User:Ceige/SEA Inspired: Difference between revisions

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= Ancient stage=
= Ancient stage=
== Phonology ==
== Phonology (Younger, 19XX) ==
=== Consonants ===
=== Consonants ===
Bolded consonants can also be finals.
Bolded consonants can also be finals.
Line 65: Line 65:
|}
|}


<!-- Alternative approach, not sure which is best, also just padding this comment out to act as a visual section break -->
== Phonology (Elder, 20XX) ==
=== Consonants ===
==== Initials ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Manner !! Labial !! Dental !! Velar !! Glottal
|-
! Plosive
| p || t || k || ʔ
|-
! Pre-nasalised Plosives
| ⁿp || ⁿt || ⁿk ||
|-
! Nasals
| m || n || ŋ ||
|-
! Voiceless Nasals
| hm || hn || hŋ ||
|-
! Fricatives
| f || s || x || h
|}
====Glides====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Labial Semivowel !! Dental Lateral !! Retroflex Rhotic !! Palatal Semivowel !! Guttural Rhotic
|-
| w || l || r || y || ʀ
|}
==== Prominent Initial-Glide combinations and common outcomes ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! !! ʔ- !! p- !! t- !! k- !! m- !! n- !! ŋ- !! mp- !! nt- !! ŋk- !! f- !! s- !! x- !! h-
! style="background: #fff;" | Notes
|-
! +w
| w || p || t || k || '''m, w''' || n, m || ŋ, m || b || d || g || f || s || '''x, f''' || '''hw, f'''
| style="background: #fff;" | Only the Velar series and guttural fricatives are (minimally) affected
|-
! +l
| l || p || '''ty''' || k || m, n || '''n, l''' || ŋ, n || b || '''dy''' || g || hl || '''sy, hl''' || hl || hl
| style="background: #fff;" | The Dental series is the only one considerably affected
|-
! +r
| r || p || '''tʂ''' || k || m, ɳ || '''ɳ, r''' || ŋ, ɳ || b || '''dʐ''' || g || hr || '''ʂ, hr''' || hr || hr
| style="background: #fff;" | The Dental series is the only one considerably affected
|-
! +y
| y || p || '''tɕ '''|| '''c''' || m, ɲ || '''ɲ, n''' || '''ɲ, ŋ''' || b || '''dʑ''' || '''ɟ''' ||  hy || '''ɕ, hy''' || '''ç, hy''' || hy
| style="background: #fff;" | The Dental and Velar series are equally affected
|-
! +ʀ
| ʀ || p || t || '''k, q''' || m, ŋ || n, ŋ || '''ŋ, ʀ''' || b || d || '''g, ɢ''' || hʀ, f || hʀ, s || hʀ, x || hʀ
| style="background: #fff;" | Only the Velar series is affected; overall this is the least impactful glide.
|}
====Finals====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Manner !! Labial !! Dental !! Retroflex !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal
|-
! Plosive
| p || t || ʈ || c || k || ʔ
|-
! Nasals
| m || n || ɳ || ɲ || ŋ ||
|-
! ''Voiceless Nasals (1)''
| m̊ || n̊ || ɳ̊ || ɲ̊ || ŋ̊ ||
|-
! Sonorants
| w || l || r || y || ʀ ||
|-
! ''Voiceless Sonorants (2)''
| ẘ || l̥ || r̊ || ẙ || ʀ̊ ||
|-
! ''Fricatives (2)''
| colspan=6 | h
|}
'''Notes'''
* (1): These are commonly reconstructed as simple plosives, as there is scant evidence for a full final voiceless nasal series
* (2): These are controversial -- there is no direct evidence for them, and the only theories reconstructing them involve regressive voiceless harmony and proposed external relationships with other languages.
=== Common vowel outcomes ===
Note that /æ/ is sometimes written /ɛ/, /ʌ/ as /ɑ/, and /ǝa, aǝ/ as either /aa/ or /ɯa, aɯ/
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Height
! y- !! +y
! l- !! +l
! Ø- !! +Ø
! r- !! +r
! ʀ- !! +ʀ
! w- !! +w
|-
! Closed /ɨ/
| i || i
| ɨ || ɨ
| ɨ || ɨ
| ɨ || ɨ
| ɯ || ɯ
| u || u
|-
! Mid /ǝ/
| ie || ei
| æ || æ
| ǝ || ǝ
| ǝa || aǝ
| ʌ || ʌ
| uo || ou
|-
! Open /a/
| iæ || æi
| æ || æ
| a || a
| ǝa || aǝ
| ʌ || ʌ
| uɔ || ɔu
|}
<!-- This is for parts of the phonologies that are shared -->
== Phonology (Shared) ==
=== Phonotactics ===
=== Phonotactics ===
==== Syllable structure ====
==== Syllable structure ====
Each syllable has a structure of CVC, better described as Initial-Nucleus-Final.
Each syllable has a structure of CVC, better described as Initial-Nucleus-Final.
==== Disallowed roots ====
Generally, the retroflex coronals cannot appear together in the Initial and Finals lots of the syllable, unless it is the exact same consonant (which is essentially analysed as vestigial reduplication). Thus, a retroflex initial or final should generally be paired with a dental initial or final.
== Vocabulary ==
=== Derived from PIE ===
* ḱḗr (ḱrd-)+ (y)eh2 -> trǝʀ, tyǝʀ (tʂa -> cha)
*
=== Derived from Hmong-Mien ===
<!-- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Hmong–Mien_language -->
* *ntshu -> ntsɨw "elephant" (dzu -> zu)
* *ʔlen -> lǝɲ "monkey" (len)
* *ŋgeu -> nkǝw "river deer" (gou)
* *tʂo -> trǝw "tiger" (tʂou -> chou)
* *Glɐn -> lǝn "Chinese onion" (lǝn)
* *Nqaːn -> nkʀan "Cogon grass" (gan)
* *ɳõ -> nrǝw "follow"  (nǝou -> neo(w), nao)
* *m-nɔk -> nǝk, (m/n)wǝk "bird" (nuok -> nok)
* *qlAu -> klaw "dog" (kæɔu -> kao)
* *ŋɔːŋ -> ŋwaŋ, ŋaŋw "water buffalo" (ngong, ngou)
* *ntsəːi -> ntsǝi "husked rice" (dzei -> zei)
* *ɲaːŋ -> ɲaŋ "cooked rice" (niang)
==== Hmong-Mien vocab that resembles Austroasiatic ====
* PHM *ʔu̯əm 'water' -> ʔwǝm (wom)
* PHM *ntshjamX 'blood' -> ntsyam (zham)
* PHM *ntju̯əŋH 'tree' -> ntyǝŋ(w), ntyɨŋ (jing)
* PHM *ʔɲæmX 'to weep, cry' -> ɲam (niam)
* PHM *pənX 'to shoot' -> pǝn (pǝn)
* PHM *tu̯eiX 'tail' -> twǝy (toi)
* PHM *mpeiH 'to dream' -> mpǝy (bei)
* PHM *ʔpu̯ɛŋX 'full' -> pwǝŋ, pwaŋy (pong)
* Proto-Hmongic *mbrɔD 'ant' -> mpraw (baw)
* Proto-Mienic *səpD 'centipede' -> sǝp (sǝp)
* PHM *klup 'grasshopper' -> klɨp(w) (kɯp, kɨp, kup)
* PHM *ntshjeiX 'head louse' -> ntsyǝy (zhi, zhei)
==== Vocab that resembles Tai-Kadai (Kra-Dai) ====
* Proto-Hmongic *kɛŋB 'I, 1.SG'; PT *kuːA (strong form), *kawA (weak form)
:: kǝw, kɨw (kou, ku)
* PHM *mu̯ei 'thou, 2.SG'; PT *mɯŋA (strong form), *maɰA (weak form)
:: mɨʀ (mɯ)
* PHM *təjH 'to die', *dəjH 'to kill'; PT *p.taːjA 'to die'
:: tay (tae)
* PHM *ʔneinX 'this'; PT *najC
:: naɲ (naen)
* PHM *m-nɔk 'bird'; PT *C̬.nokD
:: nwǝk (nok)
* PHM *mbrəuX 'fish'; PT *plaːA
:: (n)p(l/r)ǝw <!-- cf louse -- silverfish? --> (b/p)(ou/aw/ao)
* Proto-Hmongic *hmaŋC 'wild dog'; PT *ʰmaːA 'dog'
:: hma (see Hmongic + Tibeto-Burman stuff) (pa)
* Proto-Hmongic *ʔlinA 'monkey'; PT *liːŋA
:: liŋ (see lǝɲ -- lɨŋy) (ling)
=== Derived from Sinic ===
* lhaŋʔ -> hlaŋ, hlak "elephant" (xiang<!-- xiang -->)
* w(h)an -> hwan, wan "monkey" (weon, feon)
* krun -> krɨn(w), krɨm "river deer" (kɨn, kɯn)
* nhāʔ -> hnaʔ "crossbow" (ta)
* m-lak-s -> mak, nak "shoot" (nak)
* łhuk -> hlukw, hlɨk "track, follow" (xik, xiɯk)
* snikʷ -> hnyɨk(w) "soybean" (qik, qiɯk)
* mhījʔ -> hmɨy "cooked rice" (meal, both senses?) (pi)
===Austronesian===
* matay -> (ma/n-)tay "die" (ma tae)
* mata -> (ma/n-)ta, ma(t) "eye" (ma)
* quluH -> klɨw "head" (ku)
* manuk -> (ma/n-)nuk "bird" (cf. nok)
* buŋah -> (bu-/ma/n-)ŋa "flower" (nga)
=== Derived from multiple sources ===
==== PHM × OC ====
* PHM ʔraːp × OC ʔrāp-> rap "duck" (lap, yap)
* PHM mpɒ × OC prā -> mpra "pig" (ba)
* PHM ʑwɒəːŋ × OC g(h)ʷān -> (n)kwaŋ "sheep, goat" (geong)
* PHM dǝp × OC d(h)ōs -> (n)tǝp "bean" (dǝp)
* PHM vǝu × OC *was -> wǝu "taro" (wou)
* PHM mblau × OC lhūʔ -> (n)plau, hlau? "rice plant" (peow, xieow)
==== PTB x PHM ====
* PHM *plei 'four' -> plǝy (pei, paei)
* PHM *prja 'five' -> pya (pae)
* PHM *kruk 'six' -> krɨk(w) (kɯk)
* PHM *dzjuŋH 'seven' -> ntsyɨŋ(w) (zhing, zhɯng)
* PHM *jat 'eight' -> yat (yat)
* PHM *N-ɟuə 'nine' -> nkyǝw (jieo(w), jiaw -- jiao?)
* Proto-Hmongic *hnɛŋA and Proto-Mienic *hnu̯ɔiA 'sun, day' < PTB *s-nəy -> hnǝi (tei)
* PHM *hlaH 'moon, month' < PTB *s-la -> hla (xia)
* PHM *hməŋH 'night' (also 'dark') < PTB *s-muːŋ 'dark' -> hm(w)ɨŋ(w) (pung)
* PHM *ʔɲam 'sister-in-law' (also 'daughter-in-law') < PTB *nam 'daughter-in-law' -> nam (nam)
* PHM *ʔweiX 'son-in-law' < PTB *krwəy -> kʀǝy (kei, kaei, kai)
* PHM *hlep 'to slice' < PTB *s-lep -> hlǝp (xiap)
* PHM *hmjænX 'footprint, track' < PTB *s-naŋ 'to follow' -> hnaŋ (tang)
* Proto-Hmongic *mjænB 'horse' < PTB *mraŋ -> mraŋ (nang, mang)
==== PHM + OC + Austronesian ====
* *qǝi, kē (雞), *qayam -> kǝi "chicken" (kei)

Latest revision as of 07:57, 31 January 2018

Ancient stage

Phonology (Younger, 19XX)

Consonants

Bolded consonants can also be finals.

Manner Labial Dental Retroflex Palatal Velar Notes
Plosive p t ʈ c k Some reconstruct additional voiced plosives.
Pre-nasalised Plosives ⁿp ⁿt ⁿʈ ⁿc ⁿk ɴC or (m,n..)C is another valid style of transcription, as is C̃
Nasals m n ɳ ɲ ŋ
Voiceless Nasals m̊ n̊ ɳ̊ ɲ̊ ŋ̊ qC or hC is another valid style of transcription
Sonorants w l r y ʀ These are also sometimes analysed as appearing between initials and vowels.*
Voiceless Sonorants ẘ l̥ r̊ ẙ ʀ̊
Fricatives h* s* ʂ ç x

Notes

  • *In analyses where the sonorants are seen as possible glides between initials and the nucleus, the distribution of initials changes quite heavily.
  • There is also a glottal stop, sometimes written as <q>.
  • <h> represents would-be /ɸ/, but this sound, when constructed, is meant to suggest a sound change before the voiceless labial sonorant arose. Some do not reconstruct it at all.
  • <s> is argued by some to be /θ/.

Vowels

There are considerably less vowels than consonants, but these have a large number of environmental allophones.

Height +y +l +Ø +r +ʀ +w
Closed i ɪ ɨ ə ɯ u
Mid e ɜ ǝ ə ʌ o
Open æ æ a a ɑ ɑ


Phonology (Elder, 20XX)

Consonants

Initials

Manner Labial Dental Velar Glottal
Plosive p t k ʔ
Pre-nasalised Plosives ⁿp ⁿt ⁿk
Nasals m n ŋ
Voiceless Nasals hm hn hŋ
Fricatives f s x h

Glides

Labial Semivowel Dental Lateral Retroflex Rhotic Palatal Semivowel Guttural Rhotic
w l r y ʀ

Prominent Initial-Glide combinations and common outcomes

ʔ- p- t- k- m- n- ŋ- mp- nt- ŋk- f- s- x- h- Notes
+w w p t k m, w n, m ŋ, m b d g f s x, f hw, f Only the Velar series and guttural fricatives are (minimally) affected
+l l p ty k m, n n, l ŋ, n b dy g hl sy, hl hl hl The Dental series is the only one considerably affected
+r r p tʂ k m, ɳ ɳ, r ŋ, ɳ b dʐ g hr ʂ, hr hr hr The Dental series is the only one considerably affected
+y y p tɕ c m, ɲ ɲ, n ɲ, ŋ b dʑ ɟ hy ɕ, hy ç, hy hy The Dental and Velar series are equally affected
+ʀ ʀ p t k, q m, ŋ n, ŋ ŋ, ʀ b d g, ɢ hʀ, f hʀ, s hʀ, x hʀ Only the Velar series is affected; overall this is the least impactful glide.

Finals

Manner Labial Dental Retroflex Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosive p t ʈ c k ʔ
Nasals m n ɳ ɲ ŋ
Voiceless Nasals (1) m̊ n̊ ɳ̊ ɲ̊ ŋ̊
Sonorants w l r y ʀ
Voiceless Sonorants (2) ẘ l̥ r̊ ẙ ʀ̊
Fricatives (2) h

Notes

  • (1): These are commonly reconstructed as simple plosives, as there is scant evidence for a full final voiceless nasal series
  • (2): These are controversial -- there is no direct evidence for them, and the only theories reconstructing them involve regressive voiceless harmony and proposed external relationships with other languages.

Common vowel outcomes

Note that /æ/ is sometimes written /ɛ/, /ʌ/ as /ɑ/, and /ǝa, aǝ/ as either /aa/ or /ɯa, aɯ/

Height y- +y l- +l Ø- +Ø r- +r ʀ- +ʀ w- +w
Closed /ɨ/ i i ɨ ɨ ɨ ɨ ɨ ɨ ɯ ɯ u u
Mid /ǝ/ ie ei æ æ ǝ ǝ ǝa aǝ ʌ ʌ uo ou
Open /a/ iæ æi æ æ a a ǝa aǝ ʌ ʌ uɔ ɔu


Phonology (Shared)

Phonotactics

Syllable structure

Each syllable has a structure of CVC, better described as Initial-Nucleus-Final.

Disallowed roots

Generally, the retroflex coronals cannot appear together in the Initial and Finals lots of the syllable, unless it is the exact same consonant (which is essentially analysed as vestigial reduplication). Thus, a retroflex initial or final should generally be paired with a dental initial or final.

Vocabulary

Derived from PIE

  • ḱḗr (ḱrd-)+ (y)eh2 -> trǝʀ, tyǝʀ (tʂa -> cha)

Derived from Hmong-Mien

  • *ntshu -> ntsɨw "elephant" (dzu -> zu)
  • *ʔlen -> lǝɲ "monkey" (len)
  • *ŋgeu -> nkǝw "river deer" (gou)
  • *tʂo -> trǝw "tiger" (tʂou -> chou)
  • *Glɐn -> lǝn "Chinese onion" (lǝn)
  • *Nqaːn -> nkʀan "Cogon grass" (gan)
  • *ɳõ -> nrǝw "follow" (nǝou -> neo(w), nao)
  • *m-nɔk -> nǝk, (m/n)wǝk "bird" (nuok -> nok)
  • *qlAu -> klaw "dog" (kæɔu -> kao)
  • *ŋɔːŋ -> ŋwaŋ, ŋaŋw "water buffalo" (ngong, ngou)
  • *ntsəːi -> ntsǝi "husked rice" (dzei -> zei)
  • *ɲaːŋ -> ɲaŋ "cooked rice" (niang)

Hmong-Mien vocab that resembles Austroasiatic

  • PHM *ʔu̯əm 'water' -> ʔwǝm (wom)
  • PHM *ntshjamX 'blood' -> ntsyam (zham)
  • PHM *ntju̯əŋH 'tree' -> ntyǝŋ(w), ntyɨŋ (jing)
  • PHM *ʔɲæmX 'to weep, cry' -> ɲam (niam)
  • PHM *pənX 'to shoot' -> pǝn (pǝn)
  • PHM *tu̯eiX 'tail' -> twǝy (toi)
  • PHM *mpeiH 'to dream' -> mpǝy (bei)
  • PHM *ʔpu̯ɛŋX 'full' -> pwǝŋ, pwaŋy (pong)
  • Proto-Hmongic *mbrɔD 'ant' -> mpraw (baw)
  • Proto-Mienic *səpD 'centipede' -> sǝp (sǝp)
  • PHM *klup 'grasshopper' -> klɨp(w) (kɯp, kɨp, kup)
  • PHM *ntshjeiX 'head louse' -> ntsyǝy (zhi, zhei)

Vocab that resembles Tai-Kadai (Kra-Dai)

  • Proto-Hmongic *kɛŋB 'I, 1.SG'; PT *kuːA (strong form), *kawA (weak form)
kǝw, kɨw (kou, ku)
  • PHM *mu̯ei 'thou, 2.SG'; PT *mɯŋA (strong form), *maɰA (weak form)
mɨʀ (mɯ)
  • PHM *təjH 'to die', *dəjH 'to kill'; PT *p.taːjA 'to die'
tay (tae)
  • PHM *ʔneinX 'this'; PT *najC
naɲ (naen)
  • PHM *m-nɔk 'bird'; PT *C̬.nokD
nwǝk (nok)
  • PHM *mbrəuX 'fish'; PT *plaːA
(n)p(l/r)ǝw (b/p)(ou/aw/ao)
  • Proto-Hmongic *hmaŋC 'wild dog'; PT *ʰmaːA 'dog'
hma (see Hmongic + Tibeto-Burman stuff) (pa)
  • Proto-Hmongic *ʔlinA 'monkey'; PT *liːŋA
liŋ (see lǝɲ -- lɨŋy) (ling)


Derived from Sinic

  • lhaŋʔ -> hlaŋ, hlak "elephant" (xiang)
  • w(h)an -> hwan, wan "monkey" (weon, feon)
  • krun -> krɨn(w), krɨm "river deer" (kɨn, kɯn)
  • nhāʔ -> hnaʔ "crossbow" (ta)
  • m-lak-s -> mak, nak "shoot" (nak)
  • łhuk -> hlukw, hlɨk "track, follow" (xik, xiɯk)
  • snikʷ -> hnyɨk(w) "soybean" (qik, qiɯk)
  • mhījʔ -> hmɨy "cooked rice" (meal, both senses?) (pi)

Austronesian

  • matay -> (ma/n-)tay "die" (ma tae)
  • mata -> (ma/n-)ta, ma(t) "eye" (ma)
  • quluH -> klɨw "head" (ku)
  • manuk -> (ma/n-)nuk "bird" (cf. nok)
  • buŋah -> (bu-/ma/n-)ŋa "flower" (nga)

Derived from multiple sources

PHM × OC

  • PHM ʔraːp × OC ʔrāp-> rap "duck" (lap, yap)
  • PHM mpɒ × OC prā -> mpra "pig" (ba)
  • PHM ʑwɒəːŋ × OC g(h)ʷān -> (n)kwaŋ "sheep, goat" (geong)
  • PHM dǝp × OC d(h)ōs -> (n)tǝp "bean" (dǝp)
  • PHM vǝu × OC *was -> wǝu "taro" (wou)
  • PHM mblau × OC lhūʔ -> (n)plau, hlau? "rice plant" (peow, xieow)

PTB x PHM

  • PHM *plei 'four' -> plǝy (pei, paei)
  • PHM *prja 'five' -> pya (pae)
  • PHM *kruk 'six' -> krɨk(w) (kɯk)
  • PHM *dzjuŋH 'seven' -> ntsyɨŋ(w) (zhing, zhɯng)
  • PHM *jat 'eight' -> yat (yat)
  • PHM *N-ɟuə 'nine' -> nkyǝw (jieo(w), jiaw -- jiao?)
  • Proto-Hmongic *hnɛŋA and Proto-Mienic *hnu̯ɔiA 'sun, day' < PTB *s-nəy -> hnǝi (tei)
  • PHM *hlaH 'moon, month' < PTB *s-la -> hla (xia)
  • PHM *hməŋH 'night' (also 'dark') < PTB *s-muːŋ 'dark' -> hm(w)ɨŋ(w) (pung)
  • PHM *ʔɲam 'sister-in-law' (also 'daughter-in-law') < PTB *nam 'daughter-in-law' -> nam (nam)
  • PHM *ʔweiX 'son-in-law' < PTB *krwəy -> kʀǝy (kei, kaei, kai)
  • PHM *hlep 'to slice' < PTB *s-lep -> hlǝp (xiap)
  • PHM *hmjænX 'footprint, track' < PTB *s-naŋ 'to follow' -> hnaŋ (tang)
  • Proto-Hmongic *mjænB 'horse' < PTB *mraŋ -> mraŋ (nang, mang)

PHM + OC + Austronesian

  • *qǝi, kē (雞), *qayam -> kǝi "chicken" (kei)
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