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'''Modern Windermere''' is the most dominant modern descendant of Old [[Windermere]], spoken all over Bjeheond and Fyxám and in much of Wen Dămea. | |||
==Todo== | |||
21 accents in Windermere? | |||
==Diachronics== | |||
===Phonological history=== | |||
*ə > 0 after aspirated consonants and fricatives. This makes the voicing alternation in the Classical Wdm. spirants ''f'' and ''th'' phonemic. | |||
*r > ɹ in the Rhythoed dialect (Talman Windermere has an Icelandic/Philly accent and Rhythoed has a British RP-ish accent) | |||
*l > ʟ in the Wen Dămea dialect | |||
*ł > ś, ş > ṣ | |||
===Grammatical history=== | |||
*Aspect largely becomes a derivational device, cf. the development of PIE aspects | |||
*Grammaticalization of conjugated auxiliaries, leading to a tense system. | |||
==Phonology== | |||
===Consonants=== | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:700px;text-align:center;" | |||
! colspan="2" | | |||
! |Labial | |||
! |Dental | |||
! |Alveolar | |||
! |Retroflex | |||
! |Palatal | |||
! |Velar | |||
! |Uvular | |||
! |Glottal | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal | |||
| '''m''' /m/ | |||
| '''n''' /n/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| '''ng''' /ŋ/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" |Plosive | |||
! |<small>unaspirated</small> | |||
| '''b''' /p~b/ | |||
| '''d''' /t~d/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| '''g''' /k~g/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! |<small>aspirated</small> | |||
| '''p''' /pʰ~p/ | |||
| '''t''' /tʰ~t/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| '''c''' /kʰ~k/ | |||
| | |||
| <b>'</b> /ʔ/ | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" style="" |Affricate | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| '''ts''' /ts/ | |||
| | |||
| '''tł''' /tɕ/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" style="" |Fricative | |||
! |<small>unvoiced</small> | |||
| '''f''' /f/ | |||
| '''th''' /θ/ | |||
| '''s''' /s/ | |||
| '''ș''' /ʂ/ | |||
| '''ł''' /ɕ/ | |||
| '''ch''' /x/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! |<small>voiced</small> | |||
| '''f’''' /v/ | |||
| '''th’''' /ð/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" |Resonant | |||
| '''w''' /w/ | |||
| | |||
|colspan="2"|'''r''' /ɹ~ɻ~r/ | |||
| '''y''' /j/ | |||
| | |||
| '''l''' /ʟ~ɫ/ | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
===Vowels=== | |||
{{col-begin}} | |||
{{col-break}} | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | |||
|+Short vowels | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" | | |||
! colspan="2" |Front | |||
! rowspan="2" |Central | |||
! rowspan="2" |Back | |||
|- | |||
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>unrounded</small> | |||
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>rounded</small> | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Close | |||
| '''i''' /i/ | |||
| '''ü''' /y/ | |||
| | |||
| '''u''' /u/ | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Mid | |||
| '''e''' /ɛ/ | |||
| | |||
| '''ă''' /ə/ | |||
| '''o''' /ɔ/ | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Open | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| '''a''' /a/ | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
{{col-break}} | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | |||
|+Long vowels | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" | | |||
! colspan="2" |Front | |||
! rowspan="2" |Central | |||
! rowspan="2" |Back | |||
|- | |||
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>unrounded</small> | |||
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>rounded</small> | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Close | |||
| '''ie''' /e:/ | |||
| '''üe''' /ø:/ | |||
| | |||
| '''ua''' /o:/ | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Mid | |||
| '''ea''' /ɛ:/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| '''oa''' /ɔ:/ | |||
|} | |||
{{col-end}} | |||
*Caveat: ir = ier, ur = uar, etc. | |||
*[ɨ ʉ] are allophones of /i y/ after /ʂ ɹ/. | |||
====The Rhythoed dialect==== | |||
Rhythoed Windermere (''Răth’oyd'') is non-rhotic: ''ir ür ur er or ar'' are pronounced /iə yə uə eə oə ɑə/. The stops ''b d g'' are voiced. The vowel ''ă'' is /ɨ/. | |||
====Vowels before /ʟ/==== | |||
===Stress=== | |||
Stress is almost always final, but can be non-final in function words. | |||
==Morphology== | |||
===Verbs=== | |||
Verbs are not conjugated, but are used with auxiliaries. | |||
===Auxiliaries=== | |||
====Tense auxiliaries==== | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
!| | |||
!I!!thou!!he!!she!!it!!we (exc.)!!we (inc.)!!you (pl.)!!they | |||
|- | |||
!|present | |||
|''mor''||''moł''||''mon''||''mos''||''mot''||''mots''||''mob''||''mong''||''mam'' | |||
|- | |||
!|preterite | |||
|''chear''||''cheał''||''chean''||''chels''||''chelt''||''chelts''||''chelb''||''cheang''||''cheam'' | |||
|- | |||
!|future | |||
|''per''||''perł''||''pern''||''pers''||''pert''||''perts''||''perb''||''perng''||''perm'' | |||
|} | |||
Emphatic auxiliaries: mor rie, moł łen, mon in ... | |||
==Syntax== | |||
AuxSVO | |||
:'''''Mor mi brits cdef clăbüh tef tsăgtsog.''''' | |||
:PRES-1SG LOC speak about-DEF love and-DEF hate | |||
:''I speak of love and hate.'' | |||
:'''''Mot fi rüech mi tsrin nef troas.''''' | |||
:PRES-it DEF bird LOC eat of-DEF seed | |||
:''The bird is eating a seed.'' |