Vornian: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
m (IlL moved page Bhadhagha to Bhlaoighne without leaving a redirect) |
mNo edit summary |
||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
*[[Bhadhagha/Lexicon]] | |||
*[[Bhadhagha/Swadesh list]] | |||
*[[Bhadhagha/Names]] | |||
{{Infobox language | |||
|image = | |||
|imagesize = | |||
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]], [[User:Praimhín|Praimhín]] | |||
|setting = [[Verse:Tricin]] | |||
|name = {{PAGENAME}} | |||
|nativename = ''Bhadhagha'' | |||
|pronunciation=[bʱɐdʱɐgʱɐ] | |||
|region = Talma | |||
|familycolor=PfK | |||
|fam1= [[Proto-Quihum|Quihum]] | |||
|fam2= [[Talmic languages|Talmic]] | |||
|fam3= Thensaric | |||
|fam4= Tigolic | |||
|iso3=qee | |||
|script=Talmic script | |||
|notice=IPA | |||
}} | |||
'''Bhadhagha''' (native name ''Bhadhagha'' /bʱɐdʱɐgʱɐ/, or ''bhò Bhadhagha''; ''bhadhagha'' is from [[Camalic]], meaning 'beach' or 'coast') is a close relative of [[Eevo]] spoken on Bhadhagha Island off the west of Western Etalocin. It's inspired by Scottish Gaelic, Irish and Sanskrit. | |||
==Todo== | |||
*''Lanna srasandhacht de h-aofrann cheallò'' = I'm a specialist in cello playing | |||
*'' 's laobh'' = is there? (interrogative) | |||
*''camhna, sos, car'' = woman, man, person | |||
*''dèic'' (VN), ''deàmha'' (present tense, nonpronominal subject) = eat | |||
*construct state | |||
==Phonology== | |||
Based on "literally read Irish". | |||
===Consonants=== | |||
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="2"| !! Labial !! Alveolar !! Retroflex !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan="3"|Nasal | |||
!<small>plain</small> | |||
| '''m''' m || '''n''' n || || '''n̂''' ɲ || || | |||
|- | |||
!<small>geminate</small> | |||
| || '''nn''' nː || || || || | |||
|- | |||
!<small>aspirated</small> | |||
| '''mh''' mʱ || '''nh''' nʱ || || '''n̂h''' ɲʱ || || | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan="6"|Stop | |||
!<small>tenuis</small> | |||
| '''p''' p || '''t''' t || || '''ĉ''' c || '''c''' k || | |||
|- | |||
!<small>aspirated</small> | |||
| '''ph''' pʰ || '''th''' tʰ || || '''ĉh''' cʰ || '''ch''' kʰ || | |||
|- | |||
!<small>prenasalized</small> | |||
| '''bp''' ᵐp || '''dt''' ⁿt || || '''ĝĉ''' ᶮc || '''gc''' ᵑk || | |||
|- | |||
!<small>voiced</small> | |||
| '''b''' b || '''d''' d || || '''ĝ''' ɟ || '''g''' g || | |||
|- | |||
!<small>breathy voiced</small> | |||
| '''bh''' bʱ || '''dh''' dʱ || || '''ĝh''' ɟʱ || '''gh''' gʱ || | |||
|- | |||
!<small>voiced prenasalized</small> | |||
| '''mb''' ᵐb || '''nd''' ⁿd || || '''n̂ĝ''' ᶮɟ || '''ng''' ᵑg || | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan="3"|Fricative | |||
!<small>plain</small> | |||
| '''f''' f || '''s''' s || || || || '''h''' h | |||
|- | |||
!<small>aspirated</small> | |||
| '''fh''' fʰ [v] || '''sh''' sʰ [z] || || || || | |||
|- | |||
!<small>prenasalized</small> | |||
| '''mhf''' mʱf || '''nhs''' nʱs || || || || | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan="3"| Liquid | |||
!<small>plain</small> | |||
| || '''l''' l || '''r''' r̠ || || || | |||
|- | |||
!<small>geminate</small> | |||
| || '''ll''' lː || '''rr''' r̠ː || || || | |||
|- | |||
!<small>breathy voiced</small> | |||
| || '''lh''' lʱ || '''rh''' r̠ʱ || || || | |||
|} | |||
====Mutations==== | |||
Lenition: Initials "lenite" as in Irish orthography, but null initials get an ''h-''. All possible initials lenite: i.e. initial '''n, l, r, sp, st, sc''' are also "lenited" to '''nh, lh, rh, sph, sth, sch''' /nʰ, lʰ, rʰ, spʰ, stʰ, skʰ/. | |||
Eclipsis: Initials "eclipse" as in Irish orthography, but ''s'' (if not in one of ''sp-, st-, sc-'') also eclipses to ''nhs-''. | |||
''fh, sh'' are often pronounced [v, z] word-medially. | |||
===Vowels=== | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;" | |||
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "| | |||
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Front | |||
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Central | |||
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Back | |||
|- | |||
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small> | |||
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small> | |||
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small> | |||
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small> | |||
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small> | |||
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small> | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Close | |||
| '''i''' /i/ | |||
| '''ì''' /iː/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| '''u''' /u/ | |||
| '''ù''' /uː/ | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Mid | |||
| '''e''' /e/ | |||
| '''è''' /eː/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| '''o''' /o/ | |||
| '''ò''' /oː/ | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Open | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| '''a''' /ɐ/ | |||
| '''à''' /aː/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
Diphthongs are all read as written. | |||
'''a''' in an unstressed syllable becomes '''e''' if the previous vowel ends in an /i/. | |||
===Prosody=== | |||
====Stress==== | |||
====Intonation==== | |||
===Phonotactics=== | |||
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. --> | |||
===Morphophonology=== | |||
==Morphology== | |||
===Pronouns=== | |||
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | |||
|+ | |||
|- | |||
!style="width: 50px; "| | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|1 | |||
|''nà'' | |||
|''àmh'' | |||
|- | |||
!|2 (familiar) | |||
|''hiar'' | |||
|''sèid'' | |||
|- | |||
!|2 (polite) | |||
|colspan="2"|''Sthàna'' | |||
|- | |||
!|3 (masculine) | |||
|''u'' | |||
|rowspan="3"|''àr'' | |||
|- | |||
!|3 (feminine) | |||
|''i'' | |||
|- | |||
!|3 (inanimate) | |||
|''ci'' | |||
|} | |||
Independent pronouns can be used as topics and direct objects. | |||
As topic: | |||
:''Nà tiann arainn oitheadh?'' | |||
:1SG why on-1SG suffer.VN | |||
:Why must I suffer? | |||
===Prepositions=== | |||
Prepositions are inflected, as in the ancestral Thensarian. The pronoun ''Sthàna'' is not fused with the preposition, however. | |||
The sequences ''le'' + ''an'' and ''de'' + ''an'' contract to ''len'' /lɛn/ and ''den'' /dɛn/. | |||
The 1sg and 2sg forms of prepositions are stressed on the last syllable; all other forms have initial stress. | |||
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg " style=" text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
|+ '''Inflection of prepositions''' | |||
|- | |||
!| | |||
!me!!you (sg.)!!him!!her!!it!!us!!you (pl.)!!them!!relative | |||
|- | |||
!|''ar'' 'on' | |||
|''arainn''||''arais''||''or''||''ari''||''arè''||''arad''||''arac''||''arar''||''aram'' | |||
|- | |||
!|''de-L, d'-'' 'in, at' | |||
|''dèinn''||''dèis''||''diù''||''dì''||''dè''||''diad''||''diac''||''diar''||''diam'' | |||
|- | |||
!|''ful'' 'around' | |||
|''fulainn''||''fulais''||''fulu''||''fuili''||''fulè''||''fulad''||''fulac''||''fular''||''fulam'' | |||
|- | |||
!|''geil'' 'from' | |||
|''geilinn''||''geilis''||''gela''||''geili''||''geilè''||''geilid''||''geilic''||''geilir''||''geilim'' | |||
|- | |||
!|''go'' 'with' | |||
|''guainn''||''gòis''||''gù''||''guì''||''gè''||''guad''||''guac''||''guar''||''guam'' | |||
|- | |||
!|''le'' 'to' | |||
|''linn''||''leis''||''leo''||''lèi''||''lè''||''liod''||''lioc''||''lior''||''liom'' | |||
|- | |||
!|''nae'' 'with (instrumental)' | |||
|''naìnn''||''naìs''||''nae''||''naì''||''nè''||''naed''||''naec''||''naer''||''naem'' | |||
|- | |||
!|''ri'' 'of' | |||
|''rìnn''||''rìs''||''riù''||''rì''||''rè''||''rìod''||''rìoc''||''rìor''||''rìom'' | |||
|} | |||
===Nouns=== | |||
The plural of nouns is always ''-a/-e'' if the noun ends in a C, or ''-n'' if the noun ends in a V. | |||
*''scain'' 'a friend', ''scaine'' 'friends' | |||
*''faonda'' 'a cave', ''faondan'' 'caves' | |||
There are some irregular plurals: | |||
*''sos'' 'a man', ''sois'' 'men' | |||
Bhadhagha lost grammatical gender. | |||
The definite article is ''an''-L for singular nouns and ''na''-N for plural nouns. One may drop the definite article in the singular (leaving behind just the lenition), and also in the plural (leaving behind the eclipsis) if the initial C of the noun is "eclipsable" (i.e. is one of ''∅, p, t, c, b, d, g, f, s''). If the noun cannot eclipse, the ''na'' is always used: ''na scaine'' 'the friends'. | |||
Colloquial Bhadhagha may also drop the plural suffix for definite plural nouns: ''na scain'' or ''mhfaonda'' for ''na scaine'' or ''(na) mhfaondan'' is often heard. | |||
Personal names and place names do not always obey mutation rules. | |||
<!-- | |||
casual bhadhagha could overgeneralize 'an' into an emphatic particle | |||
h-eafhad = the cat | |||
an h-eafhad = THE cat | |||
an eafhad = (specifically) a cat | |||
--> | |||
The Thensarian relativizer ''rin'' turned into a genitive marker: ''(an) schain ri Aodhàn'' (Aodhàn's friend). It can be omitted in casual Bhadhagha: ''schain Aodhàn''. | |||
===Adjectives=== | |||
Adjectives inflect similarly to nouns. | |||
Attributive adjectives agree in mutation with the noun if the noun is definite. For example: "a black cat" is ''eafhad flumh'' and "the black cat" is ''(an) h-eafhad fhlumh''. | |||
===Copula=== | |||
Bhadhagha has a copula ''laidh'' which inflects as follows: | |||
Present tense: ''lanna, lair, lù, laì, lac, lamh, laid, lar, laobh'' -- and ''laidh'' for nonpronominal subjects | |||
Past tense: ''g'lanna, g'lair, g'lù, g'laì, g'lac, g'lamh, g'laid, g'lar, g'laobh'' -- and ''g'laidh'' for nonpronominal subjects | |||
Future tense: ''lathanna, lathair, ...'' | |||
Examples: ''Lanna dùbhòinn'' (I'm a teacher), ''Lù ìon'' (It's blue) | |||
As in Welsh, the copula is also used with progressive verbs: | |||
:''Dhùbhòinn lù d'èinteach.'' (The teacher is sleeping.) | |||
:''Lamh de nachtach fhòdhan.'' (We're hunting the game.) | |||
===Verbs=== | |||
The Bhadhagha verbal system is very different from that of [[Old Bhadhagha]]. A modern Bhadhagha verb has only three principal parts: the present analytic, the future analytic, and the verbal noun. | |||
Bhadhagha analogized the analytic forms of verbs to all persons, and fused the personal pronoun with the verb: | |||
<poem> | |||
molaigh ná -> molanna "I thank" | |||
molaigh fiar -> molair "thou thankest" | |||
molaigh hú -> molù "he thanks" | |||
molaigh hí -> molaì "she thanks" | |||
molaigh cé -> molac "it thanks" | |||
molaigh -> molaigh or mola "... thanks" (with nonpronominal subjects) | |||
molaigh gámh -> molamh "we thank" (both exc. and inc.!) | |||
molaigh séid -> molaid "ye thank" | |||
molaigh hár -> molar "they thank" | |||
molaigh mé -> molam "... who/that thank(s)" | |||
Impersonal: molaobh "one thanks" | |||
</poem> | |||
The past tense is marked by a séimhiú on the verb as in Irish, except that the suffixes are the same as in the present tense. This comes from a construction that translates to "it was the case that ...". Even non-lenitable consonants get aspirated in casual Bhadhagha, though in the written language a particle is used when the first consonant isn't lenitable. | |||
The future tense is derived from the Old Bhadhagha future tense: | |||
<poem> | |||
moltanna, moltair, moltù, moltaì, moltac, moltamh, moltaid, moltar, moltam, moltaobh | |||
</poem> | |||
The verbal noun is extremely irregular in Bhadhagha. One somewhat common way of deriving verbal nouns is with a prefix (''ao''+N) but other verbal nouns may use the suffixes ''-ach'', ''-t'', ''-ta/-te'', or ''-st''. Verbs loaned from Camalic simply use the stem as the verbal noun. Some verbal nouns are suppletive. | |||
Perfect tenses use the construction ''tainn'' ('after', often pronounced ''tann'') followed by the verbal noun. | |||
Verbs are negated with ''cha'' or ''chan''. In the past tense, ''cha do''-L is used. | |||
The imperative uses the bare present tense stem; imperative sentences are in the form verb + object. | |||
==Syntax== | |||
Bhadhagha is a head-initial, topic-comment language with V2 order. It is wh-in-situ. | |||
===Faulty accusative=== | |||
The "faulty accusative" (as in Modern Standard Arabic) particle is ''am'', which is used for both definite and indefinite nouns. It is inserted before a noun after a head verb when there's a phrase between the head verb and the noun. | |||
For example: | |||
:''Shos h-aonca tua am u?'' (The head is ''h-aonca''; ''am'' is used because there is ''tua'' between ''h-aonca'' and ''u''.) | |||
:DEF.man PST-feed-NPRO who AM he | |||
:Who fed the man? | |||
Compare (with no ''am''): | |||
:''Shos laidh tua tann aoncach ___ u?'' (The head is ''aoncach'') | |||
:DEF.man COP who after feed-VN he | |||
:Who has fed the man? | |||
:''Shos h-aoncù ___ tua?'' (The head is ''h-aoncù'') | |||
:DEF.man PST-feed-he who | |||
:Whom did the man feed? | |||
===Topic-prominence=== | |||
The man thanks the teacher = Shos molù dhùbhòinn (lit. the man, he thanks the teacher), or Dhùbhòinn mola shos am u (lit. the teacher, the man thanks him) | |||
The teacher thanks the man = Dhùbhòinn molù shos (lit. the teacher, he thanks the man), or Shos mola dhùbhòinn am u (lit. the man, the teacher thanks him) | |||
Not all sentences have topics. | |||
===Relative clauses=== | |||
Relative clauses work similarly. The resumptive pronoun ''mi'' is used to refer back to the head of the relative clause. | |||
Dhùbhòinn ri mhola shos am mi - The teacher who the man thanked (lit: the teacher REL the man thanked RES) | |||
Dhùbhòinn ri mholam shos - The teacher who thanked the man (lit: the teacher REL RES thanked the man) | |||
Shois ri h-aoncam àr - The men who fed them (lit: the men REL RES fed them) | |||
Shois ri h-aoncar mi - The men who they fed (lit: the men REL they fed RES) | |||
The structure of a non-restrictive relative clause is: HEAD (topicalized) + COMMENT, just like an independent clause with a topic, except that the resumptive pronoun is used. | |||
:'''''Aongàlòin h-aoncam nà, lù tainn rìoladh.''''' | |||
:''The composer, who fed me, has left.'' | |||
===Complement clauses=== | |||
The complementizer is ''mha''; complement clauses, by default, are VSO and have no topic. | |||
:'''''Linn càid mha dheàmha shaobh ri Praimhìn am shmodh.''''' | |||
:''I know that Praimhìn's dog ate the bone.'' | |||
It is not impossible to topicalize in a complement clause however: | |||
:'''''Ducnanna mha Shèinimh lac nòs ag Rhostairimh lac nuighil.''''' | |||
:''I think Chick Corean is easy whereas Roshterian is hard.'' | |||
One can also use ''le'' + subject to introduce a complement clause: | |||
:'''''Thobha Aladh liù am chrìgh.''''' | |||
:''Aladh said he had gone.'' | |||
==Vocabulary== | |||
Bhadhagha vocabulary includes many Camalic loans. An example of a Camalic word in Bhadhagha is ''eafhad'' (cat). | |||
==Example texts== | |||
===The North Wind and the Sun=== | |||
[to be edited] | |||
'''''Bhòlcoll ag h-Onn''''' | |||
==Other resources== | |||
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --> | |||
<!-- Template area --> | |||
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]] | |||
[[Category:Languages]] | |||
[[Category:Talmic languages]] |