Haoli/Nouns: Difference between revisions

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=Gender=
=Gender=
Gender in Haoli pertains to how nouns are declined and gender agreement for articles.
Gender in Haoli pertains to how nouns are declined and gender agreement for articles. Gender of a noun is defined by the vowel of the final syllable.


==Neuter Endings==
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
*Words ending in i, o, þ, and c are always neuter.
! Neuter !! Feminine !! Masculine
*Words ending in gh, n, r, j, l, lh, v, s, g, h, f, and ð are neuter when preceded by i or o.
|-
 
| i, o || e || a, u
==Feminine Endings==
|}
*Words ending in e, p, k, m, mh, and rh are always feminine.
*Words ending in gh, n, r, j, l, lh, v, s, g, h, f, and ð are feminine when preceded by e.
 
==Masculine Endings==
*Words ending in a, u, and nh are always masculine.
*Words ending in gh, n, r, j, l, lh, v, s, g, h, f, and ð are masculine when preceded by a or u.


=Root Form=
=Root Form=
Line 46: Line 40:
ghoþ "scripture" > gheþ "scriptures"<br/>
ghoþ "scripture" > gheþ "scriptures"<br/>
kuk "place" > kajk "places"<br/>
kuk "place" > kajk "places"<br/>
'''Article Agreement'''<br/>
Note that the gender of the plural form is the same as the root form.


==Mass Plurals==
==Mass Plurals==
Line 53: Line 50:
vatas "body of water" -> vatasfen "waters"<br/>
vatas "body of water" -> vatasfen "waters"<br/>
tul "wind gust" -> tulfen "wind"<br/>
tul "wind gust" -> tulfen "wind"<br/>
=Pronouns=
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!colspan="7"|Pronouns
|-
!rowspan="2"| Person
|-
!colspan="3"|Singular
!colspan="3"|Plural
|-
!First Person
|colspan="3"|jan
|colspan="3"|bet
|-
!Second Person
|colspan="3"|si
|colspan="3"|al
|-
!Third Person
|edi || ede || eda || edic || edec || edac
|}


=Cases=
=Cases=
==Basic Cases==
==Basic Cases==
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Class of Case'''
!rowspan="2"|'''Class of Case'''
!'''Case'''
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!'''English Approximation'''
!rowspan="2"|'''English Approximation'''
!'''Neuter'''
!colspan="2"|'''Neuter'''
!'''Feminine'''
!colspan="2"|'''Feminine'''
!'''Masculine'''
!colspan="2"|'''Common'''
|-
!'''Neuter I'''
!'''Neuter II'''
!'''Feminine I'''
!'''Feminine II'''
!'''Common I'''
!'''Common II'''
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Grammatical'''
!rowspan="2"|'''Grammatical'''
|Nominative
|Nominative
|''cat''
|''cat''
| || ||
| hao || tor || ðule || kes || eldu || vatas
|-
|-
|Accusative
|Accusative
|''cat''
|''cat''
| || ||
| haōr || toror || ðulēr || keser || eldūr || vatasur
|-
|-
!rowspan="6"|'''Non-Grammatical'''
!rowspan="6"|'''Non-Grammatical'''
|Dative
|Dative
|''for/because of the cat''
|''for/because of the cat''
| || ||
| haōs || toros || ðulēs || keses|| eldūs || vatasus
|-
|-
|Malefactive
|Malefactive
|''against/opposed to the cat''
|''against/opposed to the cat''
| || ||
| haomo || tormo || ðuleme || kesme || eldumu || vatasmu
|-
|-
|Adverbial
|Adverbial
|''cattily''
|''cattily''
| || ||
| haoko || torko || ðuleke || keske || eldku || vatasku
|-
|-
|Vocative
|Vocative
|''Cat (name)''
|''O Cat''
| || ||
| haogho || torgho || ðuleghe || kesghe || eldghu || vatasghu
|-
|-
|Contrastive
|Contrastive
|''as compared to the cat''
|''as compared to the cat''
| || ||
| haoto || torto || ðulete || keste || eldtu || vatastu
|-
|-
|Genitive
|Genitive
|''of cat/about cat/cat's''
|''of cat/about cat/cat's''
| || ||
| haōð || toroð || ðulēð || keseð || eldūð || vatasuð
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 103: Line 129:


{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Class of Case'''
!rowspan="2"|'''Class of Case'''
!'''Case'''
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!'''English Approximation'''
!rowspan="2"|'''English Approximation'''
!'''Neuter'''
!colspan="2"|'''Neuter'''
!'''Feminine'''
!colspan="2"|'''Feminine'''
!'''Masculine'''
!colspan="2"|'''Common'''
|-
!'''Neuter I'''
!'''Neuter II'''
!'''Feminine I'''
!'''Feminine II'''
!'''Common I'''
!'''Common II'''
|-
|-
!rowspan="5"|'''Oblique'''
!rowspan="5"|'''Oblique'''
|Translative
|Translative
|''to being a cat''
|''to being a cat''
| || ||
| haotos || tortos || ðuletes || kestes || eldutus || vatastus
|-
|-
|Exessive
|Exessive
|''from being a cat''
|''from being a cat''
| || ||
| haotoso || tortoso || ðuletese || kestese || eldutusu ||vatastusu
|-
|-
|Essive
|Essive
|''as being a cat/like a cat''
|''as being a cat/like a cat''
| || ||
| haotosso || tortosso || ðuletesse || kestesse || eldutussu || vatastussu
|-
|-
|Instrumental
|Instrumental
|''by use of the cat/with cat''
|''by use of the cat/with cat''
| || ||
| haoghon || torghon || ðuleghen || kesghen || eldughun || vatasghun
|-
|-
|Prolative
|Prolative
|''by way of the cat''
|''by way of the cat''
| || ||
| haolog || torlog || ðuleleg || kesleg || eldulug || vataslug
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 139: Line 172:
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!rowspan="2"|'''English Approximation'''
!rowspan="2"|'''English Approximation'''
!colspan="3"|'''Neuter'''
!colspan="2"|'''Neuter'''
!colspan="3"|'''Feminine'''
!colspan="2"|'''Feminine'''
!colspan="3"|'''Masculine'''
!colspan="2"|'''Common'''
|-
|-
!'''Singular'''
!'''Neuter I'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Neuter II'''
!'''Mass Plural'''
!'''Feminine I'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Feminine II'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Common I'''
!'''Mass Plural'''
!'''Common II'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Mass Plural'''
|-
|-
!rowspan="9"|'''Internal Locative'''
!rowspan="9"|'''Internal Locative'''
|Inessive
|Inessive
|''inside the cat''
|''inside the cat''
| || || || || || || || ||
| haōlo || torolo || ðulēle || kesele || eldūlu || vatasulu
|-
|-
|Hyperessive
|Hyperessive
|''deep inside the cat''
|''deep inside the cat''
| || || || || || || || ||
| haōllo || torollo || ðulēlle || keselle || eldūllu || vatasullu
|-
|-
|Illative
|Illative
|''into the cat''
|''into the cat''
| || || || || || || || ||
| haōno || torono || ðulēne || kesene || eldūnu || vatasunu
|-
|-
|Hyperlative
|Hyperlative
|''deep into the cat''
|''deep into the cat''
| || || || || || || || ||
| haōnno || toronno || ðulēnne || kesenne || eldūnnu || vatasunnu
|-
|-
|Elative
|Elative
|''from inside the cat''
|''from inside the cat''
| || || || || || || || ||
| haōlon || torolon || ðulēlen || keselen || eldūlun || vatasulun
|-
|-
|Hyper-elative
|Hyper-elative
|''from deep inside the cat''
|''from deep inside the cat''
| || || || || || || || ||
| haōllon || torollon || ðulēllen || kesellen || eldūllun || vatasullun
|-
|-
|Supraperlative
|Supraperlative
|''throughout the cat''
|''throughout the cat''
| || || || || || || || ||
| haōpo || toropo || ðulēpe || kesepe || eldūpu || vatasupu
|-
|-
|Hyperlative
|Hyperlative
|''all throughout the cat''
|''all throughout the cat''
| || || || || || || || ||
| haōppo || toroppo || ðulēppe || keseppe || eldūppu || vatasuppu
|-
|-
|Perlative
|Perlative
|''through the cat''
|''through the cat''
| || || || || || || || ||
| haopo || torpo || ðulepe || kespe || eldupu || vataspu
|-
|-
!rowspan="4"|'''Traversal Locative'''
!rowspan="4"|'''Traversal Locative'''
|Lative
|Lative
|''towards the cat, catbound''
|''towards the cat, catbound''
| || || || || || || || ||
| haofon || torfon || ðulefen || kesfen || eldufun || vatasfun
|-
|-
|Superlative
|Superlative
|''onto the cat''
|''onto the cat''
| || || || || || || || ||
| haojo || torjo || ðuleje || kesje || elduju || vatasju
|-
|-
|Prosecutive
|Prosecutive
|''along the cat''
|''along the cat''
| || || || || || || || ||
| haovon || torvon || ðuleven || kesven || elduvun || vatasvun
|-
|-
|Terminative
|Terminative
|''until the cat (is reached)''
|''until the cat (is reached)''
| || || || || || || || ||
| haoþo || torþo || ðuleþe || kesþe || elduþu || vatasþu
|-
|-
!rowspan="4"|'''Exodal Locative'''
!rowspan="4"|'''Exodal Locative'''
|Ablative
|Ablative
|''away from the cat''
|''away from the cat''
| || || || || || || || ||
| haodoþ || tordoþ || ðuledeþ || kesdeþ || elduduþ || vatasduþ
|-
|-
|Antessive
|Antessive
|''far from the cat''
|''far from the cat''
| || || || || || || || ||
| haongo || torngo || ðulenge || kesnge || eldungu || vatasngu
|-
|-
|Delative
|Delative
|''off/down from the cat''
|''off/down from the cat''
| || || || || || || || ||
| haolho || torlho || ðulelhe || keslhe || eldulhu || vataslhu
|-
|-
|Eblative
|Eblative
|''(sourced) from the cat''
|''(sourced) from the cat''
| || || || || || || || ||
| haovot || torvot || ðulevet || kesvet || elduvut || vatasvut
|-
|-
!rowspan="15"|'''Relational Locative'''
!rowspan="15"|'''Relational Locative'''
|Superessive
|Superessive
|''on (top of) the cat''
|''on (top of) the cat''
| || || || || || || || ||
| haoho || torho || ðulehe || keshe || elduhu || vatashu
|-
|-
|Supraessive
|Supraessive
|''above/over the cat''
|''above/over the cat''
| || || || || || || || ||
| haonot || tornot || ðulenet || kesnet || eldunut || vatasnut
|-
|-
|Comitative
|Comitative
|''(together) with the cat''
|''(together) with the cat''
| || || || || || || || ||
| haosot || torsot || ðuleset || kesset || eldusut || vatassut
|-
|-
|Pertingent
|Pertingent
|''touching/adjacent to the cat''
|''touching/adjacent to the cat''
| || || || || || || || ||
| haobo || torbo || ðulebe || kesbe || eldubu || vatasbu
|-
|-
|Apudessive
|Apudessive
|''next to/beside the cat''
|''next to/beside the cat''
| || || || || || || || ||
| haoðod || torðod || ðuleðed || kesðed || elduðud || vatasðud
|-
|-
|Enclosive
|Enclosive
|''on either side of the cat''
|''on either side of the cat''
| || || || || || || || ||
| haoþor || torþor || ðuleþer || kesþer || elduþur || vatasþur
|-
|-
|Forbative
|Forbative
|''in front of the cat''
|''in front of the cat''
| || || || || || || || ||
| haoþo || torþo || ðuleþe || kesþe || elduþu || vatasþu
|-
|-
|Locative
|Locative
|''nearby/not far from the cat''
|''nearby/not far from the cat''
| || || || || || || || ||
| haonoþ || tornoþ || ðuleneþ || kesneþ || eldunuþ || vatasnuþ
|-
|-
|Bative
|Bative
|''behind the cat''
|''behind the cat''
| || || || || || || || ||
| haovok || torvok || ðulevek || kesvek || elduvuk || vatasvuk
|-
|-
|Transversive
|Transversive
|''beyond the cat''
|''beyond the cat''
| || || || || || || || ||
| haovoj || torvoj || ðulevej || kesvej || elduvuj || vatasvuj
|-
|-
|Circumfrentive
|Circumfrentive
|''surrounded by cat''
|''surrounded by cat''
| || || || || || || || ||
| haojor || torjor || ðulejer || kesjer || eldujur || vatasjur
|-
|-
|Situative
|Situative
|''wrapped in cat''
|''wrapped in cat''
| || || || || || || || ||
| haorok || torrok || ðulerek || kesrek || elduruk || vatasruk
|-
|-
|Abessive
|Abessive
|''without the cat''
|''without the cat''
| || || || || || || || ||
| haolor || torlor || ðuleler || kesler || eldulur || vataslur
|-
|-
|Intrative
|Intrative
|''between the cat''
|''between the cat''
| || || || || || || || ||
| haocok || torcok || ðulecek || kescek || elducuk || vatascuk
|-
|-
|Subessive
|Subessive
|''under the cat''
|''under the cat''
| || || || || || || || ||
| haolom || torlom || ðulelem || keslem || eldulum || vataslum
|}
|}


Line 292: Line 322:
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!rowspan="2"|'''English Approximation'''
!rowspan="2"|'''English Approximation'''
!colspan="3"|'''Neuter'''
!colspan="2"|'''Neuter'''
!colspan="3"|'''Feminine'''
!colspan="2"|'''Feminine'''
!colspan="3"|'''Masculine'''
!colspan="2"|'''Common'''
|-
|-
!'''Singular'''
!'''Neuter I'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Neuter II'''
!'''Mass Plural'''
!'''Feminine I'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Feminine II'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Common I'''
!'''Mass Plural'''
!'''Common II'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Mass Plural'''
|-
|-
!rowspan="5"|'''Temporal'''
!rowspan="5"|'''Temporal'''
|Temporal
|Temporal
|''at the time of the cat''
|''at the time of the cat''
| || || || || || || || ||
| haobo || torbo || ðulebe || kesbe || eldubu || vatasbu
|-
|-
|Temporal-Lative
|Temporal-Lative
|''since the time of the cat''
|''since the time of the cat''
| || || || || || || || ||
| haobon || torbon || ðuleben || kesben || eldubun || vatasbun
|-
|-
|Temporal-Hyper-Transversive
|Temporal-Hyper-Transversive
|''long after the time of the cat''
|''long after the time of the cat''
| || || || || || || || ||
| haoboj || torboj || ðulebej || kesbej || eldubuj || vatasbuj
|-
|-
|Temporal-Terminative
|Temporal-Terminative
|''up until the time of the cat''
|''up until the time of the cat''
| || || || || || || || ||
| haobot || torbot || ðulebet || kesbet || eldubut || vatasbut
|-
|-
|Temporal-Hyperbative
|Temporal-Hyperbative
|''long before the time of the cat''
|''long before the time of the cat''
| || || || || || || || ||
| haobor || torbor || ðuleber || kesber || eldubur || vatasbur
|}
|}
=Nominalization=
==Verbs==
*ghoþ (from ghoþig) : writing (from to write)
*kasak (from kasakeg) : command (from to command)
*halci (from halcīg) : throat (from to swallow)
*har (from harge) : possesion (from to posses)
==Adjectives==
*el (from eleð) : movement (from moving)
*felik (from felikoð) : growth (from growing)
*hid (from hidoð) : sloth (from slow)
*impa (from impauð) : circle (from circular)
==Adverbs==
*hid (from hidko) : sloth (from slowly)
*isat (from isatku) : selfishness (from selfishly)

Latest revision as of 16:31, 10 October 2018

Gender

Gender in Haoli pertains to how nouns are declined and gender agreement for articles. Gender of a noun is defined by the vowel of the final syllable.

Neuter Feminine Masculine
i, o e a, u

Root Form

The definition of the Haoli "root form" is the nominative singular form.

Plural Forms

Regular Plurals

Regular plural formation is used for the majority of words in Haoli and is used for all words who have multiple syllables in their root form. The -c suffix is used for nouns ending in vowels and the -Vc suffix is used for nouns ending in consonants. For the -Vc suffix, the vowel depends on the gender of the noun.

-Vc Vowels:

  • Neuter "i"
  • Feminine "e"
  • Masculine "a"

Examples:
fujak "animal" > fujakec "animals"
arin "star" > arinic "stars"
anat "gift" > anatac "gifts"
aga "eye" > agac "eyes"
eski "cube" > eskic "cubes"

Ablaut Plurals

Ablaut plurals are a much smaller subset of nouns. All ablaut plurals have a single syllable in their root form but not all single syllable root nouns are ablaut plurals.

  • o > e
  • a > i
  • e > ej
  • u > aj

Examples:
sar "island" > sir "islands"
ðeg "book" > ðejg "books"
ghoþ "scripture" > gheþ "scriptures"
kuk "place" > kajk "places"

Article Agreement
Note that the gender of the plural form is the same as the root form.

Mass Plurals

Mass plurals are formed by adding the -fen suffix to the root form of the noun.

Examples:
vatas "body of water" -> vatasfen "waters"
tul "wind gust" -> tulfen "wind"

Pronouns

Pronouns
Person
Singular Plural
First Person jan bet
Second Person si al
Third Person edi ede eda edic edec edac

Cases

Basic Cases

Class of Case Case English Approximation Neuter Feminine Common
Neuter I Neuter II Feminine I Feminine II Common I Common II
Grammatical Nominative cat hao tor ðule kes eldu vatas
Accusative cat haōr toror ðulēr keser eldūr vatasur
Non-Grammatical Dative for/because of the cat haōs toros ðulēs keses eldūs vatasus
Malefactive against/opposed to the cat haomo tormo ðuleme kesme eldumu vatasmu
Adverbial cattily haoko torko ðuleke keske eldku vatasku
Vocative O Cat haogho torgho ðuleghe kesghe eldghu vatasghu
Contrastive as compared to the cat haoto torto ðulete keste eldtu vatastu
Genitive of cat/about cat/cat's haōð toroð ðulēð keseð eldūð vatasuð

Oblique

Class of Case Case English Approximation Neuter Feminine Common
Neuter I Neuter II Feminine I Feminine II Common I Common II
Oblique Translative to being a cat haotos tortos ðuletes kestes eldutus vatastus
Exessive from being a cat haotoso tortoso ðuletese kestese eldutusu vatastusu
Essive as being a cat/like a cat haotosso tortosso ðuletesse kestesse eldutussu vatastussu
Instrumental by use of the cat/with cat haoghon torghon ðuleghen kesghen eldughun vatasghun
Prolative by way of the cat haolog torlog ðuleleg kesleg eldulug vataslug

Locative

Class of Case Case English Approximation Neuter Feminine Common
Neuter I Neuter II Feminine I Feminine II Common I Common II
Internal Locative Inessive inside the cat haōlo torolo ðulēle kesele eldūlu vatasulu
Hyperessive deep inside the cat haōllo torollo ðulēlle keselle eldūllu vatasullu
Illative into the cat haōno torono ðulēne kesene eldūnu vatasunu
Hyperlative deep into the cat haōnno toronno ðulēnne kesenne eldūnnu vatasunnu
Elative from inside the cat haōlon torolon ðulēlen keselen eldūlun vatasulun
Hyper-elative from deep inside the cat haōllon torollon ðulēllen kesellen eldūllun vatasullun
Supraperlative throughout the cat haōpo toropo ðulēpe kesepe eldūpu vatasupu
Hyperlative all throughout the cat haōppo toroppo ðulēppe keseppe eldūppu vatasuppu
Perlative through the cat haopo torpo ðulepe kespe eldupu vataspu
Traversal Locative Lative towards the cat, catbound haofon torfon ðulefen kesfen eldufun vatasfun
Superlative onto the cat haojo torjo ðuleje kesje elduju vatasju
Prosecutive along the cat haovon torvon ðuleven kesven elduvun vatasvun
Terminative until the cat (is reached) haoþo torþo ðuleþe kesþe elduþu vatasþu
Exodal Locative Ablative away from the cat haodoþ tordoþ ðuledeþ kesdeþ elduduþ vatasduþ
Antessive far from the cat haongo torngo ðulenge kesnge eldungu vatasngu
Delative off/down from the cat haolho torlho ðulelhe keslhe eldulhu vataslhu
Eblative (sourced) from the cat haovot torvot ðulevet kesvet elduvut vatasvut
Relational Locative Superessive on (top of) the cat haoho torho ðulehe keshe elduhu vatashu
Supraessive above/over the cat haonot tornot ðulenet kesnet eldunut vatasnut
Comitative (together) with the cat haosot torsot ðuleset kesset eldusut vatassut
Pertingent touching/adjacent to the cat haobo torbo ðulebe kesbe eldubu vatasbu
Apudessive next to/beside the cat haoðod torðod ðuleðed kesðed elduðud vatasðud
Enclosive on either side of the cat haoþor torþor ðuleþer kesþer elduþur vatasþur
Forbative in front of the cat haoþo torþo ðuleþe kesþe elduþu vatasþu
Locative nearby/not far from the cat haonoþ tornoþ ðuleneþ kesneþ eldunuþ vatasnuþ
Bative behind the cat haovok torvok ðulevek kesvek elduvuk vatasvuk
Transversive beyond the cat haovoj torvoj ðulevej kesvej elduvuj vatasvuj
Circumfrentive surrounded by cat haojor torjor ðulejer kesjer eldujur vatasjur
Situative wrapped in cat haorok torrok ðulerek kesrek elduruk vatasruk
Abessive without the cat haolor torlor ðuleler kesler eldulur vataslur
Intrative between the cat haocok torcok ðulecek kescek elducuk vatascuk
Subessive under the cat haolom torlom ðulelem keslem eldulum vataslum

Temporal

Class of Case Case English Approximation Neuter Feminine Common
Neuter I Neuter II Feminine I Feminine II Common I Common II
Temporal Temporal at the time of the cat haobo torbo ðulebe kesbe eldubu vatasbu
Temporal-Lative since the time of the cat haobon torbon ðuleben kesben eldubun vatasbun
Temporal-Hyper-Transversive long after the time of the cat haoboj torboj ðulebej kesbej eldubuj vatasbuj
Temporal-Terminative up until the time of the cat haobot torbot ðulebet kesbet eldubut vatasbut
Temporal-Hyperbative long before the time of the cat haobor torbor ðuleber kesber eldubur vatasbur

Nominalization

Verbs

  • ghoþ (from ghoþig) : writing (from to write)
  • kasak (from kasakeg) : command (from to command)
  • halci (from halcīg) : throat (from to swallow)
  • har (from harge) : possesion (from to posses)

Adjectives

  • el (from eleð) : movement (from moving)
  • felik (from felikoð) : growth (from growing)
  • hid (from hidoð) : sloth (from slow)
  • impa (from impauð) : circle (from circular)

Adverbs

  • hid (from hidko) : sloth (from slowly)
  • isat (from isatku) : selfishness (from selfishly)
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