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*'''Nominative''': Used for the subject of a verb. Formed as follows: | *'''Nominative''': Used for the subject of a verb. Formed as follows: | ||
**Absolutive ending in consonant, ''-a'', or ''-o'': ''-ú'' - e.g. ''nama'' "person" → ''namú'' | **Absolutive ending in consonant, ''-a'', or ''-o'': ''-ú'' - e.g. ''nama'' "person" → ''namú'' | ||
**Absolutive ending in ''-e'' or ''-i'': ''-í'' - e.g. '' | **Absolutive ending in ''-e'' or ''-i'': ''-í'' - e.g. ''shimmírti'' "bird (sing.)" → ''shimmirtí'' | ||
**Absolutive ending in a long vowel: ''-n'' | **Absolutive ending in a long vowel: ''-n'' | ||
*'''Genitive''': Used for possession ("of") and the object of some postpositions. | *'''Genitive''': Used for possession ("of") and the object of some postpositions. | ||
**Absolutive ending in consonant or ''-a'': | **Absolutive ending in consonant or ''-a'': ''–́ i'' - e.g. ''nama'' → ''námi'' | ||
**Absolutive ending in other vowel: penultimate high tone - e.g. ''qino'' → ''qíno'' | **Absolutive ending in other vowel: penultimate high tone - e.g. ''qino'' → ''qíno'' | ||
*'''Dative''': Used for recipient, benefactor, purpose ("to" or "for"). | *'''Dative''': Used for recipient, benefactor, purpose ("to" or "for"). | ||
**Absolutive ending in consonant or ''-a'': ''- | **Absolutive ending in consonant or ''-a'': ''-oó'' - e.g. ''nama'' → ''namoó'' | ||
**Absolutive ending in other short vowel: lengthen final vowel - e.g. '' | **Absolutive ending in other short vowel: lengthen final vowel + final high tone - e.g. ''shimmírti'' → ''shimmirtií'' | ||
**Absolutive ending in long vowel: ''- | **Absolutive ending in long vowel: ''-wo'' | ||
**Independent form: '' | **Independent form: ''oó'' | ||
*'''Ablative''': Used for source ("from"). | *'''Ablative''': Used for source ("from"). | ||
**Absolutive ending in consonant: ''- | **Absolutive ending in consonant: ''-áh'' | ||
**Absolutive ending in vowel: '' | **Absolutive ending in vowel: ''–́ h'' | ||
**Independent form: '' | **Independent form: ''áh'' | ||
*'''Instrumental''': Used for instrument, means, agent, cause, time. | *'''Instrumental''': Used for instrument, means, agent, cause, time. | ||
**Absolutive ending in consonant: ''- | **Absolutive ending in consonant: ''-ás'' | ||
**Absolutive ending in vowel: '' | **Absolutive ending in vowel: ''–́ s'' | ||
**Independent form: '' | **Independent form: ''ás'' | ||
*'''Comitative''': Used for accompaniment ("in company with"). | *'''Comitative''': Used for accompaniment ("in company with"). | ||
**Absolutive ending in consonant: ''- | **Absolutive ending in consonant: ''-ál'' | ||
**Absolutive ending in vowel: '' | **Absolutive ending in vowel: ''–́ l'' | ||
**Independent form: '' | **Independent form: ''ál'' | ||
*'''Locative''': Used for location. For more specific location, postpositions are used. | *'''Locative''': Used for location. For more specific location, postpositions are used. | ||
**Absolutive ending in consonant: ''- | **Absolutive ending in consonant: ''-ád'' | ||
**Absolutive ending in vowel: '' | **Absolutive ending in vowel: ''–́ d'' | ||
**Independent form: '' | **Independent form: ''ád'' | ||
===Pronouns=== | ===Pronouns=== |
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