Lees'hin: Difference between revisions
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==Introduction== | ==Introduction== | ||
Lees'hin (lees'hin s'hon) is lees'hinian language spoken in Democratic Republic of Lees'hin (Vas’ha Nhelhuk Lees’hin) by 48 000 native speakers. It was created in 2015. The language has no cognate with natural languages. I wanted to make some very strange language with strange vocubalary | Lees'hin (lees'hin s'hon) is lees'hinian language spoken in Democratic Republic of Lees'hin (Vas’ha Nhelhuk Lees’hin) by 48 000 native speakers. It was created in 2015. The language has no cognate with natural languages. I wanted to make some very strange language with strange vocubalary. Also Lees'hin is intelligable with 2 other lees'hinian languages. They are Mihrulen and Basti. | ||
<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --> | <!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --> | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| ph || aphú | | ph || aphú | ||
|- | |- | ||
| r || ra | | r || ra | ||
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|Nasal|| m /m/ || || n /n/ || || nh /ɲ/ || n /ŋ/ || || | |Nasal|| m /m/ || || n /n/ || || nh /ɲ/ || n /ŋ/ || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Plosive || p /p/ b /b/ || || t /t/ d /d/ || || || k /k/ g /g/ || | |Plosive || p /p/ b /b/ || || t /t/ d /d/ || || || k /k/ g /g/ || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Affricate || || || c /t͡s/ || ch /t͡ʃ/ jh /d͡ʒ/ || || || || | |Affricate || || || c /t͡s/ || ch /t͡ʃ/ jh /d͡ʒ/ || || || || | ||
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|Lateral app. || || || l /l/ || || || lh /ʎ/ || || | |Lateral app. || || || l /l/ || || || lh /ʎ/ || || | ||
|} | |} | ||
*(')h- when h is after consonant it will be pronounced /x/. So in writing exist 2 groups. One is with apostrophe and other has no apostrophe. Group with apostrophe is: s'h, c'h, j'h, l'h and n'h. In other group are consonants that don't need an apostrophe because they can't make another sound. So s'h is written this way to avoid mixing with sh. But gh is written in this way | *(')h- when h is after consonant it will be pronounced /x/. So in writing exist 2 groups. One is with apostrophe and other has no apostrophe. Group with apostrophe is: s'h, c'h, j'h, l'h and n'h. In other group are consonants that don't need an apostrophe because they can't make another sound. So s'h is written this way to avoid mixing with sh. But gh is written in this way because g with h can't make another phoneme, like sh. | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| Instrumental || teãbãõkhéimot || teãbãõkhéimotii | | Instrumental || teãbãõkhéimot || teãbãõkhéimotii | ||
|} | |||
Reflexive pronoun | |||
c'hug(-self) | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! !! Singular !! | |||
|- | |||
| Nominative || - || | |||
|- | |||
| Genitive || c'hug || | |||
|- | |||
| Dative || c'huga || | |||
|- | |||
| Accusative || c'hug || | |||
|- | |||
| Vocative || - || | |||
|- | |||
| Instrumental || c'hugot || | |||
|} | |} | ||
Demonstrative pronouns | Demonstrative pronouns | ||
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! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural | ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | Nominative || nhal || nhalii | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | Genitive || nhale || nhaleii | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | Dative || nhali || nhaliii | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | Accusative || nhalit || nhalitii | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | Vocative || nhalo || nhaloii | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | Instrumental || nhalot || nhalotii | ||
|} | |} | ||
jhav(that) | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
| Nominative || jhav || jhavii | |||
|- | |||
| Genitive || jhave || jhaveii | |||
|- | |||
| Dative || jhava|| jhavaii | |||
|- | |||
| Accusative || jhavat || jhavatii | |||
|- | |||
| Vocative || jhavo || jhavoii | |||
|- | |||
| Instrumental || jhavot || jhavotii | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
| Nominative || jhav || jhavii | |||
|- | |||
| Genitive || jhave || jhaveii | |||
|- | |||
| Dative|| jhavet || jhavetii | |||
|- | |||
| Accusative || jhavon || jhavonii | |||
|- | |||
| Vocative || jhavono || jhavonoii | |||
|- | |||
| Instrumental || jhavonot || jhavonotii | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
| Nominative || jhav || jhavii | |||
|- | |||
| Genitive || jhave || jhaveii | |||
|- | |||
| Dative || jhavi || jhaviii | |||
|- | |||
| Accusative || jhavit || jhavitii | |||
|- | |||
| Vocative || jhavo || jhavoii | |||
|- | |||
| Instrumental ||jhavot|| jhavotii | |||
|} | |||
Interrogative pronouns | |||
thãz((who) | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! !! Singular | |||
|- | |||
| Nominative|| thãz | |||
|- | |||
| Genitive || thãze | |||
|- | |||
| Dative || thãza | |||
|- | |||
| Accusative || thãzat | |||
|- | |||
| Vocative || - | |||
|- | |||
| Instrumental || thãzot | |||
|} | |||
yaaj(what) | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! !! Singular | |||
|- | |||
| Nominative || yaaj | |||
|- | |||
| Genitive || yaaje | |||
|- | |||
| Dative || yaaja | |||
|- | |||
| Accusative || yaajat | |||
|- | |||
| Vocative || - | |||
|- | |||
| Instrumental || yaajot | |||
|} | |||
Relative pronouns | |||
abhõp(which) | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! ''Masculine''!! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
| Nominative ||abhõp || abhõpii | |||
|- | |||
| Genitive || abhõpe || abhõpeii | |||
|- | |||
| Dative || abhõpa || abhõpa | |||
|- | |||
| Accusative || abhõpat || abhõpatii | |||
|- | |||
| Vocative || - || - | |||
|- | |||
| Instrumental || abhõpot || abhõpotii | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
| Nominative || abhõp || abhõpii | |||
|- | |||
| Genitive || abhõpe|| abhõpeii | |||
|- | |||
| Dative || abhõpet || abhõpetii | |||
|- | |||
| Accusative || abhõpon || abhõponii | |||
|- | |||
| Vocative || - || - | |||
|- | |||
| Instrumental || abhõponot|| abhõponotii | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! ''Neuter'' !!Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
| Nominative || abhõp || abhõpii | |||
|- | |||
| Genitive || abhõpe || abhõpeii | |||
|- | |||
| Dative || abhõpi|| abhõpiii | |||
|- | |||
| Accusative ||abhõpit || abhõpitii | |||
|- | |||
| Vocative || - || - | |||
|- | |||
| Instrumental || abhõpot|| abhõpotii | |||
|} | |||
Indefinite pronouns: | |||
guthãz(someone)/guyaaj(something) | |||
pethãz(no-one)/peyaaj(nothing) | |||
s'him(all) etc. | |||
Adjectives | Adjectives | ||
Adjectives can end with a vowel or a consonant. Adjectives with a vowel have regular comparation, and with a consonant have irregular comparation. | Adjectives can end with a vowel or a consonant. Adjectives with a vowel have regular comparation, and with a consonant have irregular comparation. | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
Other adjectives are | Other adjectives are declined like adjective moní. | ||
Comparation | Comparation | ||
Lees'hin has normally positive, comparative and superlative. Comparation can be regular or irregular. | Lees'hin has normally positive, comparative and superlative. Comparation can be regular or irregular. | ||
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For superlative particle ka and comparative are added, e.g. ka monír or ka ganõm. | For superlative particle ka and comparative are added, e.g. ka monír or ka ganõm. | ||
Verbs | Verbs | ||
Lees'hin verbs are inflected in numbers, moods and tenses. Every grammatical person has own suffix. One thing is special and that is infinitive. Infinitive in Lees'hin is thematic vowel +-eu. Basically Lees'hin verb consists of 2 parts, first is before -eu and second after, e.g. | Lees'hin verbs are inflected in numbers, moods and tenses. Every grammatical person has own suffix. One thing is special and that is infinitive. Infinitive in Lees'hin is thematic vowel +-eu. Basically Lees'hin verb consists of 2 parts, first is before -eu and second after, e.g. õnhaka-eu, the root is õnhak, and infinitive is a-eu | ||
Regular conjugation: | Regular conjugation: | ||
to love/past participle: õnhakako-euko | |||
Indicative | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei!! nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé !! | |||
|- | |||
| Present || õnhak-eu || õnhakay-euy || õnhakat-eut ||õnhakayo-euyo || õnhakayot-euyot || õnhakanh-eunh | |||
|- | |||
| Imperfect || õnhakaha-euha || õnhakahay-euhay || õnhakahat-euhat || õnhakahayo-euhayo || õnhakahayot-euhayot || õnhakahanh-euhanh | |||
|- | |||
| Preterite || õnhakã-eu || õnhakãy-euy || õnhakãt-eut || õnhakãyo-euyo || õnhakãyot-euyot || õnhakãnh-eunh | |||
|- | |||
| Perfect || dan-eu õnhakako-euko || day-euy õnhakako-euko || dat-eut õnhakako-euko || dayo-euyo õnhakako-euko ||dayot-euyot õnhakako-euko || danh-eunh õnhakako-euko | |||
|- | |||
| Past Perfect || danaha-euha õnhakako-euko || danahay-euhay õnhakako-euko || danahat-euhat õnhakako-euko || danahayo-euhayo õnhakako-euko || danahayot-euhayot õnhakako-euko || danahanh- | |||
euhanh õnhakako-euko | |||
|- | |||
| Future I ||õnhakaba-euba || õnhakabay-eubay || õnhakabat-eubat || õnhakabayo-eubayo || õnhakabayot-eubayot || õnhakabanh-eubanh | |||
|- | |||
| Future II || dãnaba-euba õnhakako-euko || dãnabay-eubay õnhakako-euko || dãnabat-eubat õnhakako-euko || dãnabayo-eubayo õnhakako-euko || dãnabayot-eubayot õnhakako-euko || dãnabanh-eubanh | |||
õnhakako-euko | |||
|- | |||
| Conditional I || õnhakaumú-eumú || õnhakaumúy-eumúy || õnhakaumút-eumút || õnhakaumúyo-eumúyo || õnhakaumúyot-eumúyot || õnhakaumúnh-eumúnh | |||
|- | |||
| Conditional II || dãnaumú-eumú õnhakako-euko || dãnaumúy-eumúy õnhakako-euko || dãnaumút-eumút õnhakako-euko || dãnaumúyo-eumúyo õnhakako-euko || dãnaumúyot-eumúyot õnhakako-euko|| dãnaumúnh- | |||
eumúnh õnhakako-euko | |||
|} | |||
Subjanctive | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !!soc'heches'hei !!nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé | |||
|- | |||
| Present ||õnhaké-eué|| õnhakéy-euéy||õnhakét-euét || õnhakéyo-euéyo ||õnhakéyot-euéyot || õnhakénh-euénh | |||
|- | |||
| Imperfect || õnhakaze-euze || õnhakazey-euzey || õnhakazet-euzet || õnhakazeyo-euzeyo|| õnhakazeyot-euzeyot || õnhakazenh-euzenh | |||
|- | |||
| Perfect || dãné-eué õnhakako-euko || dãnéy-euéy õnhakako-euko|| dãnét-euét õnhakako-euko|| dãnéyo-euéyo õnhakako-euko|| dãnéyot-euéyot õnhakako-euko || dãnénh-euénh õnhakako-euko | |||
|- | |||
| Past Perfect || dãnaze-euze õnhakako-euko ||dãnazey-euzey õnhakako-euko || dãnazet-euzet õnhakako-euko || dãnazeyo-euzeyo õnhakako-euko|| | |||
dãnazeyot-euzeyot õnhakako-euko|| dãnazenh-euzenh | |||
õnhakako-euko | |||
|- | |||
| Future || õnhakabé-eubé || õnhakabéy-eubéy || õnhakabét-eubét || õnhakabéyo-eubéyo || õnhakabéyot-eubéyot || õnhakabénh-eubénh | |||
|} | |||
Imperative | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé | |||
|- | |||
| Present || - || õnhaká-eu || - || õnhakéyo-euyo || õnhakéyot-euyot || - | |||
|} | |||
Auxilary verbs: | |||
bãssãjha-eu(to be), dãna-eu(to have) | |||
bãssãjha-eu | |||
Indicative | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol’halhujh !!teãbãõkhé | |||
|- | |||
| Present || bus-eu || busay-euy || busat-eut || bãssãyo-euyo|| bãssãyot-euyot|| bãssanh-eunh | |||
|- | |||
| Imperfect || bússã-eu || bússãy-euy ||bússãt-eut || bússãyo-euyo || bússãyot-euyot || bússãnh-eunh | |||
|- | |||
| Preterite || bússaha-euha|| bússahay-euahay || bússahat-euahat || bússahayo-euahayo || bússahayot-euahayot|| bússahanh-euahanh | |||
|- | |||
| Perfect || dan-eu busko-euko|| day-euy busko-euko ||dat-eut busko-euko || dayo-euyo busko-euko || dayot-euyot busko-euko || danh-eunh busko-euko | |||
|- | |||
| Past perfect|| danaha-euaha busko-euko || danahay-euahay busko-euko || danahat-euahat busko-euko || danahayo-euahayo busko-euko || danahayot-euahayot busko-euko|| danahanh-euahanh busko- | |||
euko | |||
|- | |||
| Future I || bãssãjhaba-euba|| bãssãjhabay-eubay || bãssãjhabat-eubat || bãssãjhabayo-eubayo ||bãssãjhabayot-eubayot || bãssãjhabanh-eubanh | |||
|- | |||
| Future II|| dãnaba-euba busko-euko || dãnabay-eubay busko-euko || dãnabat-eubat busko-euko || dãnabayo-eubayo busko-euko || dãnabayot-eubayot busko-euko || dãnabanh-eubanh busko-euko | |||
|- | |||
| Conditional I || bãssãjhaumú-eumú || bãssãjhaumúy-eumúy || bãssãjhaumút-eumút || bãssãjhaumúyo-eumúyo || bãssãjhaumúyot-eumúyot ||bãssãjhaumúnh-eumúnh | |||
|- | |||
| Conditional II || dãnaumú-eumú busko-euko || dãnaumúy-eumúy busko-euko || dãnaumút-eumút busko-euko ||dãnaumúyo-eumúyo busko-euko || dãnaumúyot-eumúyot busko-euko || dãnaumúyot-eumúyot | |||
busko-euko | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
Subjanctive | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! !! nõhi !!úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé | |||
|- | |||
| Present || bãssãjhé-eué || bãssãjhéy-euéy || bãssãjhét-euét || bãssãjhéyo-euéyo || bãssãjhéyot-euéyot ||bãssãjhénh-euénh | |||
|- | |||
| Imperfect || bãssãjhaze-euaze || bãssãjhazey-euazey || bãssãjhazet-euazet || bãssãjhazeyo-euazeyo ||bãssãjhazeyot-euazeyot || bãssãjhazenh-euazenh | |||
|- | |||
| Perfect || dãné-eué busko-euko || dãnéy-euéy busko-euko || dãnét-euét busko-euko || dãnéyo-euéyo busko-euko || dãnéyot-euéyot busko-euko || dãnénh-euénh busko-euko | |||
|- | |||
| Past Perfect || dãnaze-euaze busko-euko || dãnazey-euazey busko-euko || dãnazet-euazet busko-euko || dãnazeyo-euazeyo busko-euko || dãnazeyot-euazeyot busko-euko || dãnaazenh-euazenh busko- | |||
euko | |||
|- | |||
| Future || bãssãjhabé-eubé || bãssãjhabéy-eubéy || bãssãjhabét-eubét ||bãssãjhabéyo-eubéyo || bãssãjhabéyot-eubéyot ||bãssãjhabénh-eubénh | |||
|} | |||
Imperative | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé | |||
|- | |||
| Present || - || bãssá-eu || - || bãsséyo-euyo || bãsséyot-euyot || - | |||
|} | |||
dãna-eu | |||
Indicative | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé | |||
|- | |||
| Present || dan-eu || day-euy || dat-eut || dayo-euyo || dayot-euyot || danh-eunh | |||
|- | |||
| Imperfect || danaha-euha || danahay-euhay || danahat-euhat || danahayo-euhayo || danahayot-euyot || danahanh-euhanh | |||
|- | |||
| Preterite || danã-eu || danãy-euy || danãt-eut || danãyo-euyo || danãyot-euyot || danãnh-eunh | |||
|- | |||
| Perfect || dan-eu danko-euko || day-euy danko-euko || dat-eut danko-euko ||dayo-euyo danko-euko|| dayot-euyot danko-euko || danh-eunh danko- | |||
euko | |||
|- | |||
| Past Perfect || danaha-euha danko-euko || danahay-euhay danko-euko || danahat-euhat danko-euko || danahayo-euyo danko-euko || danahayot- | |||
euyot danko-euko || danahanh-euhanh danko-euko | |||
|- | |||
| Future I || dãnaba-euba || dãnabay-eubay || dãnabat-eubat || dãnabayo-eubayo || dãnabayot-eubayot || dãnabanh-eubanh | |||
|- | |||
| Future II || dãnaba-euba danko-euko || dãnabay-eubay danko-euko || dãnabat-eubat danko-euko|| dãnabayo-eubayo danko-euko || dãnabayot-eubayot danko-euko || dãnabanh-eubanh danko-eu | |||
|- | |||
| Conditional I || dãnaumú-eumú || dãnaumúy-eumúy || dãnaumút-eumút|| dãnaumúyo-eumúyo || dãnaumúyot-eumúyot || dãnaumúnh-eumúnh | |||
|- | |||
| Conditional II || dãnaumú-eumú danko-euko || dãnaumúy-eumúy danko-euko || dãnaumút-eumút danko-euko || dãnaumúyo-eumúyo danko-euko || | |||
dãnaumúyot-eumúyot danko-euko || dãnaumúnh-eumúnh danko-euko | |||
|} | |||
Subjanctive | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé | |||
|- | |||
| Present || dãné-eué || dãnéy-euéy || dãnét-euét || dãnéyo-euéyo|| dãnéyot-euéyot || dãnénh-euénh | |||
|- | |||
| Imperfect || dãnaze-euze || dãnazey-euzey || dãnazet-euzet|| dãnazeyo-euzeyo || dãnazeyot-euzeyot|| dãnazenh-euzenh | |||
|- | |||
| Perfect || dãné-eué danko-euko || dãnéy-euéy danko-euko || dãnét-euét danko-euko || dãnéyo-euéyo danko-euko || dãnéyot-euéyot || dãnénh- | |||
euénh danko-euko | |||
|- | |||
| Past Perfect ||dãnaze-euze danko-euko||dãnazey-euzey danko-euko || dãnazet-euzet danko-euko || dãnazeyo-euzeyo danko-euko || dãnazeyot-euzeyot danko-euko || dãnazenh-euzenh danko-euko | |||
|- | |||
| Future || dãnabé-eubé || dãnabéy-eubéy ||dãnabét-eubét || dãnabéyo-eubéyo || dãnabéyot-eubéyot ||dãnabénh-eubénh | |||
|} | |||
Imperative | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol'halhujh !!teãbãõkhé | |||
|- | |||
| Present || - || daná-eu || - || danéyo-euyo || danéyot-euyot || - | |||
|} | |||
Irregular verbs and modal verbs | |||
Lees'hin has over twenty irregular verbs and four modal verbs. In table below are some lees'hin irregular verbs. Other irregular verbs will be on Contionary. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! Infinitive !!1st person present !! particip perfect !! translation | |||
|- | |||
| lhojha-eu|| lhujh-eu || lhãko-euko || to want | |||
|- | |||
| hátha-eu || hãt-eu || hãko-euko || to drink | |||
|- | |||
| ghema-eu || ghõm-eu || ghiko-euko || to know | |||
|- | |||
| naya-eu || ney-eu || neko-euko || to see | |||
|- | |||
| n'has'ha-eu || nhish || nhako-euko || can | |||
|} | |||
Adverbs | |||
Particles | Particles | ||
Derivational morphology | Derivational morphology |
Latest revision as of 19:17, 9 February 2021
Introduction
Lees'hin (lees'hin s'hon) is lees'hinian language spoken in Democratic Republic of Lees'hin (Vas’ha Nhelhuk Lees’hin) by 48 000 native speakers. It was created in 2015. The language has no cognate with natural languages. I wanted to make some very strange language with strange vocubalary. Also Lees'hin is intelligable with 2 other lees'hinian languages. They are Mihrulen and Basti.
Phonology
Orthography
Lees'hin orthography is special, because every letter except y has version with the letter h. For digraphs ch, sh, nh, lh and jh , version with h is c'h s'h, n'h, l'h and j'h.
Letter | Name of letter |
---|---|
a | akú |
ã | a kamã |
á | a acún |
b | bãh |
bh | abhú |
c | ca |
ch | cha |
c'h | ac'ha |
d | da |
dh | adhe |
e | ekú |
é | e acún |
f | fa |
fh | efhe |
g | gu |
gh | aghe |
h | hu |
i | ikú |
í | i acún |
j | ja |
jh | jhe |
j'h | aj'he |
k | kã |
kh | akhã |
l | la |
lh | lha |
l'h | al'he |
m | ma |
mh | amhe |
n | ne |
nh | nhe |
n'h | an'he |
o | okú |
õ | o kamã |
ó | o acún |
p | pu |
ph | aphú |
r | ra |
rh | arha |
s | se |
sh | she |
s'h | as'hé |
t | tan |
th | athan |
u | ukú |
ú | u acún |
v | vãku |
vh | vhãku |
y | yun |
z | za |
zh | azha |
Consonants
Bilabial | Labio-dental | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | nh /ɲ/ | n /ŋ/ | ||||
Plosive | p /p/ b /b/ | t /t/ d /d/ | k /k/ g /g/ | |||||
Affricate | c /t͡s/ | ch /t͡ʃ/ jh /d͡ʒ/ | ||||||
Fricative | f /f/ v /v/ | s /s/ z /z/ | sh /ʃ/ j /ʒ/ | *(')h /x/ | h /h/ | |||
Approximant | y /j/ | |||||||
Trill | r /r/ | |||||||
Lateral app. | l /l/ | lh /ʎ/ |
- (')h- when h is after consonant it will be pronounced /x/. So in writing exist 2 groups. One is with apostrophe and other has no apostrophe. Group with apostrophe is: s'h, c'h, j'h, l'h and n'h. In other group are consonants that don't need an apostrophe because they can't make another sound. So s'h is written this way to avoid mixing with sh. But gh is written in this way because g with h can't make another phoneme, like sh.
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i, í /i/ | u, ú /u/ | |
Close-mid | e, é /e/ | õ/ɤ/ o, ó /o/ | |
Mid | ã /ə/ | ||
Open | a, á /a/ |
Prosody
Stress
Stress is mainly on first place. The stress isn't on first place when a word has graphic accent, then the stress falls where an acute accent is found. Lees'hin has one accent, acute. Vowels can be short or long. A vowel is short if the following vowel isn't the same as proceeding vowel. A vowel is long if after a vowel comes the same vowel.
Intonation
Intonation in Lees'hin is the same as in English.
Phonotactics
In Lees'hin are permissible all combinations with h, eg, bh, ch, c'h, sh, s'h... All syllables must have at least one vowel. Nouns cannot end with a vowel.
Morphology
Lees'hin has 6 cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative, instrumenatal). Verbs are inflected through 2 numbers, 2 voices, 3 moods( indicative , subjunctive, imperative), 9 tenses in indicative, 5 in subjunctive and only 1 in imperative. Nouns differ from adjectives. Adjectives differ from verbs.