Pomorian North-Western dialects: Difference between revisions
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The North-Western group is a dialectal group of the Pomorian language spoken mostly in the eastern part of [[w:Puck County|Puck County]] and in [[w:Rumia|Rumina]], [[w:Reda, Poland|Reda]] and [[w:Gmina Wejherowo|Weiherinå]] gminas (which are the western part of Pomorze wschodnie in Poland). It is often referred to as '''pamarėska uzskądoja''' (Western Pomorian), sometimes also as '''pumurėlina guora/galba''' and is considered being a separate language by its native speakers. | The North-Western group is a dialectal group of the Pomorian language spoken mostly in the eastern part of [[w:Puck County|Puck County]] and in [[w:Rumia|Rumina]], [[w:Reda, Poland|Reda]] and [[w:Gmina Wejherowo|Weiherinå]] gminas (which are the western part of Pomorze wschodnie in Poland). It is often referred to as '''pamarėska uzskądoja''' (Western Pomorian), sometimes also as '''pumurėlina guora/galba''' and is considered being a separate language by its native speakers. It's the third most widely spoken dialect currently. | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
Western dialects started diverging from Old Pomorian approximately in the VIth-VIIth century, which is a very long time for a dialect. It came from lands in between [[w:Masuria|Masuria]] and Ziemia lubawska and slowly migrated to its current lands by the end of the XIII century. During this time Western Pomorians came into contact with slavic Pomeranians and their dialect was influenced by [[w:Slovincian language|Slovincian]] and [[w:Kashubian language|Kashubian]] spoken there. A partial assimilation with those peoples gave birth to Northern and South-Western dialects. | Western dialects started diverging from Old Pomorian approximately in the VIth-VIIth century, which is a very long time for a dialect and is more typical for a language. It came from lands in between [[w:Masuria|Masuria]] and Ziemia lubawska and slowly migrated to its current lands by the end of the XIII century. During this time Western Pomorians came into contact with slavic Pomeranians and their dialect was influenced by [[w:Slovincian language|Slovincian]] and [[w:Kashubian language|Kashubian]] spoken there. A partial assimilation with those peoples gave birth to Northern and South-Western dialects. | ||
From the XIII century onwards, Western Pomorians dispersed on the rest Pomorian territory intermixing with local population. During this process Central and Southern dialectal groups began forming and thus creating a dialectal continuum from Western to Eastern groups of dialects. | From the XIII century onwards, Western Pomorians dispersed on the rest Pomorian territory intermixing with local population. During this process Central and Southern dialectal groups began forming and thus creating a dialectal continuum from Western to Eastern groups of dialects. | ||
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The earliest writings in Pomerellian appeared in the XIVth century the most famous of which is "Gudoniskė Predihtė" ("Gdańskie kazania" in Polish). The first written phrase was from 1395: ''"Ate Nassye kao essi annebesseich"'', which is the first line of the Lord's Prayer. | The earliest writings in Pomerellian appeared in the XIVth century the most famous of which is "Gudoniskė Predihtė" ("Gdańskie kazania" in Polish). The first written phrase was from 1395: ''"Ate Nassye kao essi annebesseich"'', which is the first line of the Lord's Prayer. | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
The Pomerellian phonology is very similar to the standard with main features being: | The Pomerellian phonology is very similar to the standard with main features being: | ||
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'''Note:''' | '''Note:''' | ||
*Allophones /æ:/, /a:/, /ɔː/ appear only under circumflex accent. | *Allophones /æ:/, /a:/, /ɔː/ appear only under circumflex accent. | ||
*Word initial vowels can be pronounced with a slight [w] (before back vowels) or [j] (before front vowels). For instance, ''ugnì'' - [wʊg.ˈn̪ɪ] (fire). This is much more common before diphthongs, where an approximant is clearly heared and written as in ''vúisi'' - [ˈwuɪ.sɪ] (village), ''jéine'' [ˈjeɪ.n̪ɛ] (one) | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+ Diphthongs | |+ Diphthongs | ||
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===Prosody=== | ===Prosody=== | ||
The Western dialect has a [[w:Pitch accent (intonation)|pitch-accent]] while Northern has lost it gaining a fixed initial stress as in German. The Western dialect has the same accent types as in the standard: the | The Western dialect has a [[w:Pitch accent (intonation)|pitch-accent]] while Northern has lost it gaining a fixed initial stress as in German. The Western dialect has the same accent types as in the standard: the rising accent - ''tvírdagalså'' - which can be long - ''dìlgå'' (marked with an acute) - or short - ''cẽrtå'' (marked with a grave) and the falling accent - ''lìkugalså'' (marked with a circumflex or a tilde). However in some words with the rising accent in the standard there is a falling accent (''tvirdagalså'') while ''tvirdagalså certå'' can be retracted to a previous syllable. For example ''dąbù'' (oak) is ''dǻmbu'' in Western dialect and ''doambu'' in Northern. | ||
==Grammar== | ==Grammar== | ||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
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! colspan=3| gróde = hail | ! colspan=3| gróde = hail | ||
! colspan=3| galvà = head | ! colspan=3| galvà = head | ||
! colspan=3| | ! colspan=3| mùrjå = sea | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! | ||
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|gród'''e''' ||gród'''a''' ||gród'''ė''' | |gród'''e''' ||gród'''a''' ||gród'''ė''' | ||
|galv'''à''' ||gãlv'''ė''' ||gãlv'''o''' | |galv'''à''' ||gãlv'''ė''' ||gãlv'''o''' | ||
| | |mùrj'''å''' ||mùrj'''ė''' ||murj'''ó''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |align="right"|'''Genitive''' | ||
|gród'''o''' ||gród'''uo''' ||gród'''ų''' | |gród'''o''' ||gród'''uo''' ||gród'''ų''' | ||
|galv'''ó''' ||galv'''óu''' ||galv'''ų́''' | |galv'''ó''' ||galv'''óu''' ||galv'''ų́''' | ||
| | |mùrj'''o''' ||murj'''uõ''' ||murj'''ų́''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Dative''' | |align="right" |'''Dative''' | ||
|gród'''ou''' ||gród'''umu''' ||gród'''am''' | |gród'''ou''' ||gród'''umu''' ||gród'''am''' | ||
|gãlv'''ei''' ||galv'''ómu''' ||gàlv'''om''' | |gãlv'''ei''' ||galv'''ómu''' ||gàlv'''om''' | ||
| | |mùrj'''ou''' ||murj'''àmu''' ||mùrj'''am''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Accusative''' | |align="right"|'''Accusative''' | ||
|gród'''ą''' ||gród'''a''' ||gród'''u''' | |gród'''ą''' ||gród'''a''' ||gród'''u''' | ||
|gãlv'''ą''' ||gàlv'''ė''' ||gãlv'''e''' | |gãlv'''ą''' ||gàlv'''ė''' ||gãlv'''e''' | ||
| | |mùrj'''ą''' ||mùrj'''ė''' ||mùrj'''e''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | |align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | ||
|gród'''um''' ||gród'''umu''' ||gród'''ėmy''' | |gród'''um''' ||gród'''umu''' ||gród'''ėmy''' | ||
|gãlv'''ają''' ||gãlv'''ómu''' ||galv'''omy͂''' | |gãlv'''ają''' ||gãlv'''ómu''' ||galv'''omy͂''' | ||
| | |mùrj'''åm''' ||murj'''àmu''' ||murj'''amy͂''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Locative''' | |align="right"|'''Locative''' | ||
|gród'''ė''' ||gród'''uo''' ||gród'''ėch''' | |gród'''ė''' ||gród'''uo''' ||gród'''ėch''' | ||
|gàlv'''ojė''' ||gãlv'''ou''' ||gãlv'''os''' | |gàlv'''ojė''' ||gãlv'''ou''' ||gãlv'''os''' | ||
| | |murj'''ėjė͂''' ||mùrj'''uõ''' ||mùrj'''os''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Vocative''' | |align="right"|'''Vocative''' | ||
|gród'''ei''' ||gród'''a''' ||gród'''ė''' | |gród'''ei''' ||gród'''a''' ||gród'''ė''' | ||
|gãlv'''a''' ||gãlv'''ė''' ||gãlv'''o''' | |gãlv'''a''' ||gãlv'''ė''' ||gãlv'''o''' | ||
| | |mùrj'''a''' ||mùrj'''ė''' ||mùrj'''o''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Locative''' | |align="right"|'''Locative''' | ||
|el'''ènė''' ||el'''ènuo''' ||el''' | |el'''ènė''' ||el'''ènuo''' ||el'''ènis''' | ||
|imn'''enė́''' ||imn'''enuõ''' ||ìmn''' | |imn'''enė́''' ||imn'''enuõ''' ||ìmn'''enis''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Vocative''' | |align="right"|'''Vocative''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
====Sixth declension==== | ====Sixth declension==== | ||
'''*-t, *-s *-r (neuter, feminine), bróti (-r, masculine)''' | '''*-t, *-s *-r (neuter, feminine), bróti (-r, masculine)''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Locative''' | |align="right"|'''Locative''' | ||
|tel'''ę́tė''' ||tel'''ę́tuo''' ||tel''' | |tel'''ę́tė''' ||tel'''ę́tuo''' ||tel'''ę́tis''' | ||
|kakl'''erė́''' ||kakl'''esuõ''' ||kàkl''' | |kakl'''erė́''' ||kakl'''esuõ''' ||kàkl'''esis''' | ||
|brót'''erė''' ||brót'''eruo''' ||brót''' | |brót'''erė''' ||brót'''eruo''' ||brót'''eris''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Vocative''' | |align="right"|'''Vocative''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
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*'''The third''' conjugation contains verbs with infintives ending in '''-yti''' and some in '''-ėti'''. | *'''The third''' conjugation contains verbs with infintives ending in '''-yti''' and some in '''-ėti'''. | ||
*'''The fourth''' conjugation contains verbs with infinitives ending in '''-outi''' | *'''The fourth''' conjugation contains verbs with infinitives ending in '''-outi''' | ||
*'''The fifth''' conjugation contains few old athematic and auxillary verbs. Almost all of these verbs are irregular. | *'''The fifth''' conjugation, usually considered a subgroup of the first one, include verbs with an /ui/ diphthong in their infinitives. | ||
*'''The sixth''' conjugation contains few old athematic and auxillary verbs. Almost all of these verbs are irregular. | |||
====Active Voice==== | ====Active Voice==== | ||
===== | =====Simple tenses===== | ||
'''Present tense''' | '''Present tense''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''You (singular)''' | |align="right"|'''You (singular)''' | ||
|ved''' | |ved'''èsi''' ||zin'''ójesi''' ||sod'''ìnesi''' ||zõď'''esi''' ||krýk'''nesi''' ||mù'''jesi''' ||'''esì''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''He/She/It''' | |align="right" |'''He/She/It''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''I''' | |align="right"|'''I''' | ||
| | |imū́hu | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''You (singular)''' | |align="right"|'''You (singular)''' | ||
| | |imū́ši | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''He/She/It''' | |align="right" |'''He/She/It''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
The usage of this tense was found in Gdańsk chronics from the early XVth century. It mentioned that peasants had almost no crops and asked God to give them some food to eat, but God refused to give the food because those people were pagans unlike christian Germans who lived in the city. They said: ''Hleiban | The usage of this tense was found in Gdańsk chronics from the early XVth century. It mentioned that peasants had almost no crops and asked God to give them some food to eat, but God refused to give the food because those people were pagans unlike christian Germans who lived in the city. They said: ''Hleiban dādāšimes. Dāi nāme ir sin deinin!'' (You gave us bread (before). Give us (it) this day too!). In modern Pomorian this would be: ''Hlėbå nome buvei dovušu. Doďi nomu ji šį dienį!'' It's not known whether this event really happened or it was a story created to encourage local people converting into christianity. | ||
=====Compound tenses===== | |||
Compound tenses and moods are the same as in the Pomorian proper, but North-Western dialects have some additional ones. Here only the additional moods are listed: frequentative (expresses repeating actions), conditional (represents events happening under some conditions), desiderative (expresses wishes and desires). All of them use a verb ''būti'', ''imti'' (usually to express necessity) or ''vilti/cesti'' (in desiderative) and a respectful participle (using supine or infintive instead is also possible in North-Western and in Eastern dialects it's the only way to use these moods). | Compound tenses and moods are the same as in the Pomorian proper, but North-Western dialects have some additional ones. Here only the additional moods are listed: frequentative (expresses repeating actions), conditional (represents events happening under some conditions), desiderative (expresses wishes and desires). All of them use a verb ''būti'', ''imti'' (usually to express necessity) or ''vilti/cesti'' (in '''desiderative''', where a special word form from old optative is preserved, for instance: ''Velie mė'' ("I would like"), ''Velie be mė'' ("I would have wanted") and a respectful participle (using supine or infintive instead is also possible in North-Western and in Eastern dialects it's the only way to use these moods). | ||
====Participles==== | ====Participles==== | ||
Like the standard Pomorian the Pomerellian dialect has a lot of participles. In fact it has even more types of them, | Like the standard Pomorian the Pomerellian dialect has a lot of participles. In fact it has even more types of them, 17 in total. But sometimes an adjectival and its correspondent adverbial participles are counted as a single type (with adjectival and adverbial endings). Every adjectival participle can decline for case, number and gender, but only masculine singular forms are listed below. These types are: | ||
{| | {| | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!align="right" width=170|'''active present''' | !align="right" width=170|'''active present''' | ||
|vėdante | |vėdante/vėdą | ||
|- | |- | ||
!align="right"|'''active past''' | !align="right"|'''active past''' | ||
|vėdavu | |vėdavu/vėdou | ||
|- | |- | ||
!align="right" |'''passive present''' | !align="right" |'''passive present''' | ||
Latest revision as of 11:57, 26 January 2018
The North-Western group is a dialectal group of the Pomorian language spoken mostly in the eastern part of Puck County and in Rumina, Reda and Weiherinå gminas (which are the western part of Pomorze wschodnie in Poland). It is often referred to as pamarėska uzskądoja (Western Pomorian), sometimes also as pumurėlina guora/galba and is considered being a separate language by its native speakers. It's the third most widely spoken dialect currently.
History
Western dialects started diverging from Old Pomorian approximately in the VIth-VIIth century, which is a very long time for a dialect and is more typical for a language. It came from lands in between Masuria and Ziemia lubawska and slowly migrated to its current lands by the end of the XIII century. During this time Western Pomorians came into contact with slavic Pomeranians and their dialect was influenced by Slovincian and Kashubian spoken there. A partial assimilation with those peoples gave birth to Northern and South-Western dialects.
From the XIII century onwards, Western Pomorians dispersed on the rest Pomorian territory intermixing with local population. During this process Central and Southern dialectal groups began forming and thus creating a dialectal continuum from Western to Eastern groups of dialects.
Under German rule Northern dialect was heavily influenced by Low German resulting in some new features of it such as an initial stress and loss of the pitch accent. however morphology stayed quite intact preserving some archaic features not present in Pomorian standard.
The earliest writings in Pomerellian appeared in the XIVth century the most famous of which is "Gudoniskė Predihtė" ("Gdańskie kazania" in Polish). The first written phrase was from 1395: "Ate Nassye kao essi annebesseich", which is the first line of the Lord's Prayer.
Phonology
The Pomerellian phonology is very similar to the standard with main features being:
- lack of nasalization before plosives;
- preservation of k, g before front vowels in some ablaut alterations and after s;
- lack of shortening of old diphthongs *au and *ai at the end of the word;
- narrowing of au to ou;
- no palatalization before front vowels, however it depends on a speaker (usually only y can cause palatalization);
- no /c/, /ɟ/ palatalization to /t͡ɕ/, /d͡ʑ/;
Vowels
| Western dialect | Front | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| oral | nasal | oral | nasal | |
| Close | y /i:/ | į /ĩ:/ | ū /u:/ | ų /ũ:/ |
| Mid | ė /ɛː~eː/ | o /ɔː~oː/ | ||
| Open-mid | e (/æ:/) | ę /æ̃:/ | å (/ɔː/) | ą /ɔ̃:/ |
| Open | a (/a:/) | |||
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| Close | i /i~ɪ/ | u /u~ʊ/ |
| Open-mid | e /ɛ/ | |
| Open | a /ɑ/ å /ɒ/ |
Note:
- Allophones /æ:/, /a:/, /ɔː/ appear only under circumflex accent.
- Word initial vowels can be pronounced with a slight [w] (before back vowels) or [j] (before front vowels). For instance, ugnì - [wʊg.ˈn̪ɪ] (fire). This is much more common before diphthongs, where an approximant is clearly heared and written as in vúisi - [ˈwuɪ.sɪ] (village), jéine [ˈjeɪ.n̪ɛ] (one)
| ie /ie/ | uo /uo/ | ei /eɪ/ | ou /oʊ/ | ui /uɪ/ |
|---|
| Northern dialect | Front | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| oral | nasal | oral | nasal | |
| Close | y /i:/ | į /ĩ:/ | ū /u:/ | ų /ũ:/ |
| Mid | ė /eɪ~eː/ | o /oʊ~oː/ | ||
| Open-mid | ē /æ:/ | ę /æ̃:/ | ą /ɔ̃:/ | |
| Open | ā /a:/ | |||
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| Close | i /i~ɪ/ | u /u~ʊ/ |
| Open-mid | e /ɛ/ | |
| Open | a /ɑ/ å /ɒ/ |
| ie /ɪe/ | ea /ɛæ/ | oa /ɔɒ/ | uo /uo/ | ei /eɪ~ɪ:/ | ou /ɔʊ~ʊ:/ |
|---|
Consonants
| Labial | Dental | Palato-alveolar | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n̪ | ɲ | |||
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t̪ | c | k | |
| voiced | b | d̪ | ɟ | g | ||
| Affricate | voiceless | t̪͡s̪ | t͡sʲ~t͡ɕ 1 | |||
| voiced | d̪͡z̪ | d͡zʲ~d͡ʑ 1 | ||||
| Fricative | voiceless | (f) 2 | s̪ | sʲ~ɕ 1 ʆ 3 | h 4 | |
| voiced | z̪ | zʲ~ʑ 1 | (ɦ) 4 | |||
| Trill | r | (rʲ)/(r̝) 5 | ||||
| Approximant | w~ʋ 6 | j | ||||
| Lateral approximant | l | ʎ | ||||
Notes:
- 1 Depends on a speaker. Affricates [t͡ɕ], [d͡ʑ] are considered to be a Polish influence.
- 2 Occures only in borrowings.
- 3 Pronunciation varies from [ʃ] to [ʂ] in different speakers with the latter being more common.
- 4 [ɦ] is an allophone of /h/ in the intervocal position. Usually [h] is spelled ch as in old traditional system. At the end of the word this sound can undergo fortition to [x] unlike in the standard where it is always lax and can even disappear in a fast speech.
- 5 Does not appear in most North-Western dialects and is usually pronounced as as a sequence [rj] or plain [r]. It is also pronounced as [r̝] by some northern speakers - a unique feature of the Northern dialect.
- 6 [w] occures after back vowels, while [ʋ] - after front ones. Some, mostly second-language speakers pronounce it as [v] (and [f] near voiceless consonants).
Prosody
The Western dialect has a pitch-accent while Northern has lost it gaining a fixed initial stress as in German. The Western dialect has the same accent types as in the standard: the rising accent - tvírdagalså - which can be long - dìlgå (marked with an acute) - or short - cẽrtå (marked with a grave) and the falling accent - lìkugalså (marked with a circumflex or a tilde). However in some words with the rising accent in the standard there is a falling accent (tvirdagalså) while tvirdagalså certå can be retracted to a previous syllable. For example dąbù (oak) is dǻmbu in Western dialect and doambu in Northern.
Grammar
Nouns
North-Western Pomorian nouns decline in a similar way to the standard patterns. The main difference is a dual number being fully present in every declension and not just as a relics as in the Pomorian proper. Nouns have seven cases: Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, Instrumental, Locative and Vocative.
First declension
-e (masculine), -a (feminine), -å (neuter)
| gróde = hail | galvà = head | mùrjå = sea | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | dual | plural | singular | dual | plural | singular | dual | plural | |
| Nominative | gróde | gróda | gródė | galvà | gãlvė | gãlvo | mùrjå | mùrjė | murjó |
| Genitive | gródo | gróduo | gródų | galvó | galvóu | galvų́ | mùrjo | murjuõ | murjų́ |
| Dative | gródou | gródumu | gródam | gãlvei | galvómu | gàlvom | mùrjou | murjàmu | mùrjam |
| Accusative | gródą | gróda | gródu | gãlvą | gàlvė | gãlve | mùrją | mùrjė | mùrje |
| Instrumental | gródum | gródumu | gródėmy | gãlvają | gãlvómu | galvomy͂ | mùrjåm | murjàmu | murjamy͂ |
| Locative | gródė | gróduo | gródėch | gàlvojė | gãlvou | gãlvos | murjėjė͂ | mùrjuõ | mùrjos |
| Vocative | gródei | gróda | gródė | gãlva | gãlvė | gãlvo | mùrja | mùrjė | mùrjo |
Second declension
-i (masculine), -i (feminine)
| zvėrì = mammal | ugnì = fire | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | dual | plural | singular | dual | plural | |
| Nominative | zvėrì | zvė́ri | zvė́rije | ugnì | ugnì | ugný |
| Genitive | zvėrý | zvėriuõ | zvėrijų́ | ugný | ugniúo | ugnių́ |
| Dative | zvė́riui | zvėrìmu | zvėrìm | ugnéi | ugnìmu | ugnìm |
| Accusative | zvė́rį | zvė́ri | zvė͂rį | ugnį́ | ugnì | ugnį́ |
| Instrumental | zvė́rim | zvėrìmu | zvėrimy͂ | ugnìją | ugnìmu | ugnìmy |
| Locative | zvėrie͂ | zvėriuõ | zvė́rich | ugnýjė | ugniúo | ugnìch |
| Vocative | zvė́rie | zvė́ri | zvėrie͂ | ugný | ugnì | ugný |
Third declension
-u (masculine, neuter)
| sūnù = son | ledù = ice | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | dual | plural | singular | dual | plural | |
| Nominative | sūnù | sū́nū | sū͂nave | ledù | lèdū | le͂dū |
| Genitive | sūnuõ | sūnóu | sū́navų | leduõ | ledóu | ledų́ |
| Dative | sū́nave | sūnùmu | sūnùm | lèdou | ledùmu | ledùm |
| Accusative | sū͂nų | sū́nū | sū͂nų | le͂dų | lèdū | le͂dų |
| Instrumental | sū́num | sūnùmu | sūnumy͂ | lèdum | ledùmu | ledumy͂ |
| Locative | sūnóu | sūnóu | sū́nuch | ledùju | ledóu | lèduch |
| Vocative | sūnuõ | sū́nū | sū͂nave | leduõ | lèdū | le͂dū |
Fourth declension
-ū (feminine)
| brū͂ = eyebrow | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| singular | dual | plural | |
| Nominative | brū͂ | brùvi | brùvy |
| Genitive | bruvý | brùvuo | bruvų́ |
| Dative | bruvė́ | bruvìmu | brùvim |
| Accusative | brùvų | brùvi | brùvų |
| Instrumental | brùve | bruvìmu | bruvimy͂ |
| Locative | bruvė́ | brùvuo | brùvich |
| Vocative | brùvy | brùvi | brùvy |
Fifth declension
*-n (feminine), *-n (neuter)
| elū́ = deer | ìmnę = name | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | dual | plural | singular | dual | plural | |
| Nominative | elū́ | elèni | elèny | ìmnę | imnèni | imnenè |
| Genitive | elèny | elènuo | elènų | imnený | imnenuõ | imnenų́ |
| Dative | elèniė | elènimu | elènim | ìmnenė | imnènimu | imnenìm |
| Accusative | elènį | elèni | elènį | ìmnenį | imnèni | ìmnenį |
| Instrumental | elène | elènimu | elènimy | ìmnenim | imnènimu | imnenimy͂ |
| Locative | elènė | elènuo | elènis | imnenė́ | imnenuõ | ìmnenis |
| Vocative | elène | elèni | elèny | ìmnene | ìmneni | ìmnenė |
Sixth declension
*-t, *-s *-r (neuter, feminine), bróti (-r, masculine)
| telę́ = calf | kãkla = wheel | bróti = brother | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | dual | plural | singular | dual | plural | singular | dual | plural | |
| Nominative | telę́ | telę́ti | telę́te | kãkla | kãklesi | kaklesè | bróti | bróteri | bróterė |
| Genitive | telę́ty | telę́tuo | telę́tų | kãklesy | kaklesuõ | kaklesų́ | brótery | bróteruo | bróterų |
| Dative | telę́tė | telę́timu | telę́tim | kãklesė | kaklesĩmu | kaklesìm | bróterė | bróterimu | bróterim |
| Accusative | telę́tį | telę́ti | telę́tį | kãklesį | kãklesi | kàklesį | bróterį | bróteri | bróterį |
| Instrumental | telę́tim | telę́timu | telę́timy | kãklesim | kaklesĩmu | kaklesimy͂ | bróterim | bróterimu | bróterimy |
| Locative | telę́tė | telę́tuo | telę́tis | kaklerė́ | kaklesuõ | kàklesis | bróterė | bróteruo | bróteris |
| Vocative | telę́tie | telę́ti | telę́tė | kaklese͂ | kàklesi | kaklesė́ | brótere | bróteri | bróterė |
Verbs
Every Pomorian verb belongs to one of four different conjugations:
- The first conjugation, which has different subgroups in it, contains verbs whose infitives end in -ti before a consonant. There are some irregulare verb patterns in this conjugation. In Northern dialect some -oti verbs belong to this conjugation.
- The second conjugation encompasses verbs with infintive form endings -ėti (with -ėj- in the present tense), -oti,uoti. Verbs with infinitives ending in -įti and is a subclass of this conjugation.
- The third conjugation contains verbs with infintives ending in -yti and some in -ėti.
- The fourth conjugation contains verbs with infinitives ending in -outi
- The fifth conjugation, usually considered a subgroup of the first one, include verbs with an /ui/ diphthong in their infinitives.
- The sixth conjugation contains few old athematic and auxillary verbs. Almost all of these verbs are irregular.
Active Voice
Simple tenses
Present tense
This tense describe present or ongoing events without a definite time. Conjugation types are marked with numbers.
| 1 | 2a | 2b | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| vestì - to lead | zinóti - to know | sodínti - to set | zodýti - to decide | krykóuti - to shout | múiti - to wash | bū́ti - to be | |
| I | vedå̀ | zinójå | sodìnå | zõdiå | krýknå | mùjå | esmì |
| You (singular) | vedèsi | zinójesi | sodìnesi | zõďesi | krýknesi | mùjesi | esì |
| He/She/It | vedè | zinóje | sodìne | zõďe | krýkne | mùje | e͂s |
| We (dual) | vedevà | zinójeva | sodìneva | zoďevà | krýkneva | mujevà | esvà |
| You (dual) | vedetà | zinójeta | sodìneta | zoďetà | krýkneta | mujetà | està |
| They (dual) | vedè | zìnoje | sódine | zõďe | krýkne | mujè | e͂ste |
| We | vedèmu | zinójemu | sodìnemu | zoďèmu | krýknemu | mùjemu | esmù |
| You (plural) | vedète | zinójete | sodìnete | zoďète | krýknete | mùjete | estè |
| They | vedą́ | zinóją | sodìną | zõdią | krýkną | mùją | są͂ |
Future tense
Modern Pomerellian has no synthetic future tense just like the standard. Only the verb būti has an additional simple future tense which conjugates like present, but using the n-form bųsti instead. This form similarly to English "will" is used together with other verbs to create various analytic aspects of the future tense. For example: bundå zodyti (I will decide); bundå zodiuo, kad pudzėďes (I will have decided by the time you ask (me)). Some other verbs like jeiti (to go), stoti (to stand), lyti (to rain) or dėti (to place) have the n-form to indicate events expected in the future. In Eastern dialects this form became a new future tense.
| I | búndå |
| You (singular) | búndes |
| He/She/It | búnde |
| We two | búndeva |
| You two | búndeta |
| They two | búndete |
| We | búndemu |
| You (plural) | búndete |
| They | búndą |
However an archaic form of a synthetic future tense had been seldom used by the end of the XXth century especially in folklore, where it can still be found nowadays. These are just some relics like būšęsiå tåmou (I will be there, stative); Doďeši mė bėtu kelkå peningo? (Will you give me some money, please?)
Past tense
This is the basic tense to describe actions in the past.
| 1 | 2a | 2b | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| vestì - to lead | zinóti - to know | sodínti - to set | zodýti - to decide | krykóuti - to shout | múiti - to wash | bū́ti - to be | |
| I | veduõ | zinójuo | sodìnuo | zoduõ | krýknuo | mujúo | buvù |
| You (singular) | vedéi | zinójei | sodìnei | zõďei | krýknei | mujéi | buvì |
| He/She/It | vedė́ | zinójė | sodìnė | zõďė | krýknė | mùjė | bū͂ |
| We (dual) | vedèvė | zinojèvė | sodinèvė | zoďèvė | krýknevė | mujèvė | bùvė |
| You (dual) | vedèva | zinojèva | sodinèva | zoďèva | krýkneva | mujètė | bùva |
| They (dual) | vèdet | zìnojet | sódinet | zóďet | krýknet | mùjet | bùve |
| We | vedóme | zinójome | sodìnome | zoďóme | krýknome | mujóme | buvóme |
| You (plural) | vedė́te | zinójėte | sodìnėte | zoďė́te | krýknėte | mujė́te | buvóte |
| They | vèdę | zinóję | sodìnę | zóďę | krýknę | mùję | bùvę |
Aorist
Aorist is an archaic feature of Pomorian which is preserved only in North-Western dialects an is usually used with irregular verbs. This tense describes both past and present events that happen(ed) in general, without asserting a time, meaning that it just describes an action neither its duration nor its result.
| ìmti - to have | |
|---|---|
| I | imū́hu |
| You (singular) | imū́ši |
| He/She/It | imū́šė |
| We two | imūhóvė |
| You two | imūhótė |
| They two | imū́hot |
| We | imū́šėmu |
| You (plural) | imū́šėte |
| They | imū́šę |
The usage of this tense was found in Gdańsk chronics from the early XVth century. It mentioned that peasants had almost no crops and asked God to give them some food to eat, but God refused to give the food because those people were pagans unlike christian Germans who lived in the city. They said: Hleiban dādāšimes. Dāi nāme ir sin deinin! (You gave us bread (before). Give us (it) this day too!). In modern Pomorian this would be: Hlėbå nome buvei dovušu. Doďi nomu ji šį dienį! It's not known whether this event really happened or it was a story created to encourage local people converting into christianity.
Compound tenses
Compound tenses and moods are the same as in the Pomorian proper, but North-Western dialects have some additional ones. Here only the additional moods are listed: frequentative (expresses repeating actions), conditional (represents events happening under some conditions), desiderative (expresses wishes and desires). All of them use a verb būti, imti (usually to express necessity) or vilti/cesti (in desiderative, where a special word form from old optative is preserved, for instance: Velie mė ("I would like"), Velie be mė ("I would have wanted") and a respectful participle (using supine or infintive instead is also possible in North-Western and in Eastern dialects it's the only way to use these moods).
Participles
Like the standard Pomorian the Pomerellian dialect has a lot of participles. In fact it has even more types of them, 17 in total. But sometimes an adjectival and its correspondent adverbial participles are counted as a single type (with adjectival and adverbial endings). Every adjectival participle can decline for case, number and gender, but only masculine singular forms are listed below. These types are:
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