Kola: Difference between revisions

*'''root''':  basic verb stem.

Native verbs normally end in unaccented ''-ä/a'', which is dropped upon the addition of suffixes. Suffixes ending in ''-ä'' similarly drop it when another suffix is added. Verbs ending in other vowels add suffixes after the final vowel of the stem. The suffixes used for irregular verbs are shown in square brackets where they differ from regular verbs. Accented suffixes override the verb's native accent.

'''Infinitive''' is a class 15 noun. It is formed by adding the class 15 prefix to the verb stem - e.g. ጔደ ''<b>gw</b>èddä'' "to walk" (stem: ''-èddä'').

'''Negation''' is accomplished with the circumfix ከ-ም ''kä-m'' in main clauses, the (post-subject) prefix ከ- ''kä-'' for subordinate/subjunctive verbs. Infinitives and other derived nouns use the prefix ስ- ''sï-''.

:e.g. ኜደ ''nyèddä'' "I walk" → ከኜደም ''<b>kä</b>nyèddä<b>m</b>'' "I '''do not''' walk"

::ከዌዴ ''<b>kä</b>weddé'' "'''do not''' walk", የ<b>ከ</b>ዬዴ ''yä<b>kä</b>yeddé'' "that '''does not''' walk"

::ግሴደ ''gï<b>s</b>èddä'' "to '''not''' walk", ምሴዝ ''mï<b>s</b>èzz'' "one who '''does not''' walk"  

Tense/aspect prefixes occur between the subject and object concords. They occur after the non-finite negation morpheme ''sï-''.

:e.g. ጔዲ ''gwèdd<b>i</b>'' "to have walked"

The '''singular imperative''' is formed with the ending ''-á'' [''-́''] in the absence of prefixes, and identically to the subjunctive in the presence of object prefixes. The '''plural imperative''' is formed with the ending ''-(ï)ní''. Both singular and plural imperatives are replaced with the corresponding subjunctives when negated.  

:e.g. ጔደጘ ''gwèddängä'' "to walk '''regularly'''", ጔደጚ ''gwèddängi'' "to ''have'' walked ''regularly''".

'''Causative''' is formed with the suffix ''-íshä'' [''-́shä''] in the present and ''-íshi'' [''-́shi''] in the perfect. This suffix spirantizes and palatalizes preceding consonants wherever applicable; however, loanwords may not be affected.

:e.g. ጔዚሸ ''gwezz<b>íshä</b>'' "to '''cause to''' walk", ጔዚሺ ''gwezz<b>íshi</b>'' "to '''have caused to''' walk".

'''Applicative''' is formed with the suffix ''-(ï)lä'' in the present and ''-(ï)li'' in the perfect. This suffix causes velar/guttural consonants to be palatalized; again, loanwords may not be affected.

:e.g. ጔድለ ''gwèdd<b>ïlä</b>'' "to walk '''to'''", ጔዲሊ ''gwèdd<b>ïli</b>'' "to '''have''' walked '''to''".

'''Reciprocal''' is formed with the suffix ''-ä̀nä'' [''-̀nä''] in the present and ''-ä̀ni'' [''-̀ni''] in the perfect.

:e.g. ጔድለነ ''gweddïl<b>ä̀nä</b>'' "to walk to '''each other'''", ጔድለኒ ''gweddïl<b>ä̀ni</b>'' "to '''have''' walked to '''each other'''".

'''Neuter''' is formed with the suffix ''-(ï)gä'' in the present and ''-(ï)gi'' in the perfect. It is used for the middle voice.

:e.g. ግዙጝገ ''gïzung<b>gä</b>'' "to '''cook (intr.)'''" (stem: ''-zungä'' "to cook (trns.)"), ግዙጚ ''gïzung<b>gi</b>'' "to '''have cooked (intr.)'''".

Suffixes can be stacked. The general order is causative-neuter-applicative-reciprocal-passive, but this may change depending on meaning. Only the final suffix changes in the perfect. The neuter does not co-occur with the passive.

:e.g. ጔዚሽለኖ ''gwezz<b>ishïlä̀no</b>'' "to '''be made to''' walk '''to each other'''", ጔዚሽለኑ ''gwezz<b>ishïlä̀nu</b>'' "to '''have been made to''' walk '''to each other'''".