc. ''triiq'' (animate), ''tria'' (inanimate) | |||
*gen. ''trijuun'' | |||
*dat./abl. ''triivuq'' | |||
*loc. ''triivi'' | |||
====''kituara''==== | |||
*nom./voc. ''kituariq'' (animate), ''kituara'' (inanimate) | |||
*acc. ''kituaraaq'' (animate), ''kituara'' (inanimate) | |||
*gen. ''kituaruun'' | |||
*dat./abl. ''kituaravuq'' | |||
*loc. ''kituaravi'' | |||
==Derivation== | |||
*''-isúq'' = forms adjectives (< -ik'os) | |||
*Verb prefixes: ''in-'', ''at-'', ''attir-'', ''pi-'', ''su-'', ''san-'', ''ik(s)-'', ''pir-'', ''hupir-'', ''huu-'', ... | |||
**Ex. from ''wiitit'' 'he sees': ''ikwiitit'' 'he identifies, he susses out', ''atwiitit'' 'he sees to it that', ''piwiitit'' 'he sees fit'; ''attirwiitit'' 'he agrees' (negative polarity item like the English ''see eye to eye''); ''suwiitit'' 'he witnesses' | |||
*''-inuq'' = agent | |||
*''-niq'' (from *-nih2) = feminine agent | |||
**''reeziniq'' = queen, from ''reezaq'' king | |||
*''-allún'' (from *-tlóm) = instrument | |||
==Syntax== | |||
todo: change to VSO / TopicVSO | |||
Qunngartutannguaq word order is SOV by default but can be changed due to emphasis. On the other hand, Prisinitutannguaq is consistently SVO. | |||
:PIE: '''''gʷih₃wós pisḱós wédni n̥h₂sḱéti.''''' | |||
:Qunng: '''''Kīwóh piksóh wótanit naksít.''''' | |||
:Pris: '''''Kiiwỏ piksỏ naksỉt (w)ỏtraat.''''' | |||
:Modern: '''''Kiu piks näksed hõv õdrad.''''' | |||
:''The living fish swims in the water.'' | |||
Adjectives and genitives precede nouns, and relative clauses follow nouns. | |||
[[Category:Indo-European languages]] | [[Category:Indo-European languages|Q]] |
Latest revision as of 21:52, 10 March 2024
Qivattutannguaq is a diachronic IE conlang created by a 19th-century Lõisian fantasy author.
Phonology
Vowels: i u a ii uu ee aa ai au iu ui
Consonants: p v t d s z k g q m n ng l r j w /p v t ð~d s z k ɣ~g q~χ m n ŋ l (uvular R) j w/
Voiceless stops are unaspirated.
i u are pronounced [e~ɛ o~ɔ] before q: ingníq [ɪ̀ŋnéχ] 'fire'; quunúq [huːnóχ] 'son'; wiqúq [wèχóχ] 'poison'.
Diachronics
o > u
RC > aRC
l before voiceless consonants = /ɬ/
nt nd > nt, ndʰ > nn
Pronouns
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | jaa | angmii |
Genitive | mini | angmaqun |
Dative | mai | angmavuq |
Accusative | mi | angmi |
Ablative | minit, miit | angmavuq |
Locative | minit, miit | angmavi |
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | tuu | juu |
Genitive | tivi | jungmaqun |
Dative | tai | jungmavuq |
Accusative | ti | jungmi |
Ablative | tivit, tiit | jungmavuq |
Locative | tivit, tiit | jungmavi |
(Number-neutral) | |
---|---|
Nominative | - |
Genitive | qivi |
Dative | qai |
Accusative | qi |
Ablative | qivit, qiit |
Locative | qivit, qiit |
Ancient Hivatish had no true 3rd person pronouns. Demonstrstives were used instead.
- siqu, siqaa, situt = this
- qu, qaa, tut = that
- ju, jaa, jut = which (relative pronoun)
- kiq? kia? kit? = who? what?
Nouns
Functions of the cases
Qivattutannguaq has 6 or 7 cases depending on register.
- The nominative is used for subjects and predicate objects. In Prisinitutannguaq, it is also used for direct objects, and the -q and -n endings are dropped.
- Dative objects and benefactives use the dative. It is also used for "have", as in Latin.
- The genitive is used for attributive possession and "belongs to" possession. Genitives come before nouns.
- The direct object of an affirmative verb takes the accusative, and the direct object of a negated verb takes the ablative:
- Suwaa walkum iwiti. = The dog saw a wolf.
- Suwaa walkiat nēm iwiti. = The dog did not see a wolf.
- Static locations take the locative. A preposition such as in or at can be used but is not necessary.
- Destinations for prepositions indicating destination like in 'into', at 'at' or ipi 'onto' take the accusative.
- "from a location" generally just takes the ablative, but some contexts require the preposition ut. (such as from a place that is city-sized or larger: ut vukaat 'from the city', but taamut 'from the house')
- For 'with' (instrumental) su + ablative is used. 'With' (comitative) requires the preposition san + ablative.
- Agents of passive verbs use the ablative.
Thematic
o-stem masculine
o-stem neuter
Qunngartutannguáq declension
|
Prisinitutannguáq declension
|
eh2-stems
Qunngartutannguáq declension
|
Prisinitutannguáq declension
|
u-stems
Masculine and feminine u-stems decline as follows:
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | quunúq | quunúwiq |
Genitive | quuníuq | quunúun |
Dative | quuníwi | quunúvuq |
Accusative | quunún | quunúuq |
Ablative | quunút | quunúvuq |
Locative | quunút | quunúvi |
Vocative | quunú! | quunúwiq! |
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | iglú | iglúa |
Genitive | iglíuq | iglúun |
Dative | iglíwi | iglúvuq |
Accusative | iglú | iglúa |
Ablative | iglút | iglúvuq |
Locative | iglút | iglúvi |
Vocative | iglú! | iglúa! |
i-stems
Masculine and feminine i-stems:
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | ingníq | ingníiq |
Genitive | ingníiq | ingnúun |
Dative | ingníi | ingnívuq |
Accusative | ingnín | ingníiq |
Ablative | ingnít | ingnívuq |
Locative | ingnít | ingnívi |
Vocative | ingní! | ingníiq! |
Also: teeppútiq 'master'.
Neuter i-stems:
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | anurí | anuría |
Genitive | anuríiq | anurúun |
Dative | anuríi | anurívuq |
Accusative | anurí | anuría |
Ablative | anurít | anurívuq |
Locative | anurít | anurívi |
Vocative | anurí! | anuría! |
h2-stems and thematized athematics
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | imáq | imáaq |
Genitive | imiáq | imúun |
Dative | imái | imávuq |
Accusative | imán | imáaq |
Ablative | imát | imávuq |
Locative | imát | imávi |
Vocative | imá! | imáaq! |
Nouns with a vowel before the -aq decline as follows:
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | tannguáq | tannguáaq |
Genitive | tanngujáq | tannguwúun |
Dative | tannguái | tannguávuq |
Accusative | tannguán | tannguáaq |
Ablative | tannguát | tannguávuq |
Locative | tannguát | tannguávi |
Vocative | tannguá! | tannguáaq! |
n-stems
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | zamaa | zamuniq |
Genitive | zamuuq | zamunuun |
Dative | zamunii | zamunavuq |
Accusative | zamunan | zamunaaq |
Ablative | zamunit | zamunavuq |
Locative | zamunit | zamunavi |
Vocative | zamuni! | zamuniq! |
-mn-nouns
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | numan | numanaa |
Genitive | numaaq | numanuun |
Dative | numanii | numanavuq |
Accusative | numan | numanaa |
Ablative | numanit | numanavuq |
Locative | numanit | numanavi |
Vocative | numan! | numanaa! |
Also: wírman 'time', wíngman 'clothes'
Athematic
Example nouns: qaullaq = sun; apalaq = apple
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | reezaq | reeziq |
Genitive | reeziaq | reezuun |
Dative | reezii | reezavuq |
Accusative | reezan | reezaaq |
Ablative | reezit | reezavuq |
Locative | reezit | reezavi |
Vocative | rees! | reeziq! |
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | iqalugaq | iqalugiq |
Genitive | iqalugiaq | iqaluguun |
Dative | iqalugii | iqalugavuq |
Accusative | iqalugan | iqalugaaq |
Ablative | iqalugit | iqalugavuq |
Locative | iqalugit | iqalugavi |
Vocative | iqaluk! | iqalugiq! |
Wútar 'water' is still a heteroclitic in Qunng. (cf. Ancient Greek ὕδωρ, ὕδατος). In Pris. the form wútraa (declined as a feminine -aa noun) is preferred; this survives as õdra in the modern language.
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | wútar | wútanaa |
Genitive | wútaniaq | wútanuun |
Dative | wútanii | wútanavuq |
Accusative | wútar | wútanaa |
Ablative | wútanit | wútanavuq |
Locative | wútanit | wútanavi |
Vocative | wútar! | wútanaa! |
náawuq (f.) 'boat, ship' is irregular:
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | náawuq | náawiq |
Genitive | naawíuq | náawuun |
Dative | naawí | náawuvuq |
Accusative | náawun | náawuuq |
Ablative | náawit | náawuvuq |
Locative | náawit | náawuvi |
Vocative | náawu! | náawiq! |
pateer-class
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | pateer | patiriq |
Genitive | patriaq | patiruun |
Dative | patrii | patiravuq |
Accusative | patran | patiraaq |
Ablative | patrit | patiravuq |
Locative | patrit | patiravi |
Vocative | patir! | patiriq! |
Declined similarly: maateer, vraateer, whiqeer, dukateer, Tippateer = father, mother, brother, sister, daughter, (Hivatish sky god)
Adjectives
Adjectives fall into three main declensions: -uq adjectives (~ Latin 1st declension adjectives), -iq adjectives (~ Latin 3rd declension adjectives), and -aq adjectives (containing verb participles).
-uq adjectives
qinuq 'old'
- nom: qinuq, qinaa, qinun, pl. qinaaq, qinaaq, qinaa
- gen: qinaa, qinaaq, qinaaq, pl. qinuun
- dat: qinai, pl. qinavuq, qinaavuq, qinavuq
- acc: qinun, qinaan, qinun, pl. qinuuq, qinaaq, qinaa
- abl: qiniat, qinaat, qiniat, pl. qinavuq, qinaavuq, qinavuq
- loc: qiniat, qinaat, qiniat, pl. qinavi, qinaavi, qinavi
- voc: qini, qinaa, qini, pl. qinaaq, qinaaq, qinaa
-iq adjectives
iqusiniq 'noble'
- nom. iqusiniq, iqusiniq, iqusini; pl. iqusiniiq, iqusiniiq, iqusinia
-aq adjectives
nom. -aq, -aq, -an; pl. -aaq, -aaq, -aa
Prepositions
- su = w/ abl.: with (instrumental)
- san = w/ abl.: with (comitative)
- viz = w/ gen.: without
- in
- w/ acc.: into
- w/ loc.: inside
- at
- w/ acc.: towards; at
- w/ loc.: at, by
- attir
- w/ loc.: between,
- w/ acc.: against
- ut = w/ abl.: out of
- ipi
- w/ acc.: onto
- w/ loc.: on
- tira
- w/ acc: (moving) through, beyond
- w/ loc: beyond
Verbs
Qivattutannguaq verbs have only three tenses: present, past, and optative.
Athematic
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
1 | tituan | titumaq |
2 | tituaq | tituti |
3 | tituat | tituut |
e/o-thematic
These verbs often take the past form from PIE root aorists.
Some verbs in this class:
- vilsit, ivalsi = shines
- vinnit, ivanni = binds
- siuqit, isuqi = tries
Present | ||
---|---|---|
Person | Active | Passive |
1SG | vinnaa | vinnaar |
2SG | vinniq | vinnitar |
3SG | vinnit | vinnitur |
1PL | vinnumaq | vinnumaqti |
2PL | vinniti | vinnitau, vinnitaqti |
3PL | vinnuut | vinnuttur |
Past | ||
Person | Active | Passive |
1SG | ivanna | ivannar |
2SG | ivanta | ivantar |
3SG | ivanni | ivannur |
1PL | ivannami | ivannamaqti |
2PL | ivannati | ivannatau, ivannataqti |
3PL | ivanneer | ivanneerur |
Optative | ||
Person | Active | Passive |
1SG | vinnain | vinnajaar |
2SG | vinnaiq | vinnaitar |
3SG | vinnait | vinnaitur |
1PL | vinnaimaq | vinnaimaqti |
2PL | vinnaiti | vinnaitau, vinnaitaqti |
3PL | vinnajuut | vinnajuttur |
Imperative | ||
Person | Active | Passive |
2SG | vinni! | vinniqi! |
3SG | vinnitaa! | vinnitaar! |
2PL | vinniti! | vinnitau! |
3PL | vinnuttaa! | vinnuttaar! |
Participles | ||
Tense | Active | Passive |
Present | vinnattaq | vinnumuq |
Past | vannawuq | vannuq |
Nasal infix present verbs
-eh2- verbs
teepputijaat = he rules
- present: teepputijaa, tepputijaaq, teepputijaat, teepputijaamaq, teepputijaati, teepputijaat
- past: iteepputijaaqa, iteepputijaaqta, iteepputijaaqi, iteepputijaangmi, iteepputijaaqti, iteepputijaaqeer
-éye- verbs
taiséet (*doyḱ-éye-ti) = he locates, he pinpoints
- present: taisíjaa, taiséeq, taiséet, taiséemaq, taiséeti, taisíjuut
- past: itaiséeqa, itaiséeqta, itaiséeqi, itaiséengmi, itaiséeqti, itaiséeqeer
Copula
- present: ingmi, eeq, eet, ingmaq, iqti, iquut
- past: iqqa, iqta, iqqi, iqami, iqati, iqqeer
Numerals
- zero: nuillur (m.), nuillaa (f.), nuillų (n.)
- I: áinur (m.), áinaa (f.), áinų (n.); ordinal pramúr
- II: tuwái (inanimate), tuwáa (animate); ordinal ántirur
- III: tríir (animate), tría (inanimate); ordinal tirtúr
- IIII: kituárir (animate), kituára (inanimate); ordinal kituartúr
- Λ. pínkir; ordinal píktur
- ΛΙ: wiír; ordinal wíhtur
- ΛΙΙ: híptą; ordinal híptammur
- ΛΙΙΙ: ustáa; ordinal ústaawur
- ΛIIII: níwą; ordinal níwammur
- Χ: tísą; ordinal tísammur
- XI: ainumpirsą
- XII: tuumpirsą
- XIII: triipirsą
- XIIII: kituarpirsą
- XΛ: pikkipirsą
- XΛI: wiipirsą
- XΛII: qiptapirsą
- XΛIII: ustaapirsą
- XΛIIII: niwapirsą
- XX: tuihtisaą
- XXI: ainumpirtuihtisą
- XXII: tuumpirtuihtisą
- ...
- XXX: tirtisą
- XXXX: kituartisą
- D: pinkitisą
- DX: wiitisą
- DXX: qiptantisą
- DXXX: ustantisą
- DXXXX: niwantisą
- O: santų
- Q: pinkisantų
- M: tuxantų
- Ī (10000): zillių
- Ī̄ (1,0000,0000): tuxillių
Numerals percede nouns. Numbers above 1 take the genitive (partitive) singular.
Declension
ainuq declines as a singular -uq adjective. pikkiq and wiïq decline like -iq adjectives, and qiptun, astaa, nivun and tisun decline like neuter nouns.
tuwai
- nom./acc./voc. tuwaa (animate), tuwai (inanimate)
- gen. tuwuun, tuun
- dat./abl. tuwaavuq (animate), tuwaivuq (inanimate)
- loc. tuwaavi (animate), tuwaivi (inanimate)
tria
- nom./acc./voc. triiq (animate), tria (inanimate)
- gen. trijuun
- dat./abl. triivuq
- loc. triivi
kituara
- nom./voc. kituariq (animate), kituara (inanimate)
- acc. kituaraaq (animate), kituara (inanimate)
- gen. kituaruun
- dat./abl. kituaravuq
- loc. kituaravi
Derivation
- -isúq = forms adjectives (< -ik'os)
- Verb prefixes: in-, at-, attir-, pi-, su-, san-, ik(s)-, pir-, hupir-, huu-, ...
- Ex. from wiitit 'he sees': ikwiitit 'he identifies, he susses out', atwiitit 'he sees to it that', piwiitit 'he sees fit'; attirwiitit 'he agrees' (negative polarity item like the English see eye to eye); suwiitit 'he witnesses'
- -inuq = agent
- -niq (from *-nih2) = feminine agent
- reeziniq = queen, from reezaq king
- -allún (from *-tlóm) = instrument
Syntax
todo: change to VSO / TopicVSO
Qunngartutannguaq word order is SOV by default but can be changed due to emphasis. On the other hand, Prisinitutannguaq is consistently SVO.
- PIE: gʷih₃wós pisḱós wédni n̥h₂sḱéti.
- Qunng: Kīwóh piksóh wótanit naksít.
- Pris: Kiiwỏ piksỏ naksỉt (w)ỏtraat.
- Modern: Kiu piks näksed hõv õdrad.
- The living fish swims in the water.
Adjectives and genitives precede nouns, and relative clauses follow nouns.